1、外文出处CYPRUSECONOMICPOLICYREVIEW外文作者GREGORIOIMPAVIDO,RONANOCONNORANDDIMITRIVITTA1原文一IMPROVINGTHEINVESTMENTPERFORMANCEOFPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSLESSONSFORTHESOCIALINSURANCEFUNDOFCYPRUSFROMTHEEXPERIENCEOFFOUROECDCOUNTRIES12CONCLUDINGREMARKSTHENEWLYCREATEDPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSOFCANADA,IRELANDANDNEWZEALANDSHAREMAN
2、YCOMMONCHARACTERISTICSTHEYALLHAVESMALLPROFESSIONALBOARDS,AREINDEPENDENTOFGOVERNMENT,ANDOPERATEWITHAVERYHIGHLEVELOFTRANSPARENCYANDPUBLICACCOUNTABILITYTHEYALLHAVEREGULARSOURCESOFFUNDINGASWELLASLONGINVESTMENTHORIZONSANDTHEYHAVEBEENCHARGEDWITHACOMMERCIALMANDATETOSEEKHIGHINVESTMENTRETURNSWITHAPRUDENTLEVE
3、LOFRISKTHEBOARDSOFDIRECTORSARERESPONSIBLEFORSETTINGTHESTRATEGICASSETALLOCATIONANDEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTFORIMPLEMENTINGTHECHOSENSTRATEGYTHEGPFGOFNORWAYSHARESALLTHESEFEATURES,EXCEPTTHATITISNOTINDEPENDENTOFGOVERNMENTITSASSETALLOCATIONISDETERMINEDBYTHEMINISTRYOFFINANCEANDAPPROVEDBYPARLIAMENTHOWEVER,THEADOP
4、TIONOFTHE4PECENTFISCALRULE,WHEREBYONLY4PERCENTOFTHETOTALVALUEOFTHEFUNDCANBEUSEDINANYONEYEARTOFINANCETHESTRUCTURALDEFICITOFTHEGOVERNMENT,HASPLACEDASTRICTLIMITONTHEUSEOFTHEFUNDFORCURRENTPOLITICALOBJECTIVESAPRACTICALASPECTOFTHEDIFFERENTCOMPOSITIONOFTHEBOARDISTHAT,DESPITEBEINGTHELARGESTANDHAVINGTHELONGE
5、STINVESTMENTHORIZON,THENORWEGIANFUNDHASPERSISTENTLYADOPTEDTHEMOSTCONSERVATIVEASSETALLOCATIONOFALLFOURFUNDSTWOOFTHEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSCPPIBANDNZSFHAVEAPPOINTEDINTERNALCHIEFEXECUTIVESMANAGEMENTOFTHEIRISHFUNDHASBEENASSIGNEDTOTHENATIONALTREASURYMANAGEMENTAGENCYNTMA,WHICHALSOMANAGESTHEPUBLICDEBTOFIRELANDI
6、NNORWAY,EXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTOFTHEFUNDHASBEENENTRUSTEDTONORGESBANKTHELATTERCREATEDASPECIALINVESTMENTMANAGEMENTUNIT,NBIM,WHICHHASDISCHARGEDITSDUTIESASMANAGERINTHESAMEPROFESSIONALWAYASTHEEXECUTIVE2MANAGERSOFTHEOTHERTHREEFUNDSALLFOURFUNDSWEREINITIALLYSETUPTOOPERATEWITHASMALLCOMPLEMENTOFSKILLEDSTAFF,BUILD
7、DIVERSIFIEDPORTFOLIOSOFGLOBALEQUITIESANDBONDS,ANDEFFECTIVELYACTASMANAGERSOFMANAGERS,FOCUSINGONPASSIVEINDEXEDMANAGEMENTTHROUGHEXTERNALMANAGERSTHISROMANTICIDEADIDNOTLASTLONGPASSIVEINDEXEDMANAGEMENTWASSOONCOMPLEMENTEDWITHENHANCEDINDEXING,WHICHALLOWSTRANSACTIONSTHATRESPONDTOSPECIALPRICINGOPPORTUNITIES,A
