1、外文题目DEVELOPINGNEWPERSONALFINANCIALPRODUCTSSOMEEVIDENCEOFTHEROLEOFMARKETRESEARCH出处HEATHERDAVISON,TREVORWATKINS,MIKEWRIGHT,1989“DEVELOPINGNEWPERSONALFINANCIALPRODUCTSSOMEEVIDENCEOFTHEROLEOFMARKETRESEARCH“,INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBANKMARKETING,VOL7ISS1,PP815作者HEATHERDAVISON,TREVORWATKINSANDMIKEWRIGHT原文DE
2、VELOPINGNEWPERSONALFINANCIALPRODUCTSSOMEEVIDENCEOFTHEROLEOFMARKETRESEARCHINTRODUCTIONTHEUKPERSONALFINANCIALSERVICESSECTORCURRENTLYFACESDYNAMICENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSCHANGESINTHEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKTHEBUILDINGSOCIETIESACT1986,THEFINANCIALSERVICESACT1986,THESOCIALSECURITYACT1986,THERAPIDGROWTHOFITAPPLI
3、CATIONSANDTHEGROWINGINTERNATIONALISATIONOFTHEINDUSTRYAREALLSERVINGTOINCREASECOMPETITIVEPRESSURETHESEDEVELOPMENTSAREBREAKINGDOWNTHETRADITIONALLYWELLDEFINEDBARRIERSBETWEENTYPESOFINSTITUTIONASTHEYSEEITNECESSARYTOOFFERAGREATERRANGEOFPRODUCTSFOREXAMPLE,THEBUILDINGSOCIETIESFORMANYYEARSSUPPLIEDONLYMORTGAGE
4、SPROTECTEDBYPRICECARTELTHESITUATIONHASNOWCHANGEDANDMORTGAGEPROVISIONISONLYONEOFANUMBEROFAREASINWHICHSOCIETIESFACEPRICEANDOTHERFORMSOFCOMPETITIONFROMBANKS,INSURANCECOMPANIESANDSPECIALISTSUPPLIERSWRIGHT,ETAL,1986THEMAJORITYOFPERSONALFINANCIALSERVICEORGANISATIONSAREHAVINGTOOFFERAWIDERANGEOFPRODUCTSINHO
5、USINGFINANCE,INSURANCEANDPENSIONS,INVESTMENTS,CONSUMERCREDIT,SAVINGSANDDEPOSITSANDPAYMENTTRANSACTIONSWATKINSANDWRIGHT,1986CARTER,ETAL,1986LOWBARRIERSTOENTERINGANEWMARKETHAVEFUELLEDTHISSPREADOFPRODUCTSMETHODOLOGYATWOSTAGEAPPROACHTODATACOLLECTIONWASADOPTEDTHEFIRSTSTAGEWASCONDUCTEDDURINGTHELATTERPARTOF
6、1986ANDINVOLVED20PERSONALINTERVIEWSWITHMARKETINGANDMARKETINGRESEARCHEXECUTIVESFROMFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSBANKS,BUILDINGSOCIETIESANDINSURANCECOMPANIESANDFROMAGENCIESWITHFINANCIALORGANISATIONSASCLIENTS,MARKETRESEARCH,NEWPRODUCTANDADVERTISINGAGENCIESTHEAIMOFTHEINTERVIEWSWASTOGAINANINITIALIMPRESSIONOFTHES
7、TATEOFTHEARTOFNEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTANDIDENTIFYRELEVANTUSESOFMARKETRESEARCHATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEPROCESSBECAUSEOFTHECURRENTAWARENESSOFTHECOMPETITIVENATUREOFTHEINDUSTRY,MOSTCOMPANIESWERENOTWILLINGTODISCUSSSPECIFICNEWDEVELOPMENTSBUTPREFERREDTOTALKABOUTTHEACTIVITYINGENERALTHISINCLUDEDLOOKINGATTHERATIONA
8、LEBEHINDNPD,ANDTHEFACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTOTHESUCCESSORFAILUREOFNEWPRODUCTSINTHEFOLLOWINGPARAGRAPHSASAMPLEOFTHEISSUESDISCUSSEDARECOMMENTEDONITWASFREELYADMITTEDBYRESPONDENTSTHATCOPYINGOFCOMPETITORSPRODUCTSWASAMAJORSOURCEOFNPDARESPONDENTFROMONEOFTHEMAJORBANKSCALLEDTHISPROCESS“REVERSEENGINEERING“THEATTRIBU
9、TESOFACOMPETITORSPRODUCTWEREISOLATEDANDANALYSEDINTERMSOFMARKETSUCCESS/FAILUREEGTHEAPPEALOFSTANDARDCHARGESFORAUTOMATICOVERDRAFTFACILITIESINCHEQUEACCOUNTS,AFTERWHICHAREDESIGNEDPRODUCTWOULDTHENBELAUNCHEDQUICKLYONTOTHEMARKETTHEMAJORFACTORINSUCHDEVELOPMENTSWASTOKEEPPACEWITHTHECOMPETITIONBYDEFENDINGTHEEXI
10、STINGCLIENTBASEANDATTRACTINGNEWCUSTOMERSBYOFFERINGAN“IMPROVED“VERSIONOFTHEORIGINALPRODUCTASACONSEQUENCEOFSUCHRATIONALE,THEDEVELOPMENTBECAMEANECESSITY,OBVIATINGTHENEEDFORMARKETRESEARCHOTHERRESPONDENTSFELTTHATASCHANGEWASSOEASILYACCOMPLISHEDWITHINTHEINDUSTRY,THISENCOURAGEDCOPYINGITALSOMEANTTHATLEADTIME
11、SWEREREDUCED,INCREASINGTHEDIFFICULTIESOFCONDUCTINGADEQUATERESEARCHUTILISATIONOFMARKETRESEARCHWASVIEWEDASANIMPORTANTELEMENTINTHESUCCESSOFANEWPRODUCTALTHOUGHTHEREASONSFORCOPYINGPRODUCTSWEREMANY,THECAUSEOFSUCHACTIVITYSEEMSTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHENEEDTOMAINTAINTHESTATUSQUOBETWEENCOMPETITORS,WHICHISSYMPTOMA
12、TICOFTHECONDITIONSWITHINWHICHPERSONALFINANCIALSERVICECOMPANIESOPERATEFORSOMEORGANISATIONS,BEINGSEENASINNOVATIVEWASTHEPRIMEMOTIVATORFORNPD,WHICHNECESSITATEDTHEUSEOFMARKETRESEARCHONEINSURANCECOMPANYINTERVIEWEDHADJUSTINTRODUCEDAHEALTHINSURANCEPRODUCTINTOITSPRODUCTPORTFOLIOITWASBELIEVEDTOBETHEFIRSTONTHE
