1、外文题目TECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONINRETAILBANKINGDISTRIBUTION出处JAMESFDEVLIN,1995“TECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONINRETAILBANKINGDISTRIBUTION“,INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBANKMARKETING,VOL13ISS4,PP1925作者JAMESFDEVLIN原文TECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONINRETAILBANKINGDISTRIBUTIONINTRODUCTIONTHEISSUEOFDISTRIBUTIONOFRETAILFINANCIALSERVI
2、CESHASRECEIVEDGROWINGATTENTIONINTHEACADEMICANDPROFESSIONALLITERATUREASITHASBEENHAILEDASANINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTFACTORINDETERMININGWHETHERACOMPANYCOMPETESEFFECTIVELYINITSCHOSENMARKETSSEEFORINSTANCECHANDLERETAL,1984INANINCREASINGLYCOMPETITIVEANDDEREGULATEDENVIRONMENT,SUPERIORDISTRIBUTIONSTRATEGIESCONCE
3、RNEDWITHHOWTOCOMMUNICATEWITHANDDELIVERPRODUCTSTOTHECONSUMERMOSTEFFECTIVELYHOWCROFTANDLAVIS,1986,CANPROVIDEINSTITUTIONSWITHCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINTHEMARKETPLACEINEFFECT,DISTRIBUTIONPROVIDESTHEBASISFORDIFFERENTIATIONRATHERTHANTHECORESERVICEITSELFTHISARTICLEISCONCERNEDWITHDEVELOPMENTSINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOF
4、RETAILBANKINGSERVICESINTHEUKMOREPARTICULARLY,THEEMERGENCEOFHOMEANDTELEPHONERETAILBANKINGDELIVERYSYSTEMSWILLBEHIGHLIGHTED,WITHTHESUCCESSFULINTRODUCTIONOFATELEPHONEBANKINGSERVICEBYFIRSTDIRECT,ASUBSIDIARYOFMIDLANDBANK,BEINGUSEDASACASESTUDYTOEXPLORECURRENTDEVELOPMENTSTHEMOVEAWAYFROMPURELYBRANCHBASEDDIST
5、RIBUTIONORDELIVERYMECHANISMSHASBEENPRECIPITATEDBYANUMBEROFFACTORS,ONBOTHTHESUPPLYANDDEMANDSIDES,ANDTHESEWILLBEINVESTIGATEDINTHEFIRSTSECTIONOFTHISARTICLETHESECONDSECTIONWILLTHENPRESENTANOVERVIEWOFTHEDEVELOPMENTSINDELIVERYSYSTEMSINBANKINGSERVICESMOREGENERALLYTHISSETSTHECONTEXTFORTHEMORESPECIFICISSUEOF
6、DIRECTDISTRIBUTIONOFRETAILBANKINGSYSTEMSWHICHISDISCUSSEDINSECTIONTHREETHECASESTUDYOFFIRSTDIRECTWILLTHENBEINTRODUCEDINORDERTOILLUSTRATEHOWEMPLOYMENTOFADIRECTDELIVERYSYSTEMPROVIDINGTELEPHONEBANKINGTOASPECIFICTARGETMARKETHELPEDPROVIDEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINTHATMARKETTHEFINALSECTIONPRESENTSASUMMARYANDCO
7、NCLUSIONSDEVELOPMENTSINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFRETAILBANKINGSERVICESTHEBRANCHNETWORKHASTRADITIONALLYBEENTHEMAINDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELFORRETAILBANKINGSERVICESTHISISAFUNCTIONOFTHEFACTTHATITWASTHEMOSTCONVENIENTWAYOFPROCESSINGTHEMYRIADTRANSACTIONSWHICHRESULTEDFROMALARGELYCASHANDCHEQUEBASEDSOCIETYALSO,THEFINANCIAL