8、NDCUSTOMIZEDINDEXING,WHICHLIMITSEXPOSURETOINDEXDOMINATINGCOMPANIESANDALSOALLOWSINVESTMENTSINSMALLERLOCALCOMPANIESTHATARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEMAINMARKETINDEXTHENPASSIVEMANAGEMENTWASBROUGHTINHOUSE,FOLLOWEDAFTERAWHILEWITHDEVELOPINGINTERNALACTIVEMANAGEMENTTHEROLEOFEXTERNALMANAGERSWASGRADUALLYLIMITEDTOIMPLEME
9、NTINGACTIVEOVERLAYPROGRAMS,SEEKINGEXCESSRETURNSTHROUGHPERFORMANCEBASEDCONTRACTSAMAJORSHIFTININVESTMENTSTRATEGYOCCURREDWITHDECISIONSTOEXPANDALLOCATIONSTOPRIVATEEQUITY,REALESTATEANDOTHERALTERNATIVEASSETSTHESEINVESTMENTSINVOLVENONPASSIVEMANAGEMENT,ALTHOUGHTHEYRELYFORTHEMOSTPARTONEXTERNALMANAGERSTHREEOF
10、THEFUNDSHAVEALREADYAUTHORIZEDSUBSTANTIALINCREASESINSUCHALLOCATIONS,WHILEINNORWAYTHECASEFORINVESTMENTSINALTERNATIVEASSETSISUNDEREVALUATIONTHECANADIANFUNDHASALSOPURSUEDPRINCIPALINVESTING,MANAGEMENTOFINFRASTRUCTUREPROJECTS,ANDSHORTTERMTRADINGFORITSPART,THENEWZEALANDFUNDHASBECOMEINVOLVEDINOPERATINGLARGE
11、TIMBERINVESTMENTSALTERNATIVEASSETCLASSESPROMISEHIGHRETURNSANDTHEIRVALUATIONISNOTEXPOSEDTOTHEHIGHVOLATILITYOFSECURITIESTRADEDONPUBLICMARKETSBUTTHEYAREAFARCRYFROMTHEORIGINALPERCEPTIONOFPASSIVEINDEXEDMANAGEMENTTHROUGHEXTERNALMANAGERSANIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONOFTHESECHANGESHASBEENALARGEEXPANSIONOFSTAFF,ESPE
12、CIALLYBYTHECANADIANANDNORWEGIANFUNDSTHEINVESTMENTPERFORMANCEOFTHEFOURFUNDSHASBEENPOSITIVEINREALTERMSBUTFARFROMSPECTACULARTHISISEXPLAINEDBYTHEPOORRETURNSOFGLOBALEQUITYMARKETSINTHEFIRSTFEWYEARSOFTHENEWMILLENNIUMFOLLOWINGTHEBURSTINGOFTHEHIGHTECHBUBBLEINEARLY2000THENEWZEALANDFUND,WHICHSTARTEDOPERATIONSA
13、FTERTHEREBOUNDINGOFEQUITYMARKETS,HASREPORTEDMUCHHIGHERINVESTMENTRETURNSTHANTHE3OTHERTHREEFUNDSEXCESSRETURNSRELATIVETOTHEIRBENCHMARKSHAVEBEENREALIZEDBYALLFUNDSHOWEVER,THEGROWINGEMPHASISONALTERNATIVEASSETCLASSES,WHICHARENOTMARKEDTOMARKETBUTARERATHERMARKEDTOMODEL,WEAKENSTHERELEVANCEOFTHEBENCHMARKSINCON
14、CLUSION,DESPITETHECLEARANDSIGNIFICANTDEPARTUREFROMTHEORIGINALCONCEPTOFEXTERNALPASSIVEMANAGEMENT,THEEXPERIENCEOFTHEFOURPUBLICFUNDSHASBEENPOSITIVEGOVERNANCEANDPUBLICACCOUNTABILITYARESTRONGINALLCOUNTRIESTHEIREXAMPLEHASALREADYBEENFOLLOWEDINSEVERALOTHEROECDCOUNTRIESANDISLIKELYTOBECOPIEDINAGROWINGNUMBEROF
