1、硕士学位论文DOC/DOC+CDPF 老化对柴油公交车排放特性的影响姓 名：学 号： 所在院系：汽车学院学科门类：工学学科专业：动力机械及工程指导教师： 年 月二一五年三月同济大学 硕士学位论文 摘要I摘要近年来，随着汽车产业的飞速发展，其衍生的环境问题也愈加严重。国内外车辆排放法规的日趋严格，使得柴油机须从机内净化和机外后处理技术两方面来实现相应限值。目前国内外常用氧化催化器（Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, 简称 DOC） 、颗粒捕集器（Diesel Particulate Filter, 简称 DPF）及两者耦合装置-催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器（DOC+ Catalyz
2、ed DPF, DOC+CDPF）等机外后处理装置来净化柴油车排放。柴油公交车作为城市交通的一部分，主要运行在人口密集区。在公交车上安装后处理装置可以促进公交车行业的减排，从而改善城市生活环境。但目前后处理技术在国内柴油公交车上还未进行规模推广应用，且在催化剂组分及整车耐久后催化性能的劣化特征方面缺乏系统的研究。本文设计了后处理装置老化方案，制备了新鲜和老化 CDPF 小样品，搭建了柴油车整车底盘测功机排放测试平台，研究了三种不同贵金属含量的 CDPF样品的催化活性和抗劣化性能，进行了柴油公交车安装新鲜 DOC、老化DOC、新鲜 DOC+CDPF 和老化 DOC+CDPF 四种后处理装置的整车
3、底盘测功机气态物和颗粒物排放性能的试验研究。研究内容和结果如下：（1）设计了后处理装置的老化方案并搭建整车底盘测功机排放测试平台。设计 4 种后处理装置方案，CDPF 催化剂的贵金属含量分别为 15g/ft3、25g/ft 3和 35g/ft3 三种 DOC+CDPF 装置和一种 DOC 装置；将 4 种后处理装置安装于柴油公交车上进行 5 万公里的耐久试验，得到 4 种老化后处理装置；基于重型底盘测功机在线测试系统，采用 SEMTECH-D 气体分析仪和 Dekati-ELPI 电子低压冲击仪组成排放测试平台来进行整车测试。（2）研究了涂覆三种不同贵金属含量的新鲜和老化 CDPF 样品的催化
4、活性和抗劣化性能。随反应温度的升高，新鲜和老化 CDPF 样品对 CO、C 3H8 的转化效率均呈增加趋势，对 NO2 的产率基本呈先增加后减少之后再增加的趋势。对新鲜样品，随贵金属含量增加，CO、NO 2 的催化活性均呈降低趋势，对C3H8 的催化活性先升高再降低；对老化样品，随贵金属含量增加， CO 和 NO2的活性具有较强的抗劣化性能，而涂覆中等贵金属含量（25g/ft 3）的 CDPF 样品对 C3H8 具有较好的活性和抗劣化性能。（3）研究了柴油公交车安装新鲜 DOC、老化 DOC、新鲜 DOC+CDPF 和老化 DOC+CDPF 的整车底盘测功机的气态物排放特性。CCBC 循环下试
5、验用柴油公交车的发动机转速分布在 7001200r/min 区间内；新鲜 DOC 对 CO 转化效率优于老化 DOC，但老化 DOC+CDPF 对 CO 转化效率优于新鲜 DOC+CDPF；新鲜 DOC 和 DOC+CDPF 对 HC 转化效率分别优于老化 DOC 和 DOC+CDPF；新鲜 DOC 和 DOC+CDPF 对 NO 的减小幅度和对 NO2 的增加幅度均高于老化DOC 和 DOC+CDPF，对 NOX 总量基本无影响，但会影响 NO/NO2 比例。（4）研究了柴油公交车安装新鲜 DOC、老化 DOC、新鲜 DOC+CDPF 和老化 DOC+CDPF 的整车底盘测功机的颗粒物排放特
6、性。新鲜 DOC 和DOC+CDPF 均对颗粒数量 PN 和颗粒质量 PM 的转化效率分别优于老化 DOC和 DOC+CDPF，其中新鲜和老化 DOC+CDPF 对 PN、PM 的转化效率均高于 90%；对颗粒数量粒径分布，试验车无后处理装置的颗粒数量粒径分布呈现两峰分布，安装后处理装置后的颗粒数量粒径分布呈单峰分布。关键词：柴油公交车，DOC，CDPF，催化活性，老化，排放Tongji University Master of Engineering AbstractIIIABSTRACTIn recent years, with the rapid development of the a
7、utomobile industry, its derived environmental problems are becoming more and more serious. Domestic and international vehicle emission regulations increasingly stringent, makes the diesel engine need the machine purification and post-processing technology to achieve the emission corresponding limit.
