1、1外文题目RESTRUCTURINGINDUSTRIALDISTRICTS,SCALINGUPREGIONALDEVELOPMENTASTUDYOFTHEWENZHOUMODEL,CHINA出处ECONOMICGEOGRAPHY834421444,2007作者YEHUADENNISWEI原文ABSTRACTTHEWENZHOUMUNICIPALITYINZHEJIANGPROVINCEISSPEARHEADINGCHINASMARKETIZATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFPRIVATEENTERPRISESITSSUCCESSFULDEVELOPMENTTRAJECTORY,CENT
2、EREDONFAMILYOWNEDSMALLBUSINESSESEMBEDDEDINTHICKLOCALINSTITUTIONS,RESEMBLESMARSHALLIANINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSMIDSHOWEVER,WITHCHINASCHANGINGINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTANDINTENSIFYINGCOMPETITION,WENZHOUHASBEENFACINGCHALLENGESSINCETHELATE1980S,WENZHOUHASGONETHROUGHTWOMAJORROUNDSOFRESTRUCTURINGFROMFAMILYENTERPR
3、ISESTOSHAREHOLDINGCOOPERATIVESTOSHAREHOLDINGENTERPRISES,THATHAVEINCLUDEDFOURMAJORTYPESOFSTRATEGICRESPONSEINSTITUTIONALCHANGE,TECHNOLOGICALUPGRADING,INDUSTRIALDIVERSIFICATION,ANDSPATIALRESTRUCTURINGFIRMSINWENZHOUHAVEGONETHROUGHLOCALIZATIONANDDELOCALIZATION,ANDLOCATIONALCHOICESREFLECTTHEDUALDESTINATIO
4、NSOFGLOBALIZINGCITIESANDINTERIORCITIESTHEFORMATIONOFNEWFIRMSANDCLUSTERSHASBEENACCOMPANIEDBYMERGERS,ACQUISITIONS,ANDTHEEMERGENCEOFMULTIREGIONALENTERPRISESMRES,SOMEOFWHICHHAVERELOCATEDTHEIRHEADQUARTERSANDSPECIALIZEDFUNCTIONSTOMETROPOLITANAREAS,ESPECIALLYSHANGHAIANDHANGZHOUMORERECENTLY,WENZHOUSGROWTHHA
5、SSLOWED,LEADINGSOMETOQUESTIONTHESUSTAINABILITYOFTHEWENZHOUMODELWEARGUETHATWENZHOUSDEVELOPMENTISINDANGEROFREGIONALLOCKINSRELATIONAL,INTERGENERATIONAL,ANDSTRUCTURALWENZHOUSEXPERIENCECHALLENGESTHEORTHODOXCONCEPTOFMIDSANDCALLSFOR“SCALINGUP”REGIONALDEVELOPMENTKEYWORDSMARSHALLIANINDUSTRIALDISTRICT,REGIONA
6、LLOCKIN,THEWENZHOUMODEL,CHINATHEORETICALBACKGROUNDTHERESTRUCTURINGOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSTHENATUREOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSANDTHEIMPACTOFGLOBALIZATIONHAVEGENERATEDCONSIDERABLESCHOLARLYDEBATETHISLITERATUREHASARGUEDFORINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSASNODESFORGLOBALIZATION/LOCALIZATIONANDMOTORSFORECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINDU
7、STRIALDISTRICTSARECHARACTERIZEDBYFLEXIBLESPECIALIZATIONANDAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESWITHASYNERGISTICCOMBINATIONOFDENSELOCALNETWORKS,LOCALINNOVATION,ANDLEARNING,ASWELLASTHEFORMATIONANDCLUSTERINGOFSMALLFIRMSRECENTLY,THELITERATUREONINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSHASBEENQUESTIONEDANDEVENCRITICIZEDFORITSNARROWFOCUSONLOC
