1、硕士学位论文(专业学位)船舶排放实船测试方法研究姓 名：学 号：所在院系：汽车学院学科门类：工程学科专业：动力工程指导教师： 年 月二一五年三月同济大学 硕士学位论文 摘要I摘要随着经济的快速发展和全球化，船舶作为主要运输工具保持快速发展。与此同时，船舶带来的大气排放问题也得到了越来越多的关注。目前，我国对船舶的大气排放监管还处于起步阶段，船舶排放实船测试作为排放监控的技术基础，具有重要的研究意义。本文基于船舶排放实船测试的特点和需求，结合对各类排放物生成机理与测试方法的研究，设计搭建了适用于我国中小型船舶的便携式船舶排放实船测试平台；基于对我国典型船舶航行特点及其主机运行特性的研究，设计了科
2、学的实船测试工况；对上海港某典型船舶进行了实船排放试验，验证了本文所设计搭建的实船排放测试平台的实际使用效果；基于实船排放试验结果，研究了试验船舶的排放特性并建立了基于船舶主机功率与航行工况分布特性的全程加权排放因子计算方法。得出的主要结论有：(1) 设计了适用于我国典型船舶的实船排放测试工况：(a) 对于小型船舶而言，测试工况主要包括进出港、巡航、作业、怠速停泊等日常典型工况，以及90%、 70%、 50%和 25%主机负荷（对应转速 96%、89%、80% 、63%额定转速）的准稳态航行工况；(b) 对于中大型船舶而言，测试工况主要包括进出港、巡航、作业、怠速停泊等日常典型工况，以及 60
3、%、45%、30%和 15%主机负荷（对应转速 84%、77% 、 67%、53% 额定转速）的准稳态航行工况。(2) 设计搭建了便携式船舶排放实船测试平台，可测试船舶航速，环境温度、压力、湿度，排气流量、温度、压力，气态物（CO、 CO2、THC、NOx、SO 2）瞬态排放浓度，颗粒物瞬态排放浓度，颗粒物粒径分布，以及颗粒物化学组分。(3) 对一艘典型的内河干货运输船进行了实船排放试验，验证了本文设计的实船测试平台在实际使用效果良好。此外，基于实船试验结果研究了试验船舶的排放特性，结论如下：(a) 气态物和颗粒物瞬态排放特性：进出港时，各类排放物瞬态排放浓度出现剧烈波动，而巡航和怠速停泊时则
4、相对稳定；(b) 颗粒物数量排放特性：颗粒数量排放主要集中在中小粒径段，随粒径大小呈双峰分布，进出港和怠速停泊时颗粒物中 PM0.1 数量占比最高，而巡航时则 PM0.12.5浓度最大，颗粒物对数数量峰值粒径分别为 40nm 和 200nm；(c) 颗粒物质量排放特性：颗粒物质量排放主要集中在大粒径段，且随粒径大小呈双峰分布，不同工况下颗粒物中 PM2.510 占比均达到 85%以上，PM 0.1 占比最低，质量峰值粒Tongji University Master of Philosophy Abstract径分别为 310nm 和 626nm，其中第二峰值处浓度最高，并且巡航、进港、离港和
5、怠速停泊时第二峰值处依次上升；(d) 随主机负荷增大：CO 浓度先降低后升高，低负荷时浓度较高；CO 2 浓度迅速升高后基本保持稳定，低负荷时浓度较低；THC 浓度先降低后升高，低负荷时浓度较高；NOx 和 SO2 浓度迅速升高后缓慢上升；PM 和 PN 浓度先降低后升高； PM0.1 数量和质量占比不断降低，PM2.50.1 数量和质量占比不断上升，同时颗粒排放集中区从小粒径段向中粒径段移动；(e) 颗粒物阴离子和 OC/EC 排放特性：颗粒阴阳离子成分主要为 NO2-、NO 3-、SO 42-和 NH4+；颗粒物中有机碳主要为 OC1 和 OC2，其中 OC1 占比最高而 OC4 占比最低
6、，颗粒物中 EC2 占比最高，EC1 略高于 EC3。(4) 基于实船试验结果，采用 3 种常规的排放因子计算方法计算了试验船舶的排放因子，还研究建立了基于船舶主机功率的排放因子估算法与基于主机功率和航行工况分布特征的加权排放因子计算方法，结论如下：(a) 不同评价标准的排放因子算法各有特点，而本文建立的基于主机功率和航行工况分布的全程加权排放因子是最优方法，不仅可以反映不同主机在实际航行时的排放水平，还能便捷地与排放法规进行对比以快速判断船舶排放是否超标；(b) 船舶CO2、 SO2 及 NOx 基于主机功率的排放因子变化趋势相似，低负荷时较低而中高负荷较高；THC 和 CO 随工况的变化趋
7、势相似，低负荷时较高而中高主机负荷时较低；PM 和 PN 排放因子在中等主机负荷时最低，而低负荷与高负荷时较高。关键词：船舶排放；船舶柴油机；实船测试方法；排放因子 Tongji University Master of Engineering AbstractIIIABSTRACTWith the rapid developmet and globalization of economy, shipping, as the most important mean of transportation, also keeps its fast devlopemnt. But ship emiss
8、ion is one of the most important sources of air pollution in the world. The affect of ship emission on environment and human helth is being paid more and more attention on all over the world. At present, China is still in the initial stage of the ship emission control, which will cause great impact
9、on the port and coastal cities. As one of the basic technology for ship emission control, real world ship emission test is of great research significance and prospect.According to the characteristics and needs of real ship test, this paper designed and established a kind of portable emission testing