8、 Combined with the research and application at domestic and overseas, DOC, DPF and the coupling devices (DOC + CDPF) are installed in the diesel vehicle to purify diesel emission. As a part of urban transport, diesel bus is mainly working in the densely populated areas. The installation of external
9、processing equipment on the bus can promote the emission reduction of the bus industry, thereby improving the urban living environment. However, the post-processing technology has not been widely applied in diesel vehicles. And there is a lack of systematic study on catalyst components, degradation
10、resistance after vehicle application of the post-processing devices.In this paper, it was studied on the design program of the aged post-processing devices and the preparation of fresh and aged CDPF samples. Combined with the vehicle emission test platform, it was studied on catalytic activity of CD
11、PF samples with three different noble metal contents, then the gaseous and particulate matter emission performance of the diesel bus using the vehicle chassis dynamometer with four kinds of reprocessing devices were carried out, which were fresh DOC, aged DOC, fresh DOC+CDPF and aged DOC+CDPF. The m
12、ain contents and conclusions are as following:(1) The program of the aged post-processing devices was designed and the emission test platform of the vehicle chassis dynamometer was builded. There were one DOC device and three kinds of DOC+CDPF devices, the noble metal contents of which in CDPF are 1
13、5g/ft3, 25g/ft3and 35g/ft3. The four devices were installed on the four diesel buses with the basicly same parameters to carry out the durability test of 50,000 kilometers. Then four kinds of aged post-processing devices were obtained. The dynamometer online test system includes SEMTECH-D gas analyz
14、er and Dekati-ELPI for vehicle emission testing.Tongji University Master of Engineering Abstract(2) The effects of different contents of precious metal catalyst on catalytic activity and degradation resistance of CDPF fresh and aging samples were studied. With the increase of reaction temperature, t
15、he conversion efficiency of CO and C3H8 of CDPF fresh and aging samples is increasing, and NO2 productivity shows the trend of decrease after increase then increase. For the fresh samples, as precious metal content increase, the conversion efficiency of CO and NO2 presents the decrease trend and sho
16、ws increasing first and then decreasing oxidation activity of C3H8. For the aging samples, while the increasing of precious metal content, the CDPF samples have stronger degradation resistance performance on CO and NO2. The CDPF coated medium precious metals content (25g/ft3) had better activity and
17、 degradation resistance performance of C3H8.(3) It was studied on the gaseous emission performance of the diesel bus using the vehicle chassis dynamometer with four kinds of post-processing devices, which were fresh DOC, aged DOC, fresh DOC+CDPF and aged DOC+CDPF. The conversion efficiency of CO usi
18、ng fresh DOC in diesel bus is better than that of using aged DOC, but the conversion efficiency of CO using aged DOC+CDPF in diesel bus is better than that of using fresh DOC+CDPF. The conversion efficiency of HC using fresh DOC and DOC+CDPF in diesel bus is better than that of using aged DOC and DO