8、ALINSTITUTIONSANDNETWORKSANDFORITSFAILURETOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEEFFECTSOFGLOBALIZATIONANDTHEROLEOFLARGEFIRMSRESEARCHONINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSHASCONCENTRATEDINAFEWAREASIN2DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,ANDSCHOLARSHAVEINCREASINGLYRECOGNIZEDVARIEDFORMSOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSDISTINCTMODELSOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSANDREGIONALDEV
9、ELOPMENTHAVEEMERGEDINCHINA,BUTHAVELARGELYESCAPEDTHEATTENTIONOFTHEECONOMICGEOGRAPHYLITERATURETHEYHAVEBEENPRODUCEDTHROUGHINCENTIVESANDCONSTRAINTSTHATARECONTAINEDINTHEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORKSTHATWEREPRESENTATTHEBEGINNINGOFCHINASREFORMANDTHROUGHINSTITUTIONALCHANGEDURINGTHEREFORMSINCETHERECENTCHANGESINWEN
10、ZHOUHAVELARGELYESCAPEDINTERNATIONALATTENTION,TOEXAMINETHERESTRUCTURINGPROCESSANDTOASKWHETHERWENZHOUSTILLORTHODOXMIDMARTINANDSUNLEYSUMMARIZEDFIVEPOSSIBLESCENARIOSTOESCAPENEGATIVEREGIONALLOCKIN1THEINDIGENOUSCREATIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGIESANDINDUSTRIES,2HETEROGENEITYANDDIVERSITY,3TRANSPLANTATIONFROMELSEWHERE
11、,4DIVERSIFICATIONINTOTECHNOLOGICALLYRELATEDINDUSTRIES,AND5UPGRADINGOFEXISTINGINDUSTRIESTHEWENZHOUGOVERNMENTWASTOLERANTOFSEMILEGALORILLEGALPRACTICESDURINGEARLIERYEARSOFREFORMSANDHASBECOMEMOREACTIVEINIMPLEMENTINGLOCALPOLICIESONESTEPAHEADOFOTHERPLACESBYINNOVATIVELYLABELINGPRIVATIZATIONAS“SOCIALISMWITHC
12、HINESECHARACTERISTICS”HOWEVER,THEPROCESSHASBEENFRAUGHTWITHPOLITICALTENSIONWEDEMONSTRATETHESTRONGABILITYOFTHEREGIONTOADAPTTOCHANGEANDTHEIMPORTANT,YETCHANGING,ROLEOFLOCALSTATESINRESTRUCTURINGRESEARCHSETTINGANDMETHODOLOGYTHEWENZHOUMODELISONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULMODELSOFINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDREGIONALDEVELOP
13、MENTINCHINAWEVIEWINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSASHIERARCHICALSPATIALORGANIZATIONSANDTREATWENZHOUMUNICIPALITYASAMETROPOLITANLEVELINDUSTRIALDISTRICTTHATCORRESPONDSWITHCHINASADMINISTRATIVESYSTEMANDITSDISTINCTIVELOCALINSTITUTIONSANDCHARACTERISTICS,SUCHASASTRONGLOCALDIALECT,LOCALLYBASEDNETWORKS,LOCALLABORMARKETS,AN