10、 platform for small and medium-sized ship, which was also based on the study of formation mechanism and test method of different emissions. Meanwhile, a scientific testing condition was desgined according to the study of navigation feature of the ships. A real ship emission test was operated by the
11、portable ship emission testing platform, and the paper studied the emission characteristicsof the ship tested. The calculation formula of ship emission factor, which was based on main engine power, was also studied in this paper. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) The testing condition of real
12、ship emission test was differed by the size of the ship. (a) For small-sized ship: Real world navigation condition such as departure, cruise, arrival and berthing; different engine load conditions such as 90%, 70%, 50% and 25% (Corresponding engine speed: 96%, 89%, 80% and 63%). (b) For medium and b
13、ig-sized ship: Departure, cruise, arrival and berthing mode; different engine load conditions such as 60%, 45%, 30% and 15% (Corresponding engine speed: 84%, 77%, 67% and 53%).(2) The portable emission test platform designed in this paper can test transient emission characteristics of gaseous and pa
14、rticulate emissions, particle size distribution and component characteristics.(3) The real world emission characteristics of a typical medium-sized inland ship was studied basing on the real ship test. (a) Transient emission characteristics of gaseous and particulate emissions: Emission fluctuated u
15、nder departure and arrival Tongji University Master of Engineering AbstractIVcondition, while it kept steady during cruise and berthing. (b) Characteristics of particle number emission: The emitted PN has a bimodal distribution having two peaks around 40 and 200 nm. Besides, PM0.1 dominanted total p
16、article number during cruise and berthing, while PM0.12.5 was the highest concentration of total particle number during departure and arrival. (c) Characteristics of particle mass emission: PM also had a bimodal distribution with two peaks around 310 and 626 nm. And PM2.510 accounted for at least 85
17、% under different test conditions, while PM0.1 had little contribution to total particle mass. (d) Characteristics of emissions with the increase of engine load: Both of the concentration of CO and THC decreased firstly and then increased. And the highest concentration of CO and THC both appeared in
18、 low engine load condition. The concentration of CO2 increased rapidly and then kept steady. Both of the concentration of NOx and SO2 increased rapidly at first and then increased in a steady speed. The concentration of PM and PN decreased firstly and then increased. The contribution of PM0.1 kept d
19、ecreasing while PM2.50.1 increasing. (e) Characteristics of cations, anions and OC/EC of particle: The main ion of particle was NO2-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+. The organic carbon was mainly consist of OC1 and OC2, while the proportion of OC4 was the leaest. The main element carbon of particle was EC2, w