15、DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWHEREPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSCONTINUETOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEHOWEVER,CARENEEDSTOBETAKENTOENSURETHATTHEMOREACTIVEAPPROACHTOMANAGEMENTANDTHEEMPHASISONALTERNATIVEASSETCLASSESDONOTCAUSEADERAILMENTOFTHEFUNDAMENTALOBJECTIVEOFTHESEFUNDS,WHICHISTOHELPFINANCETHEANTICIPATEDLARGEINCREASEINPUBLICPENSI
16、ONOUTLAYSOVERTHENEXT20TO50YEARSASTHEINVESTMENTHORIZONOFTHESEFUNDSBECOMESSHORTER,ASSETALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESWOULDNEEDTOBEADJUSTEDTOFAVORMORELIQUIDINSTRUMENTSTHATAREEASIERTOVALUE13LESSONSFOROTHERCOUNTRIESATTHERISKOFSOMEREPETITIONANDOVERSIMPLIFICATIONWESUMMARIZEBELOWTHEMAINLESSONSFOROTHERCOUNTRIESTHESEAR
17、EPRESENTEDASACHECKLISTOFPOLICYISSUESPRECONDITIONSPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDONLYIFTHEYCANRELYONREGULARTRANSFERSOFFUNDSANDCANOPERATEWITHLONGINVESTMENTHORIZONSCARESHOULDBETAKENTOAVOIDALARGELEVELOFPUBLICDEBTINOTHERWORDS,COUNTRIESTHATHAVEHIGHLEVELSOFPUBLICDEBTSHOULDGIVEPRIORITYTOAREDUCTIONINTH
18、EIRDEBTLEVELBEFORETHEYSTARTTRANSFERRINGRESOURCESTOAPUBLICPENSIONFUNDTHESIZEOFTHEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSHOULDNOTBETOOLARGERELATIVETOTHENATIONALECONOMYANDTHELOCALFINANCIALMARKETSGLOBALDIVERSIFICATIONSHOULDBEENCOURAGEDCOUNTRIES,WHICHALREADYHAVEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSANDSEEKTOMODERNIZETHEIRINVESTMENTOPERATIONS,SH
19、OULDALSOADDRESSQUESTIONSREGARDINGTHEIRRELATIVESIZEANDSHOULDCONSIDERCHANGINGOTHERPARAMETERSTOENSURETHATTHEIRPUBLICPENSIONFUNDDOESNOTACQUIREADOMINANTPOSITIONINTHELOCALECONOMYANDFINANCIALMARKETNEEDLESSTOADD,THE4ABILITYTOENFORCEHIGHSTANDARDSOFFUNDGOVERNANCEISCRUCIALTOTHESUCCESSOFTHENEWAPPROACHTOPUBLICPE
20、NSIONFUNDMANAGEMENTOBJECTIVETHEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSHOULDHAVEACLEARANDUNEQUIVOCALCOMMERCIALMANDATETHEMANDATESHOULDBETOSEEKTOMAXIMIZELONGTERMINVESTMENTRETURNS,SUBJECTTOAPRUDENTLEVELOFRISK,ANDAFTERTAKINGFULLYINTOACCOUNTTHESTRUCTUREOFITSLIABILITIESANDTHELENGTHOFITSINVESTMENTHORIZONLEGALSTATUSTHEPUBLICPENS
21、IONFUNDSHOULDIDEALLYBEESTABLISHEDASASEPARATELEGALENTITYANDNOTASAGENERALGOVERNMENTAGENCYTHISWOULDIMPLYTHATITSHOULDNOTBETREATEDASABUDGETARYUNITANDITSASSETSSHOULDBELEGALLYSEGREGATEDFROMTHEGENERALGOVERNMENTINSTITUTIONALINDEPENDENCETHEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSHOULDBEINDEPENDENTFROMGOVERNMENTANDSHOULDBEINSULATED
