1、 Speaker notesAssessment of patients with COPD has revealed that they are at increased risk, relative to the general population, for a wide range of systemic comorbidities.1,2These include cardiovascular conditions, such congestive heart failure (CHF), arrhythmias, and hypertension; metabolic diseas
2、es, such as diabetes; osteoporosis; increased risk for ulcers; malignancies; and depression.1-4ReferencesAgusti AG, Noguera A, Sauleda J, Sala E, Pons J, Busquets X. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:347-360.Sevenoaks MJ, Stockley RA. Chronic Obstructiv
3、e Pulmonary Disease, inflammation and co-morbidity-a common inflammatory phenotype? Respir Res. 2006;7:70-78. Luppi F, Franco F, Begh B, Fabbri LM. Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its comorbidities. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:848-856. Chatila WM, Thomashow BM, Minai OA, Criner
4、 GJ, Make BJ. Comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:549-555. Speaker NotesThe high prevalence of COPD and comorbidity with other serious medical conditions should prompt evaluation of COPD patients for comorbid conditions and assessment of patients who smoke with common comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes) for COPD using spirometry.