13、UKMARKET,ALTHOUGHTHEIDEAORIGINATEDOVERSEASTHEMAJORITYOFTHERESEARCHFORTHEPRODUCTWASCONDUCTEDWITHINTHECOMPANY,APARTFROMCONSUMERRESPONSETOTHEPROPOSEDADVERTISINGCAMPAIGNTHEPRODUCTWASVIEWEDASSUCCESSFUL,CONTRIBUTINGTOTENPERCENTOFTOTALSALESTURNOVERWITHINAYEAROFITSLAUNCHSUCCESSWASNOTSEENTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHTH
14、ERESEARCHTHATHADBEENCARRIEDOUT,WHICHWASSEENTOBEINADEQUATE,BUTWASMOREDEPENDENTONREACTIONTOTHELAUNCHOFTHEPRODUCTBYTHEMEDIAANDTOTHEBRANCHMANAGERSINOTHERINSTANCES,UTILISATIONOFMARKETRESEARCHWASVIEWEDASANIMPORTANTELEMENTINTHESUCCESSOFANEWPRODUCTFOREXAMPLE,ANINDEPTHINVESTIGATIONOFTHECHILDRENSSAVINGSMARKET
15、BYONEOFTHEBANKSINTERVIEWEDLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAPRODUCTSPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDFORTHATSEGMENT,WHICHWENTONTOBECOMEAMARKETLEADERINGENERALTERMSAGREATDEALOFEVIDENCEOFNEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTWASREPORTEDMOSTOFTHE12RESPONDENTSNOTINVOLVEDINNPDWERESMALLORGANISATIONSEMPLOYINGFEWERTHAN1,000STAFF,WITHLIMITEDRESOURCES,
16、WHODIDNOTSEETHENEEDFORDEVELOPINGTHEIRPRESENTPORTFOLIOOFPRODUCTSORDIVERSIFYINGINTONEWAREASTHEYPREFERREDTORETAINTRADITIONALSERVICESANDONLYREDEFINEDEXISTINGPRODUCTSINACCORDANCEWITHINTERESTRATECHANGESORLEGISLATIONITIS,OFCOURSE,POSSIBLETHATINSTITUTIONSCURRENTLYUNDERTAKINGNPDWEREMORELIKELYTORESPONDTOAPOST
17、ALSURVEYONTHESUBJECTTHANWERETHOSENOTINVOLVEDINSUCHACTIVITIESNEVERTHELESS,THERESULTSINTABLEIISHOWAVERYHIGHLEVELOFNEWANDREJUVENATEDPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTONFACEVALUE,THESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATHALFOFTHERESPONDENTSWHOUNDERTOOKNPDINTRODUCEDNEWPRODUCTSINTONEWMARKETS,WHILEAFURTHER86843PERCENTPLACEDATLEASTONENEWPRO
18、DUCTINANEXISTINGMARKETHOWEVER,THEDEFINITIONOFANEWPRODUCTMAYINCLUDECOPIEDPRODUCTSTHATHAVENOTBEENOFFEREDBYTHERESPONDENTSORGANISATIONBEFORE,ANDTHEREFOREARE“NEW“TOTHECOMPANYORGANISATIONOFMARKETRESEARCHONEMEASUREOFMARKETINGSOPHISTICATIONUSEDWASTOASCERTAINWHETHERIDENTIFIABLESEPARATEMARKETINGANDMARKETRESEA