14、DLOCALSUPPLYCHAINSLOCATEDINSOUTHEASTERNZHEJIANGSEEFIGURE1OURYEARSOFEXPERIENCEWITHWENZHOUANDZHEJIANG,PLUSSEVERALRECENTROUNDSOFFIELDWORK,AREESSENTIALTOUNDERSTANDINGTHEDYNAMICREGIONTHISRESEARCHWASINITIATEDIN1999THROUGHFIELDWORKCONSISTINGOFFIRMSURVEYSANDINTERVIEWSIN2000AND2001INRUIANWITHFUNDINGINPLACE,F
15、ROM2003THROUGH2005,WECONDUCTEDSURVEYSANDPERSONALINTERVIEWSWITHLOCALCOMPANIESAND426ECONOMICGEOGRAPHYOCTOBER2007GOVERNMENTALOFFICIALSINWENZHOUCITYANDITSCOUNTIESORCITIESOFYUEQING,RUIAN,ANDYONGJIA,THECOREOFWENZHOUANDTHEPROTOTYPESOFTHEWENZHOUMODEL,WITHAFOCUSONYUEQINGTOGETHER,WEINTERVIEWEDMORETHAN30LOCALO
16、FFICIALSAND50BUSINESSOWNERSORMANAGERS,MOSTLYBUSINESSOWNERS,ESPECIALLYOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDFIRMSONLYINSOMELARGEFIRMSWERETHEINTERVIEWEESVICEGENERALMANAGERSORDIRECTORSWHOOFTENOWNMINORITYSHARESALSOIN2003,WECONDUCTEDASURVEYOFFIRMSINFOURLEADINGTOWNSINYUEQINGLIUSHI,NORTHBAIXIANG,YUECHENG,ANDHONGQIAOSEEFIGU
17、RE1WHICHAREAMONGTHE103MOSTDEVELOPEDTOWNSINWENZHOUANDAMONGTHE100MOSTDEVELOPEDTOWNSINZHEJIANGTHEREVENUESANDPOPULATIONOFTHESETOWNSACCOUNTEDFOR75PERCENTAND43PERCENTOFTHETOTALSINTHECOUNTY,RESPECTIVELYWANG2003THESTRUCTUREDQUESTIONNAIREASKEDFORGENERALINFORMATION,CHARACTERISTICSOFTHELABORFORCE,RELOCATION,NE
18、TWORKRELATIONS,DEVELOPMENTPROBLEMS,ANDFUTUREDEVELOPMENT,WITHANEMPHASISONMODESOFRELOCATION,INVESTMENTAREAS,ANDLOCATIONALCHOICEALLTHEENTERPRISESWITHOUTPUTSOFMORETHAN500,000YUANIN2002US1WASABOUT82YUANATTHETIMEINTHEFOURTOWNSSERVEDASTHESAMPLINGFRAMETHEREISNOOFFICIALLISTFORSMALLERFIRMSTWOHUNDREDSURVEYFORM
19、SWEREPERSONALLYDELIVEREDTOTHERANDOMLYSELECTEDENTERPRISESANDPURPOSELYSELECTEDLARGEFIRMS50FOREACHTOWNANDGENERATED110RETURNSARETURNRATEOF55PERCENTAND94EFFECTIVERETURNSANEFFECTIVERETURNRATEOF47PERCENT,WITH30OFTHEMACCOMPANIEDORFOLLOWEDBYINDEPTHINTERVIEWSFIGURE1LOCATIONOFWENZHOUTHEWENZHOUMODELANDITSCHALLE
20、NGESACLASSICMIDTHEORTHODOXWENZHOUMODELRESEMBLESTHECLASSICALMID,ATERRITORIALAGGLOMERATIONOFSMALLFIRMSCAPITALIZINGONEXTERNALECONOMIESOFSCALEKNOWNFOR“PETTYCOMMODITIES,LARGEMARKETS,”ITREPRESENTSASUCCESSFULDEVELOPMENTTRAJECTORYTHATISCENTEREDONSMALLSCALE,MANUFACTURINGCENTERED,FAMILYENTERPRISESTHATARECHARA
21、CTERIZEDBY4MARKETORIENTEDFLEXIBLEPRODUCTIONANDENDOGENOUSDEVELOPMENT,WITHLOCALLYBASEDDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSANDGROUNDEDONYEARSOFLOCALCAPITALISMANDTHICKLOCALINSTITUTIONSSHI,JIN,ZHAO,ANDLUOVIEWEDTHEWENZHOUMODELASABOTTOMUPPROCESSOFTHEREGIONALINDUSTRIALIZATIONPARADIGMBASEDONINTERNALMARKETS,INTERNALRESOURCES