22、FROMPOLITICALINTERFERENCEHOWEVER,THEFUNDSHOULDBEREQUIREDTOOPERATEWITHAVERYHIGHLEVELOFPUBLICTRANSPARENCYANDSHOULDBESUBJECTTOFULLPUBLICACCOUNTABILITYTOPARLIAMENTANDITSMAINSTAKEHOLDERSFUNDINGSOURCESTHEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSHOULDHAVEACCESSTOSTABLEANDLONGTERMSOURCESOFFUNDINGIDEALLY,FUNDINGSHOULDBEINTHEFORMOF
23、REGULARTRANSFERSEITHERFROMTHESURPLUSOFWORKERCONTRIBUTIONSOVERPENSIONBENEFITSORDIRECTLYFROMTHEBUDGETFUNDINGCOULDBESUPPLEMENTEDWITHADHOCTRANSFERSFROMPRIVATIZATIONREVENUESOROTHERFINANCIALTRANSACTIONSBOARDOFDIRECTORSTHEPUBLICPENSIONFUNDSHOULDHAVEASMALLBOARDOFEXPERTSLESSTHAN10RATHERTHANREPRESENTATIVESOFS
24、TAKEHOLDERSOREXOFFICIOAPPOINTEESTHERESHOULDBEASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFDIRECTORSWITHADEQUATEEXPERTISEANDEXPERIENCEONFINANCIALMATTERS,INVESTMENTPOLICIESANDPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTTOENSURETHEAPPOINTMENTOFHIGHCALIBERPROFESSIONALS,ANOMINATINGCOMMITTEESHOULDBECREATEDTOIDENTIFYASHORTLISTOFCANDIDATESFROMWHICHTHEMINIST
25、EROFFINANCEWOULDMAKEDIRECTORAPPOINTMENTSTOPROMOTECONTINUITY,DIRECTORAPPOINTMENTSSHOULDBESTAGGEREDAPPOINTMENTSSHOULDBEFORFIXEDTERMSANDCOULDBERENEWEDFORASTATEDNUMBEROFTERMS2OR3,WHILEREMOVALSSHOULDONLYBEPERMITTEDFORJUSTCAUSETHEPROCESSOFDIRECTORREMOVALSHOULDBECLEARLYSTIPULATEDINTHERELEVANTACT5BOARDCOMMI
26、TTEESTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSSHOULDCREATESEVERALKEYCOMMITTEESWITHCLEARTERMSOFREFERENCEANDAREASOFRESPONSIBILITYTHESESHOULDINCLUDEANAUDITCOMMITTEE,AGOVERNANCECOMMITTEE,ANDANINVESTMENTCOMMITTEEOUTSIDEEXPERTSCOULDBERECRUITEDTOSERVEONTHESECOMMITTEESALONGSIDEBOARDDIRECTORSGOVERNANCEPOLICIESTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSS
27、HOULDESTABLISHCLEARGUIDELINESONCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,INCLUDINGRULESONCONFLICTSOFINTERESTANDETHICALCONDUCTBYDIRECTORSANDSENIORMANAGERSOFTHEFUNDITSHOULDALSOESTABLISHCLEARPOLICIESONITSROLEINPROMOTINGGOODPRACTICESOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEININVESTEECOMPANIESTHESESHOULDEMPHASIZETRANSPARENCYANDPUBLICDISCLOSUREAN
28、DFULLRESPECTOFSHAREHOLDERRIGHTSINTERNALCONTROLSTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEOFTHEBOARDSHOULDESTABLISHCLEARPOLICIESONINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSANDSHOULDESPECIALLYINSTITUTEASEPARATIONOFINVESTMENTDECISIONMAKINGFROMBACKOFFICEOPERATIONS,SUCHASCONFIRMATIONANDSETTLEMENTOFTRANSACTIONS,RECORDKEEPING,ANDMEASUREMENTANDATTRIBU