8、SERVICEOFRETAILBANKINGISATYPICALSERVICEOFFERINGANDASSUCHDISPLAYSTHEDISTINGUISHINGCHARACTERISTICSOFSERVICESASDOCUMENTEDCOMPREHENSIVELYINTHELITERATUREBATESON,1977SHOSTACK,1982THEBRANCHNETWORKHELPSOVERCOMEINTANGIBILITYPROBLEMSBYPROVIDINGTANGIBLEEVIDENCEOFTHEORGANIZATIONASWELLASBEINGACONVENIENTLOCATIONF
9、ORTHECUSTOMERTOVISITANDBECOMEINVOLVEDINTHESERVICEPRODUCTIONPROCESSITHASALSOPROVIDEDTHEIDEALPLATFORMFORRELATIONSHIPSTOBEFORMEDWITHCUSTOMERS,HELPINGFURTHERTOENGENDERTRUSTANDCONFIDENCEHOWEVER,THEBRANCHNETWORKSOFTHEMAINCLEARINGBANKSHAVEEVOLVEDINALARGELYUNPLANNEDMANNERFORANUMBEROFREASONSFIRST,THECURRENTS
10、TRUCTUREOFTHERETAILBANKINGINDUSTRYHASBEENDETERMINEDBYANUMBEROFMERGERSBETWEENORGANIZATIONS,OFTENWITHADEGREEOFCOMMUNALITYINBRANCHCOVERAGEWITHCOSTPRESSURESLESSINTENSEINTHEPAST,BRANCHESWEREOFTENRETAINEDBUTMORERECENTLYRATIONALIZATIONOFBRANCHNETWORKSTOREDUCECOSTSISEMERGINGSECOND,INAPERIODOFMINIMALCOMPETIT
11、ION,DECISIONSREGARDINGBRANCHLOCATIONANDFEASIBILITYWEREOFTENDRIVENBYORGANIZATIONALRATHERMARKETNEEDSRECENTCHANGESHAVEFORCEDTHEMAJORBANKSTOREEXAMINETHEIRBRANCHNETWORKSINTERMSOFTHETOTALNUMBEROFBRANCHES,THEFUNCTIONSCARRIEDOUTINTHOSEBRANCHES,THECONSEQUENCESOFFUNCTIONALCHANGEFORSTAFFINGLEVELSANDSENIORITYOF
12、STAFFREQUIREDANDTHEDESIGNOFBRANCHESINRELATIONTOMARKETINGNEEDSTHEREHAVECONSEQUENTLYBEENDEVELOPMENTSINTHEDESIGNOFBRANCHES,THEPARTICULARFUNCTIONSCARRIEDOUTINCERTAINBRANCHES,ASWELLASCHANGESINTHETOTALNUMBEROFBRANCHESSUCHCHANGESHAVEHADIMPLICATIONSFORSTAFFING,WITHTOTALNUMBERSBEINGREDUCEDANDLOWERLEVELPERSON
13、NELBEINGEMPLOYEDINMANYLOCATIONSTHEINTERIORANDEXTERIORAPPEARANCEOFBRANCHESHASBEENCHANGINGASBANKSATTEMPTTOENSURETHATTHEIRBRANCHINFRASTRUCTUREISAPPROPRIATEFORTHEDEMANDSOFTHECURRENTFINANCIALSERVICESMARKETPLACEBANKSHAVEEXPANDEDTHEIRPRODUCTRANGEANDENTEREDNEWMARKETSSINCEDEREGULATIONBEGANINTHEEARLY1970SANIN
14、CREASEDEMPHASISONMARKETINGHASALSODEVELOPEDASBANKSOFFERMORESERVICESANDTHEFINANCIALMARKETPLACEBECOMESGENERALLYMORECOMPETITIVEASIGNIFICANTCONSEQUENCEOFTHISMOVEISTHATBANKSHAVEBEENGIVINGTHOUGHTTOTHELAYOUTOFTHEIRBRANCHESANDATTEMPTINGTOOPTIMIZEBRANCHLAYOUTINTERMSOFCUSTOMERCONVENIENCEANDPROVISIONOFMARKETING