22、,ANDTRADITIONALMANUFACTURINGWENZHOUHASSHIFTEDFROMBEINGATARGETOFSTATESUPPRESSIONTOAPLACEOFNATIONALADMIRATIONANDEMULATIONFROM1978TO2004,THEPERCAPITAGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGREWANNUALLYBY183PERCENT,CONSIDERABLYHIGHERTHANTHATOFCHINA81PERCENT,MAKINGWENZHOUONEOFTHERICHESTREGIONSINCHINAENTERPRISES,SUCHASCHINTA
23、NDDELIXIINLIUSHITOWN,HAVEJOINEDTHELISTOFTHETOP50MOSTCOMPETITIVENONSTATEDOMESTICBRANDS,ANDAOKANGOFYONGJIAWASTHEONLYSHOEMANUFACTURERINCLUDEDONTHATLISTMOREOVER,THREEOFTHEFOURSHOEMANUFACTURERSONTHELISTOFTHETOP100NONSTATEBRANDSWITHTHEMOSTCOMPETITIVEPOTENTIALARELOCATEDINWENZHOUTHISMIRACLETOOKPLACEDESPITEF
24、EWLOCALNATURALRESOURCES,LOWLEVELSOFTECHNOLOGY,ANDABACKWARDINFRASTRUCTURETHEESSENCEOFTHEWENZHOUMODELISASYSTEMOFPRODUCTIONTHATISCENTEREDONFAMILYENTERPRISESANDEMBEDDEDINTHICK,HISTORICALLYROOTED,LOCALINSTITUTIONSSMALLFAMILYBUSINESSES,ROOTEDINENTREPRENEURSHIPANDRURALMARKETS,WERETHEPIONEERSINTRANSFORMINGW
25、ENZHOUTOAMARKETECONOMYWENZHOUSPORTFORACCESSANDLIMITEDLANDRESOURCESHAVECULTIVATEDTHEHISTORICALTRADITIONOFENTREPRENEURSHIPANDNETWORKSANDCONNECTEDWENZHOUTOTHEOUTSIDEWORLDUNLIKETHOSEWHOPRACTICECONFUCIANISM,PEOPLEINWENZHOUEMPHASIZEPRAGMATISMANDFINANCIALACHIEVEMENTS,ASREFLECTEDBYTHEYONGJIASCHOOLOFTHOUGHTD
26、URINGTHESONGDYNASTYFAMILIESTYPICALLYFORMTHEMAINPRODUCTIONUNITS,RELYINGONSOCIALNETWORKSANDSALESAGENTSTHATAREINTEGRATEDINTOLOCALMARKETSFORACQUIRINGCAPITAL,RAWMATERIALS,ANDINFORMATION,ASWELLASFORFLEXIBLEPRODUCTIONANDMARKETINGSUCHPLACEBASEDINSTITUTIONSANDGUANXIRELATIONSHIPNETWORKSAREINTENSELYINTERWOVEN,
27、BOUNDBYTRUSTANDCULTUREANDMAINTAINEDBYMUTUALEXCHANGESANDPOWERRELATIONSA“NEW”WENZHOUMODELTHERESTRUCTURINGHASTRANSFORMEDMAJORENTERPRISES,FROMINDIVIDUALTOCOOPERATIVEENTERPRISES,TOSHAREHOLDINGENTERPRISES,ANDEVENTUALLYTOMRESWITHHIGHQUALITYPRODUCTSMOREOVER,INDUSTRIESHAVEBEENUPGRADED,DIVERSIFIED,ANDEXPANDED
28、SPATIALLYTHEORTHODOXWENZHOUMODELHASBEENCHANGEDWITHNEWCONTENT,ANDCALLEDBYSOMETHE“NEW”WENZHOUMODELYANGVIEWEDTHE“CAPITALISM”INRURALWENZHOUASTHEHYBRIDIZATIONOFDIFFERENTECONOMICFORMSINDIGENOUS,STATESOCIALIST,ANDOVERSEASCAPITALISTELEMENTSFIRST,AGROUPOFLARGEFIRMSANDMRESWITHBRANDNAMEPRODUCTSHAS5EMERGED,ANDT