29、TIONOFINVESTMENTPERFORMANCEANDRISKINVESTMENTPOLICYANDSTRATEGICASSETALLOCATIONTHEINVESTMENTCOMMITTEECOULDUNDERTAKETHEFUNDAMENTALANALYSISOFOPTIONSBUTTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSSHOULDBERESPONSIBLEFORAPPROVINGTHEINVESTMENTPOLICYANDASSETALLOCATIONSTRATEGYTHISSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEINVESTMENTHORIZONOFTHEFUNDANDSHOULDT
30、AKEINTOACCOUNTTHEEXPECTEDRETURNSANDRISKLEVELSOFDIFFERENTTYPESOFINSTRUMENTSTHESTRUCTUREOFLIABILITIESSHOULDALSOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTINITIALLY,PASSIVEMANAGEMENTOFINVESTMENTSINLISTEDEQUITIESANDBONDSCOULDBEFAVOREDBUTOVERTIMECONSIDERATIONCOULDALSOBEGIVENTOACTIVEMANAGEMENTANDINVESTMENTINUNLISTEDSECURITIES,INC
31、LUDINGALTERNATIVEASSETCLASSES,SUCHASPRIVATEEQUITY,REALESTATEANDINFRASTRUCTUREPROJECTSEVENWITHPASSIVEMANAGEMENT,CUSTOMIZEDANDENHANCEDINDEXINGSHOULDBEADOPTEDATANEARLYSTAGETOMITIGATERISKSANDINCREASERETURNSINCONTRAST,PRINCIPALINVESTINGANDASSUMPTIONOFMANAGERIALRESPONSIBILITIESININDIVIDUALCOMPANIESORPROJE
32、CTSSHOULDBEAVOIDEDUNLESSTHEREARESTRONGREASONSANDWELLDOCUMENTEDSAFEGUARDSINFAVOROFSUCHINITIATIVESTHESTRATEGICASSETALLOCATIONSHOULDBESUBJECT6TOREGULARREVIEWSANDSHOULDBEMODIFIEDINTHELIGHTOFEXPERIENCEANDCHANGINGMARKETCONDITIONSEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSSHOULDHAVERESPONSIBILITYFORAPPOINTINGAC
33、HIEFEXECUTIVEOFFICERANDAPPROVINGTHESELECTIONOFTOPMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGACHIEFACCOUNTANT,ANINTERNALAUDITOR,ANDANACTUARYIFNECESSARYALTERNATIVELY,ITCOULDOPTFORAPPOINTINGANEXTERNALAGENCYFORTHEEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTOFTHEFUNDANEXTERNALMANAGEMENTAGENCYSHOULDSPECIALIZEINMANAGINGLONGTERMINVESTMENTASSETSANDSHOULDE
34、MPLOYSTAFFWITHLONGEXPERIENCEANDRELEVANTSKILLSINTHEMARKETSINWHICHTHEASSETSOFTHEFUNDARETOBEINVESTEDITSHOULDALSORECRUITSTAFFTHATISEXPERIENCEDINSELECTING,MANAGINGANDMONITORINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFEXTERNALASSETMANAGERSTHEMANAGEMENTAGENCYSHOULDALSODEVELOPSOPHISTICATEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTOTRACKTHEPERFORMANCEOFAS
35、SETMANAGERSSELECTIONOFEXTERNALSERVICEPROVIDERSTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSSHOULDBERESPONSIBLEFORTHESELECTIONANDTERMINATIONOFVARIOUSPROVIDERSOFEXTERNALSERVICES,INCLUDINGAGLOBALCUSTODIAN,ATRANSITIONMANAGERIFNECESSARY,EXTERNALASSETMANAGERS,EXTERNALAUDITORS,ANDEXTERNALCONSULTANTSCLEARANDDETAILEDSELECTIONCRITERIA