15、OPPORTUNITIESTHETRADITIONALAUSTEREFACIAOFTHEBRANCHCOUNTER,SODESIGNEDPRIMARILYFORSECURITYREASONS,HASBEENREPLACEDBYAMORECONTEMPORARYOPENPLANDESIGN,WITHDESIGNATED“ZONES”FORDIFFERENTCUSTOMERSERVICENEEDSTHISCHANGEINTHEDESIGNOFTHEPRIMARYDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELFORRETAILBANKINGISINTENDEDTOINCREASEBRANCHEFFICIEN
16、CYINTERMSOFTHETIMETAKENTOPROCESSTRANSACTIONSANDALSOENCOURAGINGCUSTOMERSTOFORMRELATIONSHIPSANDPURSUEENQUIRIESREGARDINGMORECOMPLEXFINANCIALSERVICES,HENCEINCREASINGTHEPOTENTIALFORCROSSSELLINGOPPORTUNITIESTHISISACHIEVEDBYPROVIDINGPROMINENTPOSITIONSFORPROMOTIONALDISPLAYLITERATUREANDPERSONALBANKINGADVISER
17、SANDBYPAYINGPARTICULARATTENTIONTOTHEDIRECTIONOFCUSTOMERMOVEMENTAROUNDTHEBRANCHMCGOLDRICKANDGREENLAND,1994DEVELOPMENTSINTHEDESIGNANDLAYOUTOFBRANCHESHAVEBEENCOMPLEMENTEDANDAIDEDBYANUMBEROFOTHERDEVELOPMENTSBEINGINTRODUCEDBYTHERETAILBANKSAMAJORFACTORHEREISTHEMOVETOWARDSPARTIALCENTRALIZATIONBYMANYBANKSMA
18、NYOFTHEMOREMUNDANEADMINISTRATIVEPROCEDURESHAVEBEENLARGELYREMOVEDFROMTHEBRANCHESANDARENOWTHERESPONSIBILITYOFCENTRALIZEDPROCESSINGUNITS,EGSECURITIESANDDEEDBUSINESSANDCHEQUEPROCESSINGOBVIOUSLY,APRIMEMOTIVATIONFORTHISDEVELOPMENTISTHEREDUCTIONOFCOSTSBYTAKINGADVANTAGEOFTHERESULTANTECONOMIESOFSCALEHOWEVER,
19、AUSEFULBYPRODUCTHASBEENTHATLESSOFTHETOTALSPACEAVAILABLEINBRANCHESNEEDSTOBEGIVENTOSTAFFANDCANTHEREFOREBECONVERTEDINTO“CUSTOMERSPACE”SOMEOFTHESTAFFRENDEREDREDUNDANTBYTHECHANGESMAYALSOBEREDEPLOYEDINAMOREMARKETINGORIENTEDROLEPROVIDEDTHEYAREWILLINGANDABLETOCHANGETHEIRSKILLMIXANDADEQUATETRAININGISGIVENTHE
20、NEEDTOCONTROLCOSTSHASALSOBEENAMOTIVATINGFACTORBEHINDTHEFINALMAINDEVELOPMENTWHICHHASBEENTHECLOSUREOFSOMEBRANCHESDEEMEDNOLONGERVIABLEANDTHEDOWNGRADINGOFOTHERSTOSATELLITESTATUSUNDERSUCHASYSTEMCERTAINLARGEBRANCHESAREDESIGNATED“COREBRANCHES”ANDARETHENMADERESPONSIBLEFOROPERATINGANUMBEROFRELATEDSMALLERBRAN
21、CHESKNOWNASSATELLITESSUCHSMALLERBRANCHESPROVIDEALIMITEDRANGEOFSERVICESANDAREHEAVILYDEPENDENTONTECHNOLOGYSUCHASATMSTHISPRACTICEHASBEENCHRISTENED“HUBANDSPOKING”HOWCROFT,1991THEHUBBRANCHUSUALLYPROVIDESMANAGERIALANDSOMEADMINISTRATIVEBACKUPTOITSSPOKESORSATELLITESTHEEXACTAMOUNTOFCENTRALIZATIONVARIESBETWEE