19、RCHFUNCTIONSEXISTED,ANDTHELENGTHOFESTABLISHMENTOFTHEMARKETINGANDMARKETINGRESEARCHDEPARTMENTSWITHINEACHRESPONDENTORGANISATIONOUTOF110RESPONDENTS,79STATEDTHATTHEREWASACENTRALISEDMARKETINGDEPARTMENTWITHINTHEIRORGANISATIONINADDITION,13RESPONDENTSIDENTIFIEDANOTHERDEPARTMENTRESPONSIBLEFORMARKETING,GIVINGA
20、TOTALOF92ORGANISATIONSINVOLVEDINTHISACTIVITYFURTHERANALYSISISSHOWEDTHAT92PERCENTOFLARGEORGANISATIONSAND78PERCENTOFSMALLCOMPANIESHADMARKETINGFUNCTIONSSIZEOFORGANISATIONDIDNOT,THEREFORE,SEEMTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHMARKETINGPRESENCENOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESCOULDBEFOUND,EVENINTERMSOFNUMBEROFSTAFFEMPLOYEDINTHIS
21、FUNCTIONASPREADOFBETWEENONEAND20,ORTASKSUNDERTAKENTHEMORECOMPLEXTHEPRODUCT,THEMORERESEARCHISNECESSARYTOENSURETHEPRODUCTISPRESENTEDINANUNDERSTANDABLEWAYONERESPONDENTSTATEDTHATITHADENGAGEDTHESERVICESOFQUALITATIVERESEARCHORGANISATIONSINTHEPASTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWPRODUCTIDEAS,BUTHADFOUNDTHATTHERESULTSW
22、EREOFLITTLEPRACTICALUSEASCONSUMERSWEREGENERALLYUNAWAREOFTHETECHNICALIMPLICATIONSOFTHEIRPOTENTIALNEEDSITWOULDSEEMTHATTHISLINEOFARGUMENTCOULDBEREVERSED,THEMORECOMPLEXTHEPRODUCT,THEMORERESEARCHISNECESSARYTOENSURETHATTHELAUNCHEDPRODUCTCOULDBEPRESENTEDINANUNDERSTANDABLEWAYTOCONSUMERS,ANDALSOTOINCREASECUS
23、TOMERAWARENESSOFTHEIRREALANDPOTENTIALNEEDSOFCERTAINFINANCIALPRODUCTSCOSTOFRESEARCHANUMBEROFRESPONDENTSMENTIONEDTHECOSTOFRESEARCHASAPROHIBITINGFACTORWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHECOSTOFFAILURETHEPERCEIVEDCOSTOFFAILURESEEMEDTOBEONLYTHEDIRECT,EASILYIDENTIFIABLECOSTSTHE“HIDDEN“COSTSWEREOFADMINISTRATIVEANDMANAGERIA
24、LEFFORTONWEAKPRODUCTSANDPOTENTIALIMAGEPROBLEMSFROMFAILEDPRODUCTSAFFECTINGCONSUMERATTITUDESTOOTHERPRODUCTSINTHECOMPANYSRANGEALREADYCOMMITTEDTOLAUNCHANOTHERCOMMONREASONGIVENFORTHENONORLIMITEDUSEOFMARKETRESEARCHINTHENPDPROCESSWASTHATTHEFIRMBECAMECOMMITTEDTOLAUNCHTHEPRODUCTATVERYEARLYSTAGESOFITSDEVELOPM
25、ENTTWOMAJORSOURCESFORTHISCOMMITMENTWERENOTEDONEWASSENIORMANAGERSWHO,FORSTRATEGICPLANNINGREASONS,DECREEDTHATAPARTICULARPRODUCT,ORTYPEOFPRODUCT,WOULDBELAUNCHEDQUICKLYTHEOTHERSOURCENOTEDWASGOVERNMENTINTERVENTIONAPRIMEEXAMPLEISPEPSPERSONALEQUITYPLANS,LAUNCHEDINTHE1986BUDGETTHEMAJORSUPPLIERS,PARTICULARLY