36、SHOULDBEADOPTED,WHILETHEPERFORMANCEOFEXTERNALASSETMANAGERSSHOULDBEMONITOREDANDEVALUATEDBYREFERENCETOWELLCONSTRUCTEDBENCHMARKSTHATPROPERLYREFLECTTHELEVELOFRISKOFPARTICULARASSETSTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSSHOULDOPTFORUSINGSPECIALISTEXTERNALCONSULTANTSINSETTINGTHEASSETALLOCATIONSTRATEGYANDDETERMININGTHESELECTI
37、ONCRITERIAFOROTHERSERVICEPROVIDERSTHEAPPOINTMENTOFAREPUTABLEGLOBALCUSTODIANISAPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTDECISIONBECAUSEGLOBALCUSTODIANSPLAYAVERYCRITICALROLEINTHESEGREGATIONANDSAFEKEEPINGOFASSETSANDINMONITORINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFEXTERNALASSETMANAGERSTRANSPARENCYANDPUBLICDISCLOSURETHEBOARDSHOULDABIDEBYAVERYHI
38、GHLEVELOFTRANSPARENCYANDPUBLICDISCLOSUREITSHOULDPUBLISHAUDITEDANNUALFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,QUARTERLYPERFORMANCEREVIEWSASWELLASINTERNALANDEXTERNALGOVERNANCEANDOTHERAUDITREVIEWSITSHOULDPUBLISHITSINVESTMENTPOLICYOBJECTIVESANDALLITSCORPORATEANDINTERNALCONTROLGUIDELINESITSCHAIRPERSONSHOULDBEREQUIREDTOREPORT
39、PERIODICALLYTORELEVANTPARLIAMENTARYCOMMITTEES7译文提高公共养老基金投资绩效四个经合组织国家为塞浦路斯社会保险基金提供的经验教训12结束语新创建的加拿大、爱尔兰和新西兰的公共养老基金有许多共同的特征。他们全都有小型专业委员会,独立于政府,并且以非常高水平的透明度和公众问责性进行运营。他们都有定期的资金来源,以及长期投资的视野,他们被指控参与商业授权追求风险程度较高的高投资回报。董事局是负责制定资产配置战略和对所选择实施的战略执行管理工作。挪威的政府年金全球基金具有所有特征,但是他不独立于政府。他的资产配置由财政部决定,并由议会批准。但是,采用百分之四
40、的财政政策,即在基金总价值中只有百分之四可以在任何一年被用于政府结构性赤字,为了当前的政治目标已经代替了严格限制使用基金。董事会现实方面的不同组成是,虽然是规模最大,投资期限最长的,挪威基金对所有四个基金始终采取了最保守的资产配置。公共养老基金(CPPIB和NZSF)委任了两个内部执行主管机构。爱尔兰的基金管理已分配给国库管理机构(NTMA),还管理着爱尔兰的公共债务。在挪威,该基金执行管理工作已委托给挪威银行。后者创造了一个特殊的投资管理单位,NBIM,他已经放弃了他作为管理人的职责,而是以同样专业的方式作为其他三个基金的执行经理。所有四个基金最初设立以配备小规模熟练员工的方式经营,打造全球
41、股票和债券多元化的投资组合,并有效地担任经理的经理,通过外聘基金经理以被动指数化管理为重点。这个浪漫的想法并没有持续多久。被动指数化管理,很快补充了增强索引,它允许交易,应对特殊定价的机会,和定制索引,从而限制暴露指数主导的企业,也允许对较小的,没有包括在主要市场指数的本地公司投资。然后,被动管理被带到内部,随之经过一段时间发展内部积极管理。外部经理人对逐步实施积极的覆盖方案,通过基于绩效的合同寻求超额收益的作用是有限的。投资战略发生重大的转变包括决定扩大和分配给私人股权,房地产等另类资产。这些投资涉及到非被动的管理,尽管它们对外部经理有很大依赖。有三个基8金已经被许可大幅增加拨款,而挪威在另
42、类资产投资方面仍需根据评估。加拿大基金也追求主要投资,基础设施项目的管理,和短期交易。在这方面,新西兰基金已经参与经营大型木材的投资。另类资产承诺高回报,其估值不受在公开市场上买卖的证券的大幅波动的影响。但他们于通过外聘基金经理的被动指数化管理原有的概念相去甚远。这些变化的一个重要意义在于,职工规模的持续大规模扩大,特别是加拿大和挪威的基金。这四个基金的投资表现一直是积极的,但还谈不上壮观。这可以通过全球股市在2000年年初高科技泡沫破灭后的新千年的最初几年的低回报率来解释。新西兰基金在股市反弹后开始运营,报告比其他三项基金更高的投资回报。超额收益相对于其基准已通过所有基金实现。但是,着重于另