29、HEIRMANAGEMENTSTRUCTUREHASBECOMEMORECORPORATIONALIZED,ORFOCUSEDONCLEARPROPERTY,CLEARRIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONS,SEPARATIONOFGOVERNMENTANDENTERPRISES,ANDSCIENTIFICMANAGEMENTBY1998,WENZHOUHADESTABLISHED182ENTERPRISEGROUPS,ANDMRESHADBECOMETHENEWSYMBOLSOF“MADEINWENZHOU”IN2000,THEREWERE20,864CORPORATIONALIZEDEN
30、TERPRISESINWENZHOU,ANDYUEQINGREGISTERED45INDUSTRIALCONGLOMERATIONSAND2,897LIMITEDLIABILITYCORPORATIONSFROM2000TO2004,INDUSTRIALOUTPUTBYENTERPRISESTHATWERELARGERTHANTHEDESIGNATEDSIZEINCREASEDFROM346PERCENTTO629PERCENT,AND,MORESPECIFICALLY,OUTPUTBYTHESHAREHOLDINGENTERPRISESTHATWERELARGERTHANTHEDESIGNA
31、TEDSIZEINCREASEDFROM84PERCENTTO267PERCENT,WHILETHATBYSHAREHOLDINGCOOPERATIVESDECLINEDFROM404PERCENTTO91PERCENTWEFOUNDARAPIDINCREASEINTHESIZEOFCOMPANIESINTHEPAST10YEARS,WITH15PERCENTAND14PERCENTOFTHESURVEYEDFIRMSACHIEVINGOUTPUTANDSALESINCOMEOFMORETHAN100MILLIONYUAN,RESPECTIVELYSEETABLE2SECOND,THEPROD
32、UCTIONPROCESSESHAVEBEENIMPROVEDANDEXPANDEDGLOBALLYTHROUGHTHEUPGRADINGOFEQUIPMENT,THEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSINLARGECORPORATIONSHASBEENCHANGEDSOMEWHATFROMALABORINTENSIVEPROCESSTOMECHANIZATION,AUTOMATION,ANDINTELLIGENTPRODUCTIONTHIRD,MANUFACTURERSHAVEDIVERSIFIEDFROMREGIONALPRODUCTIONTOTHEGOVERNANCEOFNATIO
33、NALORGLOBALVALUECHAINS,LOGISTICALPROCESSES,ANDOTHERBUSINESSSERVICESTHEMARKETINGAPPROACHHASCHANGEDFROMEXTERNALSALESAGENTSINTHE1980STOPLACEBASEDNETWORKMARKETINGINTHELATE1980SANDMID1990SANDTHENTOACOMBINATIONOFFLEXIBLENETWORKINGANDCOMPETITION6AMONGBRANDSINDUSTRIALGROUPSHAVEESTABLISHEDMULTISCALARSALESAGE
34、NCIESANDCHAINSTORESWITHBRANDSASFLAGSHIPPRODUCTS,INCLUDINGNEWMARKETINGANDSERVICECENTERSINCOASTALCITIESANDEVENINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESLAST,MANYOFWENZHOUSTOWNSORTOWNSHIPS,ASBASICUNITSOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTS,ENGAGEINSPECIALIZEDPRODUCTIONANDHAVEBEENOFFICIALLYNAMEDCHINAS“SHOECAPITAL,”“BUTTONCAPITAL,”“ZIPCAPITAL
35、,”“ELECTRICALPRODUCTCITY,”ANDTHELIKE,WHEREMANYOFTHECOMPONENTSANDSEMIPRODUCTSCANBEPURCHASEDLOCALLYOURSURVEYEDTOWNSAREKNOWNFORLOWVOLTAGEELECTRICALPRODUCTS,ELECTRONICCOMPONENTS,ANDAPPARELINDUSTRIESTHECLUSTERSOFELECTRICALPRODUCTSINLIUSHIANDBUTTONSINQIAOTOUAREPOPULARIZEDASACCIDENTALHISTORICALEVENTS,WHICH
36、IGNORESTHEIRSPECIFICLOCALCONTEXTSTHESEDISTRICTSHAVEBEENEVOLVINGOVERTIME,WITHTHEGROWTHOFLEADINGFIRMS,BIRTHOFNEWFIRMS,ANDEXPANSIONOFPRODUCTIONNETWORKSLOCALCLUSTERINGISACCOMPANIEDBYSPATIALEXPANSION,RELOCATION,ANDTHEGROWTHOFMRESSPATIALRESTRUCTURINGHASALSOLEDTOTHEFORMATIONOFNEWCLUSTERSANDDISTRICTSINOTHER