19、C+CDPF. The diesel bus using fresh DOC and DOC+CDPF had a high rate of NO decreasing percentages and NO2 increasing percentages than the bus using aged DOC and DOC+CDPF. The bus using these devices dont basically affect the NOX emission, but they can influence the NO / NO2 ratio.(4) It was studied o
20、n the particulate matter emission performance of the diesel bus using the vehicle chassis dynamometer with four kinds of post-processing devices, which were fresh DOC, aged DOC, fresh DOC+CDPF and aged DOC+CDPF. The conversion efficiency of PN and PM using fresh DOC and DOC+CDPF in diesel bus is app
21、arently better than that of aged DOC and DOC+CDPF, of which the conversion efficiency of PN and PM fresh and aged DOC+CDPF in diesel bus is both exceeding 90%. For particle size distribution of particulate number, the diesel bus without the post-procession device presents two peak, but the diesel bu
22、s with the four post-procession devices all present one peak.Key Words: diesel bus, DOC, CDPF, catalytic activity, aging, emission同济大学 硕士学位论文 目录V目录第 1 章 绪论 .11.1 研究背景 .11.2 柴油机排放 .31.2.1 柴油机气态排放物 .31.2.2 柴油机颗粒排放物 .41.3 柴油机/车污染物研究方法 .61.3.1 发动机台架试验研究 .61.3.2 车载排放试验研究 .71.3.3 底盘测功机试验研究 .81.4 柴油机/车污染物控
23、制技术 .91.4.1 柴油机/车污染物控制技术研究现状 .91.4.2 DOC 控制技术研究现状 .91.4.3 DPF 控制技术研究现状 .121.4.4 DOC+CDPF 控制技术研究现状 .141.5 本文研究内容 .16第 2 章 后处理装置老化方案和整车排放测试平台搭建 .172.1 后处理装置老化方案及样品制备 .172.1.1 后处理装置老化方案 .172.1.2 CDPF 新鲜和老化小样品制备 .182.2 小样品催化活性评价系统设计 .182.3 后处理装置的整车排放测试平台搭建 .212.3.1 重型底盘测功机及试验循环 .212.3.2 试验车辆及油品参数 .232.3
24、.3 试验用后处理装置 DOC/DOC+CDPF.252.3.4 气态物排放测试仪器 .252.3.5 颗粒物排放测试仪器 .262.4 本章小结 .27第 3 章 三种不同贵金属含量的 CDPF 小样品催化性能研究 .293.1 CO 转化效率 .293.1.1 贵金属含量为 15g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .293.1.2 贵金属含量为 25g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .303.1.3 贵金属含量为 35g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .313.1.4 不同贵金属含量对 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .32同济大学 硕士学位论文 目录3.2 C3H
25、8 转化效率 .333.2.1 贵金属含量为 15g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .333.2.2 贵金属含量为 25g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .343.2.3 贵金属含量为 35g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .353.2.4 不同贵金属含量对 CDPF 小样品的转化效率 .353.3 NO2 产率 .373.3.1 贵金属含量为 15g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的产率 .373.3.2 贵金属含量为 25g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的产率 .383.3.3 贵金属含量为 35g/ft3 的 CDPF 小样品的产率 .393.3.4 不同贵金
26、属含量对 CDPF 小样品的产率 .403.4 CDPF 样品在不同温度时 CO、C 3H8 和 NO2 的转化效率/ 产率 .413.4.1 样品对 CO、C 3H8 和 NO2 的转化效率/产率（ 150） .413.4.2 样品对 CO、C 3H8 和 NO2 的转化效率/产率（ 300） .423.4.3 样品对 CO、C 3H8 和 NO2 的转化效率/产率（ 450） .433.5 本章小结 .44第 4 章 后处理装置老化对柴油公交车气态物排放特性影响 .454.1 试验循环工况特性 .454.1.1 CCBC 循环下发动机工况特征 .454.1.2 CCBC 循环工况特性 .4
27、64.2 DOC 老化对气态物排放的影响 .474.2.1 DOC 老化对气态物排放因子的影响 .474.2.2 DOC 老化对气态物平均排放率的影响 .524.3 DOC+CDPF 老化对气态物排放的影响 .564.3.1 DOC+CDPF 老化对气态物排放因子的影响 .564.3.2 DOC+CDPF 老化对气态物平均排放率的影响 .604.4 后处理装置老化对气态物排放的影响 .644.4.1 后处理装置老化对气态物排放因子的影响 .644.4.2 后处理装置老化对气态物平均排放率的影响 .674.5 本章小结 .69第 5 章 后处理装置老化对柴油公交车颗粒物排放特性影响 .715.1
28、 DOC 老化对颗粒物排放的影响 .715.1.1 DOC 老化对颗粒物排放因子的影响 .715.1.2 DOC 老化对颗粒物平均排放率的影响 .735.1.3 DOC 老化对颗粒数量粒径分布的影响 .745.2 DOC+CDPF 老化对颗粒物排放的影响 .755.2.1 DOC+CDPF 老化对颗粒物排放因子的影响 .755.2.2 DOC+CDPF 老化对颗粒物平均排放率的影响 .77同济大学 硕士学位论文 目录VII5.2.3 DOC+CDPF 老化对颗粒物数量粒径分布的影响 .795.3 后处理装置老化对颗粒物排放的影响 .805.3.1 后处理装置老化对颗粒物排放因子的影响 .805.3.2 后处理装置老化对颗粒物平均排放率的影响 .825.3.3 后处理装置老化对颗粒数量物粒径分布的影响 .835.4 本章小结 .84第 6 章 全文总结及展望 .856.1 全文总结 .856.2 研究展望 .87致谢 .89参考文献 .90个人简历、在读期间发表的学术论文与研究成果 .98同济大学 硕士学位论文 目录