20、hile the proportion of EC1 is slightly higher than that of EC3.(4) This paper calculated the emission factors by three normal evaluation methodologies basing on the result of the real ship emission test and established another calculation method for emission factors basing on distribution characteri
21、stics of main engine power and navigation conditions. (a) Different evaluation methodologies emphasized differently, but the method established in this paper is the relatively best one. It can not only reflect the emission under real world navigation conditions, but can also compare with regulations
22、 to determine whether the emissions exceeded convenietly. (b) The trends of emission factors of CO2, SO2 and NOx in different engine load conditions were similar, while those of THC and CO were alike. The emission factors of PM and PN were the lowest under medium engine load.Keywords: ship emission;
23、 ship diesel engine; real world ship emission test method; emission factors同济大学 硕士学位论文 目录V目录摘要 .IABSTRACT .III第 1 章 绪论 .11.1 船舶尾气排放及其危害 .11.2 国内外船舶排放法规发展及趋势 .41.2.1 国际和发达国家船舶排放法规 .51.2.2 国内船舶排放法规 .91.3 国内外船舶排放研究现状 .121.3.1 船舶排放清单研究 .121.3.2 仿真评估区域船舶排放研究 .131.3.3 船舶排放测试技术研究 .141.4 本文主要研究内容 .17第 2 章 船
24、舶排放实船测试工况与航行参数测试方法 .192.1 船舶排放实船测试工况设计 .192.2 船舶航速与主机转速测试系统 .222.2.1 航速与主机转速测试方法 .222.2.2 船舶航速与主机转速测试系统及设备布置方案 .232.2.4 航速与主机转速的试验数据处理方法 .252.3 船舶排气流量测试 .262.3.1 排气流量测试方法 .262.3.2 便携式排气流量测试系统及设备布置方案 .292.3.3 排气流量试验数据的处理方法 .302.4 船舶油耗测试 .322.4.1 船舶油耗测试方法 .322.4.2 船舶油耗测试系统及设备布置方案 .332.4.3 船舶油耗试验数据的处理方
25、法 .342.5 本章小结 .35第 3 章 船舶气态物排放实船测试子系统研究设计 .373.1 船舶气态排放物生成机理及测试方法 .373.1.1 CO 生成机理及测试方法 .37同济大学 硕士学位论文 船舶排放实船测试方法研究VI3.1.2 NOx 生成机理及测试方法 .393.1.3 HC 生成机理及测试方法 .403.1.4 SO2 生成机理及测试方法 .413.2 便携式船舶气态物排放测试子系统及设备布置方案 .433.3.1 便携式船舶气态物排放测试系统 .433.3.2 测试设备布置及安装 .473.3 船舶气态物排放试验数据的处理方法 .483.4 本章小结 .49第 4 章
26、船舶颗粒物排放实船测试子系统研究设计 .514.1 颗粒物生成机理及采样测试方法 .514.1.1 颗粒态排放物生成机理 .514.1.2 颗粒物排放测试方法 .524.2 便携式船舶气态物排放子系统及设备布置方案 .574.2.1 便携式船舶颗粒物排放测试系统 .584.2.2 测试设备布置及安装 .594.3 船舶颗粒物排放试验数据的处理方法 .604.4 本章小结 .62第 5 章 基于实船排放测试平台的船舶排放特性研究 .635.1 试验船舶、燃油、工况及航线 .635.2 航行工况对船舶尾气瞬态排放特性的影响研究 .655.2.1 航行工况对 CO 瞬态排放特性的影响 .655.2.
27、2 航行工况对 CO2 瞬态排放特性的影响 .675.2.3 航行工况对 THC 瞬态排放特性的影响 .685.2.4 航行工况对 NOX 瞬态排放特性的影响 .705.2.5 航行工况对 SO2 瞬态排放特性的影响 .725.2.6 航行工况对 PM 瞬态排放特性的影响 .745.2.7 航行工况对 PN 瞬态排放特性的影响 .755.3 航行工况对船舶颗粒态排放物粒径分布特性的影响研究 .775.3.1 不同日常航行工况的颗粒物粒径分布特性 .775.3.2 主机负荷对颗粒物粒径分布特性的影响 .805.3 试验船舶颗粒态排放物成分特性研究 .835.4.1 颗粒物离子排放特性 .835.4.2 颗粒物 OC/EC 排放特性 .845.4 试验船舶大气污染物排放因子研究 .86同济大学 硕士学位论文 目录VII5.4.1 基于航行时间的排放因子 .865.4.2 基于航行距离的排放因子 .875.4.3 基于船舶油耗的排放因子 .885.4.4 基于船舶主机功率的估算排放因子 .905.4.5 基于主机功率和航行工况分布的全程加权排放因子 .915.5 本章小结 .93第 6 章 全文总结及展望 .956.1 全文总结 .956.2 研究展望 .97致谢 .99参考文献 .101个人简历、在读期间发表的学术论文与研究成果 .107