43、类资产的增长,不是“标记将产品推向市场”,而是“标记到模型”,日益削弱了基准的相关性。总之,尽管相对于外部被动式管理的原始概念有着清晰,重要的分歧,四个公共基金的经验是积极的。治理和公共问责制在所有国家都很强。在其他一些经合组织国家他们的榜样已经被效仿,并可能在一些以公共养老基金扮演重要角色的发展中国家被复制并继续发展。但是,必须重视采取更积极的方法来管理,着重要使另类资不会偏离这些基金的基础目标,这是帮助资助在未来20到50年预计有较大幅度增长的公共养老金支出。由于这些基金的投资期限较短,资产配置策略将需要进行调整,以支持更容易估价的更具流动性的工具。13给其他国家的经验教训我们为其他国家终
44、结了以下主要的经验教训,可能较为重复和简化。这些政策问题以一览表的形式呈现。前提只有当公共养老基金可以依赖正规的基金转换,并以长期方式运行时才能建立。必须要注意避免高水平的公共负债也就是说,在有高水平的公共负债的国家,在开始传输资源进入公共养老基金之前必须先降低他们的公共负债水平。公共养老基金的规模相对于国家经济和当地金融市场的规模不应过大。应该鼓励全球多源化。已经建立了公共养老基金,并寻求现代化投资运营方式的国家,应该注意他们的相对规模,考虑改变其他参数,以保证他们的公共养老基金在当地经济和金融市场上不会取得统治地位。无可附加,加强高标准的经济支配能力9是公共养老基金管理新方式成功与否的关键
45、。目标公共养老基金应该有明确的,唯一的商业化授权书。这份授权书应该在综合考虑负债结构和投资期限长度后,在谨慎的风险水平下,寻求长期投资的最大化收益。法律地位公共养老基金最好是以独立的法律主体而不是一般的政府机构设立。这意味着他不能以一个预算单位对待,他的资产被合法地独立于一般政府。独立机构公共养老基金应独立于政府并不受政策干扰。但是,基金应该以非常高水平的公开透明度,并受制于对国会和主要股东的全部公开责任。资金来源公共养老基金应该有近乎稳定的长期资金来源。理想的情况下,资金应该以一定形式经常转移,无论是从工人的退休金福利剩余中或直接从预算中。资金可以辅以专案私有化收入或其他金融交易转移。董事会
46、公共养老基金应该有一个专家委员会(小于10),而不是股东或依官职委任的代表。应该有充足数量的拥有足够的专业知识,并有财务事项,投资政策和投资组合管理经验的董事。为确保高层次专业人才队伍的任命,提名委员会应建立一份候选人名单,由财政部决定董事聘任。为了促进连续性,董事聘任应错开。任命应为固定期限,可以有重新开始的期限(2或3)。而开除董事应有正当理由。开除董事的过程要符合有关法令明确规定。董事会委员会董事应设立几个重要的有明确职权范围和责任领域的委员会委员。这些应包括审计委员会,管理委员会,投资委员会。可以聘请外部专家担任这些委员会的董事会成员。治理政策董事应制定明确的公司治理准则,包括有关利益
47、冲突和道德行为的董事和基金高级管理人员的规则。它也应该建立促进公司治理的良好做法在被投资公司中的作用的明确政策。这些应该强调透明度及向公众披露及对股东权利的充分尊重。内部控制董事会审计委员会应建立明确的内部控制系统政策,特别要建立一个独立的投资后台操作,如确认和交易结算,记录保存,测量和分离投资绩效与风险。投资政策和资产配置战略投资委员会可以进行选项的基本分析,但应董事会应为批准的投资政策和资产配置策略负责。这应该是根据基金的投资期限,并10应考虑到预期的收益和不同投资类型的风险水平。负债结构也应予以考虑。最初,在上市的股票和债券的可以青睐被动投资管理,但随着时间的推移也可积极管理和投资非上市
48、证券,包括另类资产类别,如私人股权,房地产和基础设施项目的投资。即使是被动管理,定制和增强索引应在早期阶段采用,以降低风险和增加收益。相比之下,主要投资和对个别公司或项目的管理应避免,除非有充分的理由,并有利于充分的证据保障。战略资产的分配应受到定期审查,并应根据经验和不断变化的市场情况作出修改。执行管理董事会有责任委任一名行政总裁及批准筛选的高级管理层,其中包括一名总会计师,内部审计员,以及精算师(如有必要)。另外,它可以选择任命为基金执行管理的外部机构。外部管理机构应该专门管理长期投资资产,应当聘请在基金资产可投资的市场中具有长期的经验和相关技能的工作人员。还应聘请在选择、管理和监督外部资
49、产经理表现反面有经验的工作人员。管理机构也应开发先进的信息系统,以追踪资产管理公司的表现。外部服务供应商的选择董事会应该为选择和终止各个供应商对外服务负责,其中包括全球保管,过渡经理(如需要),外部资产管理者,外部审计和外部顾问。明确和详细的选择标准应该被采纳,同时参照构建良好的基准对外部资产管理人员的业绩进行监测和评价,以,正确反映特定资产的风险水平。董事会应当选择使用专家外部顾问的资产配置策略,并确定其他服务供应商的选择标准。一个著名的全球托管人的任命是一个特别重要的决定,因为全球保管人在分流和保管资产及监督管理外部资产人员的业绩方面发挥非常关键的作用。透明度和公众披露董事会应遵守高水平的透明度和公众披露。它应公布经审计的年度财务报表,季度绩效考核以及内部和外部治理和其他审计审查。它应该公布其全部投资的政策目标和其公司及内部监控指引。其主席应要求定期向相关的议会委员会作报告。