37、CITIES,SUCHASTHEWENZHOUVILLAGEINBEIJING,APHENOMENONKNOWNAS“DELOCALIZEDURBANIZATION”CONCLUSIONTHEWENZHOUMODELISASYSTEMOFPRODUCTIONCENTEREDONFAMILYENTERPRISESEMBEDDEDWITHTHICK,HISTORICALLYROOTED,LOCALINSTITUTIONSANDNETWORKSTHEPLACEBASEDINSTITUTIONSANDNETWORKSAREINTENSELYINTERWOVEN,BOUNDEDBYTRUSTANDCUL
38、TUREANDMAINTAINEDBYMUTUALEXCHANGESANDPOWERRELATIONSTHEWENZHOUMODELDIFFERSFROMTHECLASSICALMIDS,WITHDIFFERENCESINGEOGRAPHICSETTING,HISTORICALLEGACY,INSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENT,ANDVELOCITYOFCHANGEINASPANOF20YEARS,WENZHOUEXPERIENCEDTWOMAJORROUNDSOFRESTRUCTURINGFROMRURALFAMILYENTERPRISESTOCOOPERATIVEENTERPR
39、ISESINTHEMIDANDLATE1980SANDTHENTOSHAREHOLDINGENTERPRISESANDLIMITEDLIABILITYCOMPANIESINTHEEARLYANDMID1990S,INCLUDINGTHEEMERGENCEOFLARGEFIRMSANDINDUSTRIALGROUPSWEHAVEANALYZEDFOURMAJORTYPESOFRESTRUCTURINGINRESPONSETOPOTENTIALREGIONALLOCKININSTITUTIONALCHANGE,TECHNOLOGICALUPGRADING,INDUSTRIALDIVERSIFICA
40、TION,ANDSPATIALRESTRUCTURINGINSTITUTIONALCHANGEISTHEFOCUS,INTERTWINEDWITHTECHNOLOGICALUPGRADINGTHEWENZHOUEXPERIENCEPROVESTHATSUCCESSFULINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSAREDYNAMICANDHAVETHEABILITYTOADAPTTOCHANGESIMILARTOWHATGLAESERFOUNDINHISSTUDYOFBOSTON,THECONSISTENTGROWTHOFWENZHOULIESINITSSUCCESSFULRESPONSETOCHA
41、LLENGESTHERESTRUCTURINGOFTHEWENZHOUMODELISGENERALLYCONSISTENTWITHTHEFINDINGSONTHERESTRUCTURINGOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,SUCHASITALYTHEWENZHOUMODEL,CENTEREDONSMALLSCALEFAMILYBUSINESSESINRURALSETTINGS,HASBEENRESTRUCTUREDTOWARDMODERNCORPORATIONSANDDELOCALIZEDGROUPSWITHENHANCEDMANAGEMENT
42、,ADVANCEDPRODUCTION,DIVERSIFIEDLOCATIONS,ANDSPATIALCLUSTERINGTHENOTIONOFORTHODOXMIDSNO7LONGERBESTCONCEPTUALIZESTHENATUREOFWENZHOU,WHICHISMOVINGTOWARDAMIXEDMODELWITHRENEWEDINSTITUTIONALSUPPORT,EMERGINGLARGEFIRMSANDINDUSTRIALGROUPS,ANDEXTENDEDEXTERNALNETWORKSTHEWENZHOUEXPERIENCESCHALLENGETHEECONOMICGE
43、OGRAPHYLITERATURESOVEREMPHASISONSMALLFIRMSANDLOCALASSETSORINSTITUTIONSTOMAINTAINCOMPETITIVENESS,FIRMSININDUSTRIALDISTRICTSHAVETO“SCALEUP”ANDSIMULTANEOUSLYEMBEDLOCALLYANDINTEGRATENATIONALLYANDGLOBALLYTHENOTIONOFTHENEOMIDMAYBEABETTERCONCEPTUALIZATIONOFCURRENTWENZHOU,GIVENITSEMPHASISONTHESYNERGYOFLOCAL