26、THEBANKS,FELTPRESSUREDTOLAUNCHAPEPATWHATEVERCOSTINTHESECIRCUMSTANCES,THEUSEOFMARKETRESEARCHWASFELTTOBEUNNECESSARYLACKOFCONSUMERINTERESTTHEREISACOMMONPERCEPTIONINTHEINDUSTRYTHATCONSUMERSARENOTVERYINTERESTEDINFINANCIALPRODUCTSFOREXAMPLE,INSURANCEPRODUCTSWERESEENTOSTIMULATELITTLECONSUMERINTERESTORAWARE
27、NESS,THEPRODUCTSTHEMSELVESBEINGBOUGHTONANEEDBASISTHROUGHINTERMEDIARIESWHOWEREGENERALLYSEENTOBEMOTIVATEDBYPRICEANDCOMMISSIONTHEIMPLICATIONISLESSCOMMITMENTTOCONSUMERBASEDMARKETRESEARCHANDANINCREASEINTHECOSTOFCONDUCTINGMARKETRESEARCH,AND/ORTHEVALUEOFINFORMATIONOBTAINEDISLIMITEDPERSONALNATUREOFFINANCIAL
28、PRODUCTSPERSONALFINANCIALPRODUCTRESEARCHISLIKELYTOREQUIRECONSUMERRESPONDENTSTOREVEALINTIMATEFINANCIALDATATOTHERESEARCHERTHEWILLINGNESSOFRESPONDENTSTOANSWERSUCHQUESTIONSANDTHEACCURACYOFRESPONSESAREPOTENTIALPROBLEMSWHICHMAYINHIBITTHEUSEOFMARKETRESEARCHINNPDAREINEFFECTDUMMYDEPENDENTVARIABLESCONCLUSIONT
29、HESURVEYRESULTSSHOWLIMITEDEVIDENCEOFTHEUSEOFMARKETRESEARCHINNEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTANUMBEROFREASONSWEREREPORTEDWHICHWEREMAINLYDUETOCOST,COMPETITIVEPRESSUREANDTHECOMPLEXNATUREOFFINANCIALPRODUCTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWPRODUCTSHASBEENCONCENTRATEDONREVAMPINGPRODUCTSINRESPONDENTORGANISATIONSPORTFOLIOSANDINTROD
30、UCINGTHEMTOEXISTINGMARKETSTHEREISALSOEVIDENCEFROMTHEQUESTIONNAIRERESULTSOFINTRODUCTIONOFNEWPRODUCTSTONEWMARKETS,BUT,ASTHEDEFINITIONOFANEWPRODUCTISVERYBROAD,THISCOULDBEINTERPRETEDASNEWINTHESENSETHATAPRODUCTHASNOTBEENOFFEREDBYTHEINDIVIDUALORGANISATIONBEFORE,BUTTHEPRODUCTINQUESTIONHASBEENONTHEMARKETFOR
31、ARELATIVELYLONGPERIODTHERESULTSFROMTHESURVEYALSOSHOWLIMITEDMARKETINGSOPHISTICATIONATPRESENTTHEPERSONALFINANCIALSERVICESSECTORHASBEENSLOWTOAPPLYAMARKETINGAPPROACHTOTHEIRBUSINESSINCOMPARISONWITHOTHERINDUSTRIES,SUCHASFASTMOVINGCONSUMERGOODSASACOROLLARYTOTHIS,THEIMPORTANCEPLACEDONTHEMARKETINGFUNCTIONAND