22、NBANKS,BUTTHEBASICMOTIVATIONSREMAINTHESAME,TOSAVEONCOSTSTHISISACHIEVEDBYTAKINGADVANTAGEOFTHEECONOMIESOFSCOPEANDSCALEASSOCIATEDWITHPARTIALLYCENTRALIZEDOPERATIONSSTAFFCOSTSCANALSOBEREDUCEDASLESSSPECIALIZEDMANAGEMENTANDMOREJUNIORPERSONNELCANBEEMPLOYEDINTHESATELLITEBRANCHESVARIOUSCONCERNSHAVEBEENEXPRESS
23、EDWITHTHISPARTICULARSTRATEGY,INPARTICULARTHATTHERANGEOFSERVICESOFFEREDBYTHESATELLITEBRANCHMAYBESOLIMITEDTHATCUSTOMERSDONOTVISITINSUFFICIENTNUMBERSANDDONOTVISITATFREQUENTENOUGHINTERVALSTOFORMTHEONGOINGRELATIONSHIPSTHOUGHTSOIMPORTANTINCONTEMPORARYRETAILBANKINGALSOSOMEBANKSHAVEENCOUNTEREDCUSTOMERRESIST
24、ANCETORELATIVELYJUNIORSTAFFBEINGGIVENPOSITIONSOFSOMERESPONSIBILITYINSMALLERBRANCHES,ASTHEYARESEENTOLACKCREDIBILITYANDDONOTINSPIRECONFIDENCEINTERIMFINDINGSFROMTHEAUTHORSONGOINGFINANCIALSERVICESRESEARCHPROGRAMMEINDICATETHATATLEASTONEMAJORUKCLEARINGBANKISNOWPUSHINGRELATIVELYSENIORMANAGEMENTBACKDOWNTHEH
25、IERARCHYOFBRANCHESINORDERTOENGENDERGREATERCONFIDENCEINCONSUMERSTHESECHANGESINSTRUCTUREANDEMPHASISINTHEBRANCHNETWORKREPRESENTSIGNIFICANTMODIFICATIONSTOTHATPARTICULARDELIVERYNETWORKHOWEVER,OWINGTOTHESUPPLYANDDEMANDSIDEPRESSURESDETAILEDABOVETHEREHASBEENANEXPANSIONINTHETYPICALRETAILBANKINGORGANIZATIONSD
26、ELIVERYMIXORGANIZATIONSHAVEALSOINCREASINGLYSEENDISTRIBUTIONASANOPTIONFORDIFFERENTIATION,GIVENTHEDIFFICULTYOFEFFECTIVEDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHE“PRODUCT”ITSELFTHUSTHERISEOFMULTICHANNELLINGHASBEENWITNESSEDTOCATERFORTHENEEDSOFDIFFERENTCONSUMERGROUPSCUSTOMERSCANNOWWITHDRAWFUNDSUSINGTHEBRANCH“COUNTER”,ANATM,AT
27、THESUPERMARKETANDINSOMECASESELECTRONICALLYONEOFTHEMOSTOBVIOUSMANIFESTATIONSOFTHISHASBEENTHELARGEINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFATMMACHINESAVAILABLEFORUSEBYCONSUMERSTHISHASPROVIDEDTHEBENEFITOFCONSTANTACCESSTOCERTAINCORESERVICESREDUCINGTHENEEDTOINTERACTWITHBANKSTAFFFORMANYPEOPLEBECAUSEOFAGREEMENTSTOSHARESYSTEMS
28、BETWEENBANKSANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCASHPOINTSBEINGINSTALLEDINNONBRANCHLOCATIONSSUCHASSUPERMARKETS,THENAPROPORTIONOFAPARTICULARBANKSCUSTOMERBASEMAYNOLONGERUSETHATBANKSBRANCHNETWORKATALLTHISMAYWELLBEVIEWEDASADETRIMENTALDEVELOPMENTINMARKETINGTERMSASLESSBRANCHVISITSMAYRESTRICTPOTENTIALMARKETINGOPPORTUNITIES
29、,ALTHOUGHTHISISPARTIALLYOFFSETBYTHEABILITYTOPRINTMESSAGESONTHECASHPOINTSCREENANDTHEFACILITYTOREQUESTPRODUCTINFORMATIONINCREASEDCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONDUETOMORECHOICEOFDELIVERYMECHANISMSMAYALSOAIDMARKETINGEFFORTSASCASHPOINTMACHINESBECOMEMORESOPHISTICATEDALLOWINGGREATERINTERACTIONANDINFORMATIONFLOWSTHENM