44、ANDGLOBALFORCESTHISARTICLEHASANALYZEDTHERELOCATIONPROCESSANDLOCATIONALCHOICEOFTHEENTERPRISESANDARGUEDFORTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHERELOCATIONOFFIRMSINRESTRUCTURINGOURFINDINGSINDICATETHATSPATIALEXPANSIONANDRELOCATIONAREESSENTIALCOMPONENTSOFTHERESTRUCTURINGOFTHEORTHODOXWENZHOUMODELRELOCATIONHASBEENDRIVENBYCHAN
45、GINGINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTS,INTERTWINEDWITHDIVERSIFICATIONANDOFTENPULLEDBYPREFERENTIALSTATEPOLICIESSUCHRELOCATIONSTARTEDWITHNEARBYSITES,SUCHASFROMRURALVILLAGESTOTOWNSHIPS,ANDGRADUALLYEXPANDEDINSPACEANDSCOPEWITHDUALDESTINATIONSCOASTALGLOBALIZINGCITIES,TOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEIRHEADQUARTERFUNCTIONSANDRI
46、TISNOTSIMPLYDRIVENBYFOREIGNINVESTMENTDESPITETHETWOROUNDSOFRESTRUCTURING,WENZHOUISFACINGNEWCHALLENGESTHATHAVEBEENCONCEPTUALIZEDASREGIONALLOCKINSRELATIONALLOCKIN,INTERGENERATIONALLOCKIN,ANDSTRUCTURALLOCKINTHATACTASPUSHFACTORSUNDERLYINGTHERELOCATIONTHESTRONGLOCALINSTITUTIONSHAVEPROVIDEDANIDEALENVIRONME
47、NTFORTHECREATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEWENZHOUMODELLOCALSTATESARETRANSITIONALTHEIRROLESINREGIONALDEVELOPMENTCHANGEWITHCHANGINGINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTS,ANDTHEYAREBECOMINGINCREASINGLYINVOLVEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSTHETHICKINSTITUTIONS,HOWEVER,AREALSOSOURCESOFREGIONALLOCKINWENZHOUISATTHECROSSROADSOFANOTHE
48、RROUNDOFRESTRUCTURINGTOOVERCOMEREGIONALLOCKINSANDGEOGRAPHICCONSTRAINTS,WHICHWILLIMPROVETHEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTFORINVESTMENTANDINNOVATIONITSINTERNALDYNAMICSANDCAPABILITIESMAYHELPWENZHOUTOOVERCOMETHECURRENTCHALLENGES译文工业集群和全球化的影响受到很大的关注与讨论。尽管各种文献认为是全球化有利于经济发展,但是学者认为世界经济不是全球生产厂家,而是一个区域的世界,8生产争夺分区和地
49、理嵌入。这一争辩说工业地区全球化是作为经济的引擎促进经济发展。工业集群是专业化和聚集经济的组合,在密集的本地网络中,创新与学习,以及形成各类小公司。最近,关于产业集群的文献被质疑甚至批评为狭隘地专注于本地的机构和网络而没考虑大公司的全球化影响及作用。研究集中在发达国家工业区的一些地区,越来越多的学者们认识到多种形式的工业区等。温州模型以小规模家族企业以发展道路。由于最近的变化使得温州在很大程度上逃脱了国际的注意力,我们检查重组过程,并对温州是否仍然是浙江的中心做了调查。马丁和森立总结出五个可能情景逃1创造新的本土的技术和行业,2多样性3移植4从别处技术多元化相关产业的发展5升级现有的工业。在早些年的改革中，温州政府能容忍非法行为，同时也更加积极实施地方法规,其他地方民营化标签为“有中国特色的社会主义”；但是这个过程就一直充满了紧张的政治氛围。我们证实了该地区很强的适应变化和角色的重要能力。重组温州模式是其在中国最成功的地方。我们认为，工业地区层次空间组织和工业园区,符合中国行政体制和与众不同的地方机构和特征。例如一个强大的本地方言,基于当地网络,当地的劳动市场,和当地的供应链。位于浙江东南。以我们的多年的经验,加上在浙江温州最近的调查的基础上,对于温州有了更加深入的了解。这项研究开始于1999年田野调查,从2003年到2005年,我们对当地的公司进行了调查和