32、ASSOCIATEDSPECIALISMSISTHOUGHTTOBEINCREASINGESPECIALLYWITHINTHELARGERORGANISATIONSWHOARESTARTINGTOOFFERFINANCIALSERVICESENMASSE,WITHACCOMPANYINGPROBLEMSOFDIFFERENTIATIONTOADDRESSTHISISSUETHEREARETWODISTINCTMETHODSTHATPERSONALFINANCIALSERVICEORGANISATIONSCANEMPLOYTOGAINCOMPETITIVEEDGEINTHEMARKETPLACE
33、PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTTHEPRODUCTSTHEMSELVESMUSTBEMARKEDLYDIFFERENTFROMTHERESTOFTHEMARKETPLACE,ANDMARKETINGSERVICESAREPRESENTEDINSUCHAWAYASTOMAKETHECONSUMERBELIEVEINTHEEXCELLENCEOFTHEBRANDNAMETHEREHASBEENADRAMATICINCREASEINSPENDINGONMASSMEDIAADVERTISING,ANDITISFELTTHATTHISINCREASECOULDBESEENASEVIDENCETHA
34、TADVERTISINGISPLAYINGAMOREIMPORTANTROLETHANPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTINTHESTRATEGICMARKETINGOFSERVICESFORTHEMAJORITYOFFINANCIALSERVICEINSTITUTIONSTHEMARKETRESEARCHTHATISTAKINGPLACEISTHOUGHTTOBECONCENTRATINGONIMAGEANDPRESENTATION,RATHERTHANONTHETRACKINGOFCONSUMERREACTIONSTONEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTS译文开发新的个人金融产品一
35、些市场研究作用的证据导言英国个人金融业务部门目前面临动态环境条件。在监管框架的变化(建筑协会法1986年,1986年金融服务法,社会保障法1986年),资讯科技应用的快速增长和日益国际化的行业,都是业务增加的竞争压力。这些发展正在打破传统定义上各种机构之间的良好屏障,因为他们看到有必要提供更大范围的产品。例如,对于多年的房屋建筑协会卡特尔提供的价格只保护抵押贷款。现在的情况已经改变,抵押条款是在若干领域中唯一一个面临来自银行,保险公司和专门的供应商之间其他形式的价格竞争的领域(赖特等,1986)。个人金融业务的大多数组织都不得不扩大范围,在住房贷款,保险和养老金,投资,消费信贷,储蓄存款及产品
36、的支付交易上提供服务(沃特金斯和赖特,1986年,卡特等人,1986年。进入一个新市场的壁垒低,助长了产品的扩散。方法论该访谈的目的是获得对新产品开发的最先进的初步印象,并确定在市场研究进程的不同阶段的相关使用。由于对该行业目前竞争性的认识,大多数公司都不愿意讨论具体的新发展,但更愿意谈谈一般活动。看着这包括新产品开发的理由,以及新产品的成功或失败的各种因素。下一段将评论这一系列问题讨论的样本。受访者承认竞争对手的产品复制是一个新产品开发的主要来源。一位来自主要银行之一的受访者称此过程是“逆转工程”依照市场的成功/失败,把竞争对手的产品属性进行分离和分析(例如,在支票户口自动透支服务收费标准的
37、上诉),重新设计的产品将很快推出到市场。这种发展的主要因素是保护现有的客户基础,并通过提供一个“改良”的原始产品版本来吸引新客户,以此来跟上竞争的脚步。由于基本理念的后果,发展成为必然,避免了市场研究的需要。其他受访者认为,由于在行业里,这样的变化是很容易的,所以这更鼓励复制完成。这也意味着时间减少,越来越多的困难要进行充分的研究。市场研究利用被视为一个新的产品取得成功的重要因素尽管复制产品的原因很多,当这类活动的原因似乎是有必要维持竞争对手之间的现状,这是在其中的条件个人金融服务公司经营相关的症状。对于一些组织,市场研究运用的改革被视为是种主要的动力。一家保险公司刚刚推出了其产品组合成健康保