30、ARKETINGOPPORTUNITIESARELIKELYTOFURTHERINCREASERESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATMANYOLDERCUSTOMERSAREUNCOMFORTABLEUSINGACASHPOINTMACHINEMARRANDPRENDERGAST,1990HOWEVER,THENICHETHATTHEYSERVEISLIKELYTOEXPANDWITHFUTUREGENERATIONSBEINGMOREACCEPTINGOFTECHNOLOGYAFURTHERRECENTDEVELOPMENTINMONEYWITHDRAWALSERVICESISTHEINT
31、RODUCTIONINSOMESUPERMARKETSOFACASHBACKOPTIONALTHOUGHBANKSDIDNOTINITIATETHISCHANGE,ITISANINDICATIONOFTHECONSUMERSDEMANDFORANDACCEPTANCEOFLESSTRADITIONALMETHODSOFCONDUCTINGELEMENTSOFBANKINGBUSINESSAFTERTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEDEBITCARDTOREPLACECHEQUEBOOKPAYMENTSTHENAFURTHERLOGICALSTEPWOULDAPPEARTOBETHEELE
32、CTRONICINSTANTANEOUSTRANSFEROFFUNDSBETWEENACCOUNTSATTHEMOMENTTHETRANSACTIONOCCURSOREFTPOSHOWEVER,STUDIESSUCHASTHATBYIRONFIELDANDMCGOLDRICK1988INDICATEARELUCTANCETOADOPTSUCHAPROCEDUREAMONGCONSUMERSANDOTHERSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHISSCEPTICISMTOBESHAREDBYRETAILERSCONSUMERRESISTANCETOTECHNOLOGICALADVANCESOFTH
33、ISKINDISPARTICULARLYPREVALENTAMONGTHEOLDERGENERATIONANDITISLIKELYTHATASAMORECOMPUTERLITERATEANDTECHNOLOGYTRUSTINGGENERATIONMATURESANDACCOUNTSFORAGREATERPROPORTIONOFTHEMARKETTHENEFTPOSMAYADVANCEDOUBTSHAVEALSOBEENEXPRESSEDMEALL,1992ASTOWHETHERMAGNETICSTRIPCARDARETHEMOSTAPPROPRIATEFORMOFTECHNOLOGYTOBEU
34、TILIZEDINANEFTPOSSYSTEMCOUNTRIESSUCHASFRANCEHAVEADOPTEDTHEMORESOPHISTICATEDANDMOREEXPENSIVESMARTCARDASTHEBASISFORITSEFTPOSEXPERIMENTINDEED,AMAJORTRIALISNOWUNDERWAYINTHEUKUSINGASMARTCARD,KNOWNASMONDEX,WHICHCANBE“LOADEDUP”WITHFUNDSWHICHARETHENDEDUCTEDELECTRONICALLYANDINSTANTLYATTHEPOINTOFSALEITREMAINS
35、TOBESEENWHETHERTHEMASSMARKETWILLFINDTHISANACCEPTABLEFORMOFMONEYTRANSFERBANKINGSERVICEDELIVERYITISHIGHLYLIKELYTHATMASSMARKETACCEPTANCEOFSMARTCARDEFTPOSWILLBEFORTHCOMINGATSOMESTAGEALTHOUGHITMAYWELLBETHATTHEPROCESSWILLTAKESIGNIFICANTLYLONGERTHANORIGINALLYEXPECTEDCONCLUSIONSINNOVATIONSINFINANCIALSERVICE
36、SPRODUCTSAREEASILYCOPIEDANDASARESULTITISDIFFICULTFORORGANIZATIONSTOMAINTAINACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETHROUGHPRODUCTDIFFERENTIATIONWITHTHEEMERGENCEOFMOREHETEROGENEOUSCONSUMERPREFERENCESREGARDINGDELIVERYOFRETAILBANKINGSERVICES,THENTHEISSUEOFDISTRIBUTIONOFTHESERVICEOFFERINGHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTTOTH
37、ECOMPETITIVEPROCESSPRESSUREFORCHANGEHASALSOCOMEFROMTHESUPPLYSIDEANDTHERESULTHASBEENSIGNIFICANTCHANGESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFRETAILBANKINGSERVICESBRANCHNETWORKSARESUBJECTTOCHANGESINROLEANDEMPHASIS,BECOMINGMOREWELCOMINGANDMARKETINGORIENTEDMORERADICALDEVELOPMENTSAREPROCEEDINGMORESLOWLYTHETECHNOLOGYNOWEXIST
38、STOALLOWALARGELYCASHLESSSOCIETYWITHALLTHERESULTINGIMPLICATIONSFORDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALSERVICESTHEPUBLICHASUPTONOWBEENRELUCTANTTOADOPTTHEMOREINNOVATIVEDELIVERYMECHANISMSOFFEREDFIRSTDIRECTAPPEARSTOHAVEBEENSUCCESSFULASITREQUIREDTHATTHEPUBLICNEEDDONOMORETHANFORGOFACETOFACECONTACTANDUSETHETELEPHONEINST
39、EADITISAPPARENTTHATFIRSTDIRECTHASFOUNDTHETHRESHOLDOFACCEPTANCEFORTHEBANKINGMARKETINTERMSOFTHEINNOVATIONITWILLACCEPTUNDOUBTEDLYTHISTHRESHOLDISDYNAMICANDPERHAPSTHEMAINSTRATEGICQUESTIONWITHINDISTRIBUTIONOFBANKINGSERVICESANDFINANCIALSERVICESINGENERALATTHEPRESENTTIMEISHOWQUICKLYTHETHRESHOLDWILLAPPROACHTH
40、EBOUNDARYOFTHEPOSSIBLE,GIVENCONTINUINGTECHNOLOGICALADVANCES外文题目TECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONINRETAILBANKINGDISTRIBUTION出处JAMESFDEVLIN,1995“TECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONINRETAILBANKINGDISTRIBUTION“,INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBANKMARKETING,VOL13ISS4,PP1925作者JAMESFDEVLIN译文科技及创新的零售银行业务分布导言零售金融业务分布的问题在学术和专业上已日益受到重视,因为它被喻
41、为在决定企业是否在其选定的有效竞争市场上的一个日益重要的因素(例如见钱德勒等人,1984)。在竞争日益激烈和放松管制的环境下,优越的分销策略关注如何沟通并最有效地提供产品给消费者(豪克罗夫特和拉维斯,1986),也可提供市场机构在市场上的竞争优势。实际上,是分布提供了基础,而不是差异化的核心业务本身。这篇文章是关于英国在零售银行业务的分布上的事态发展研究。尤其是,该系统的出现引起的家庭和电话零售银行的成功使用将突出显示,随着电话银行业务的发展,米兰银行的附属公司的第一个直接,被作为一个探讨当前发展的个案来研究。在供应和需求的双方上移除纯粹分配基础或执行机制所沉淀的许多因素将在本文章的第一部分研
42、究。第二部分将提出概述交付银行的系统的发展在银行业务中更普遍。这第三部分的讨论,更重要的是谈论零售银行业务直接发行的更加具体的问题。以第一个直接为例来介绍,以说明就业市场的直接目标输送系统如何帮助提供电话银行在特定目标市场上的竞争优势。最后一节提出了一个总结和结论。零售银行业务分布的发展分行网络,传统上一直是零售银行业务的主要分销渠道。这是检查和处理现金交易的最方便方式,在社会中的作用较大。此外,零售银行金融服务是一个典型的服务产品,服务在全面的文献中表现出如此鲜明的特点(贝特森,1977说科斯达克,1982年)。分行网络,有助于克服生产过程中无形的问题,提供切实的证据以及该组织的位置,作为一