38、险产品。它被认为是英国市场上的第一,虽然这个想法源于海外。该产品的研究,除了消费者对广告的建议,大部分是在公司内部进行。该产品被认为是成功的,有助于其在营业额占总销售额的百分之十的今年推出。没有看到成功的把研究联系在一起,这被认为是不充分的。但更多的反应,媒体发现在实施该产品上对分行经理过分依赖。在其他情况下,利用市场调查被视为是一个新产品成功的重要因素。例如,对一个孩子的储蓄市场进行深入的调查采访的银行之一,针对该段产生的产品开发的一个专门,它后来成为市场领导者所设计的。在其他情况下,利用市场调查被视为是在一个新产品成功的重要因素。例如,一个孩子的储蓄市场进行深入的调查采访的银行之一,导致产
39、品开发的一个专门针对该段,它后来成为市场领导者设计的。概括了新产品开发大量证据报道在新产品开发中,未涉及的12个受访者大多是拥有有限的资源的小型企业(雇员人数少于1000名工作人员),谁也看不出他们目前产品开发的投资组合,或对新的领域多样化的需要。他们宁愿保留传统的服务和与法律变化相一致情况下重新定义现有产品与利率。当然,这可能是目前正在开展新产品开发的机构回应这一主题,更有可能是进行了邮寄问卷调查的结果。然而,表二的结果显示,新产品开发和振兴有着非常高的水平。这些结果表明,一半的受访者着手引进新产品到新的市场中,在现有的市场中,至少有一个新产品在其中,然而,一个新产品可能包含复制,但在没有通
40、过受访组织提供产品的定义之前,对于公司来说是“新”的。市场研究机构在每个受访者组织中,一个成熟的营销措施,确定是否被用于识别不同的营销和市场研究功能的存在,和对市场的营销和研究部门建立的时间长短。在110受访者中,有79个表示,他们的组织内集中营销部门。此外,13名受访者发现另一个部门负责市场营销,参与这一活动共有92个组织。进一步分析显示,92的大型企业和小型企业占了78的市场营销职能。组织的规模却没有,因此,似乎与市场的存在有关。即使在此活动中数位工作人员(20人之间),所从事的任务,都未发现显著性的差异。更复杂的产品,更多的研究是必要的,以确保产品在一个可以理解的方式呈现一位受访者说,在
41、过去,它已从事在新产品的发展思路的定性研究机构的服务,但结果发现,作为消费者,普遍对他们的潜在需求的技术问题并不知情,并没有实际的用途。看来,这个论点可以逆转,更复杂的产品,更多的研究是有必要的,以确保推出的产品可以以一个可以理解的方式呈现给消费者,同时也提高客户认识自己的实际和对一定的金融产品的潜在需要。成本研究一些受访者提到作为禁止的因素,研究成本与失败的成本相比。人们感觉失败的成本似乎只是直接,容易分辨的成本。“隐藏”成本和管理上的行政疲软的产品和失败的产品造成消费者对于公司范围里其他产品的潜在消费概念减少。实施以作的承诺在新产品开发过程中,另一个常见的原因是没有或有限的市场研究的运用使
42、得该公司致力于在其发展极早期阶段展开产品的研究。这一承诺有两个主要来源需要注意到,其一是为了战略规划的原因,决定特定产品或产品类型,将启动(快)的高级管理人员。另一个来源需要注意的是政府干预,一个典型的例子是在1986年预算实施的个人权益计划,主要的供应商,特别是银行,对于不惜任何代价实施个人权益计划感到压力。在这样的情况下,市场研究的运用认为是不必要的。缺乏消费者权益行业里有个共同点的看法就是消费者并不对金融产品感兴趣。例如保险产品负责刺激消费者的少许兴趣或意识,通常产品的本身是通过中间商在需求上买卖的。大体上,中间商它是由价格和佣金所产生的。这样就意味着减少了对以消费者为基础的市场研究的承
43、诺和增加了开展市场调研的成本,并获得有效信息价值。个人金融产品个人金融产品的研究有可能需要作为消费者的受访者把私人的财务数据透露给研究者。受访者愿意回答这些问题并给予准确的答复,是可能抑制市场调研在一种新产品开发中使用的潜在问题。实际上是虚拟因变量。结论调查结果显示,对市场的研究在新产品开发上利用有限。有很多原因的报道,其中主要是由于成本,竞争压力和金融产品的复杂性。新产品的开发一直在改进产品从而回应机构的投资组合,并向现有市场介绍新产品。也有来自对新市场推出新产品的问卷调查结果。但是,作为一个新产品的定义非常广泛,这可以在新的意义上解释为,一个产品从未被个别机构提供过,但有问题产品已在市场上
44、存在了相当长的时期。调查结果还显示,目前市场已接近成熟,个人金融服务部门发展缓慢以适应在营销方式比较弱的其他行业的业务,如快速消费品。作为一个必然结果,对市场营销功能和相关专长的重视被认为是增加的,特别是带着差异化的问题而开始提供集体金融服务的较大组织。为了解决这个问题有两种不同的方法,个人金融服务机构可以用来在市场中获得竞争优势产品开发产品本身必须与其他市场明显不同,营销服务提出这样一种方式,使消费者相信品牌信誉的卓越。它将使在大众媒体上的广告支出急剧增加,并认为这种增加可作为证据,广告对于多数金融服务机构的营销服务战略是比产品开发更重要的角色。这份市场研究对于新产品开发来说正被认为是集中在图像和演示,而不是对消费者反应的跟踪。