43、个方便的客户访问服务,它还提供了理想的平台,使关系客户形成,并帮助客户进一步产生信任和信心。然而,主要清算银行的分行网络因为一些原因已演变为无计划行为。首先,目前在零售银行业的结构已经确定由一些组织之间的兼并和一些常带有共同性的分支所覆盖。在过去,成本压力较小,分支机构往往被保留,但最近为了降低成本,越来越多的分支机构被重整。第二,在最小的竞争中,有关分支机构所在地和可行性的决定经常由组织带动而不是市场需求来带动。最近的变化,迫使各大银行重新审查自己的分行数目计算其分行网络,在这些职能部门进行的对人员编制和所需工作人员的资历和分支机构设计的功能变化是营销的需要。因此分支机构的设计发展,特别是在
44、某些功能进行了分配,分行数目有了变化。这些变化已经有了影响,总人数减少,而低层次人才在许多地方就业。分行的内饰和外观已经改变,因为银行为了确保其分支机构的基础设施是适当的服务于目前财政的市场需求。自20世纪70年代开始银行已扩大其产品范围,进入新市场放松管制初期。对市场营销也越来越重视发展,为银行提供更多的服务,使金融市场变得更有竞争力。甲的这一举动严重的后果是,银行已经给各分支机构布局,并试图提供市场机会,优化布局,给分支的客户方便的条件。传统的分行柜台设计主要是出于安全原因,现已被换成了更现代的开放式设计,指定为“区”,针对不同客户的服务需求。在零售银行分销渠道设计的这种变化主要目的是提高
45、金融服务分公司关于更复杂的计算效率,减少所需的处理交易时间,也鼓励客户关系,追求形式的查询,从而增加潜在的交叉销售机会。这是通过提供银行顾问的显著位置来宣传展示文献知识和个人银行建议;以及通过支付得到围绕分支机构运动的客户遍布情况(麦戈德里克和格陵兰,1994年)。分行在设计和布局上的发展已全部完成,并由零售银行推出了许多其他发展的资助。这里的一个主要因素是许多银行的部分集中行动。较普通的行政程序是,把许多已经在很大程度上被删除的分支作为现在集中处理的单位,如证券和行动业务的检查处理。显然,这种发展的主要动机是通过利用经济规模优势所造成的成本减少。然而,一个有用的副产品一直认为分行需要给予工作
46、人员较少的总可用空间,这样才能被转变为“顾客空间”。因变更所提供多余空间的一些工作人员可能也将在更多的市场中起导向作用,他们愿意并且能够改变他们的技能组合的培训。要控制成本也得注意主要因素的发展,如关闭一些已经不再被视为可行的分行。在这样一个系统中某些大的分行被指定为“核心部门”,并负责整理其附属的小分行的数字。此类规模较小的分支机构提供有限的服务范围,并且严重依赖于自动取款机的技术。这种做法已被命名为“中心和发言”(候高风,1991)。该中心分支通常会提供一些管理和行政回到它的轮辐或卫星。不同银行之间有确切数额,但基本保持不变,以节省成本。这是通过范围集中的优势,对部分经济和规模相关作出判断
47、。因为较少的专业管理,员工成本也可以减少。特别是在战略上各种忧虑已显现,即卫星的支脉所提供的服务可能会十分有限,客户访问数量不足并且没有足够的时间间隔访问以形成在当代零售银行业务中很重要的长期合作关系。也有一些银行遇到客户的抵抗,如客户面对相对初级职务的工作人员的时候,因为他们被认为缺乏可信度,不鼓舞信心。作者正在进行的金融服务研究项目的中期研究结果显示,至少有一个主要的英国清算银行正在推动较为高级的管理层次回落到分支机构中,以产生更大的消费者信心。分支结构的改变和对分行网络的重视代表对特定的传输网络的重大改变。然而,由于供应方和需求方混合,上述组织实际上是一个典型的扩张的零售银行。组织本身也
48、越来越多地被分配为一个自身生产的有效分化。因此,为应付消费群体的不同需求,各个方式都有所发展。客户现在可以使用分行的提款“柜台”,如在超市活在某些电子化情况下的一台ATM。这其中最明显的表现是已被广大消费者所使用的且数量正在增加的自动取款机。这为人民提供某些核心服务的同时减少了所需的很多的银行工作人员。由于共享协议,现金系统被安装在非分支机构,如超市,那么所有银行的客户群可能不再使用该银行的分行网络。尽管这部分抵消了信息产品的能力,打印消息的现金积分屏幕和设施要求,这可能被视为不利于限制在市场营销方面的潜在的市场机会,因为分支访问过程减少。为提高客户满意度,努力提供机制选择可能也有助于营销。由
49、于现金积分机器变得越来越复杂,允许更多的互动和信息流量,市场机会有可能进一步增加。研究表明,许多老顾客对使用现金积分机感到不舒服(马尔和加斯特,1990)。然而,如果接受技术,他们所服务的利基可能扩大,子孙后代的幸福更多。进一步服务的最新发展是,在一些超市引入一个现金返还的方式。虽然银行没有促成这项改变,但它是一个商业标志,消费者使用更少的传统方式而接受银行的电子业务。引进后的借记卡来取代支票付款,然后再以合乎逻辑的步骤在交易发生时刻的瞬时用电子转账或在电子账户之间进行资金转移。不过,由因菲尔德和麦戈德里克(1988)的研究中显示消费者和零售商因为怀疑而不愿意采用这一程序。消费者抵制这种技术进步在老年人一代尤为盛行。如果有可能产生更多的计算机,那么作为一个有文化信任、成熟技术的进步占了较大比例的市场,电子转帐成为可能。也有人表示怀疑(梅尔,1992年)是否磁条卡的形式是在使用电子转帐最适合的技术形式。像法国这样的国家都采用了更先进(也更昂贵)的以实验为基础的智能卡的电子转帐。事实上,一个主要的试验是目前英国正在使用智能卡的方式销售,如电子钱包,它是将已知的电子现金与基金“装起来”并且可以立即扣除的电子方式。市场是否会发现这是一个可以接受的提供服务的银行转帐形式,这还有待观察。尽管这一进程将大大超过原先预期。结论个人金融业务的产品创新很容易被复制,因此它是很难通过组织机构保持