1、外文题目INETERNETBANKINGADOPTIONCOMPARINGDEVELOPEDANDDVELOPINGCOUNTRIES出处JOURNALOFCOMPUTERINFORMATIONSYSTERMS作者YYYUEN,PAULHPYEOW,NENALIM原文1INTRODUCTIONADOPTIONOFINTERNETBANKINGSERVICESIBSINDEVELOPEDEG,THEUNITEDSTATESUSANDAUSTRALIAANDDEVELOPINGEG,MALAYSIACOUNTRIESISGROWINGIBSWASFIRSTAVAILABLEINTHEUSIN199
2、49,INAUSTRALIAIN19993,ANDINMALAYSIAIN20004ASOFTHEYEAR2007,166OFTHE307MILLIONUSPOPULATION9,42OFTHE21MILLIONAUSTRALIAPOPULATION3,AND16OFTHE25MILLIONMALAYSIAPOPULATION4WEREIBSUSERSEVENTHOUGHINTERNETBANKINGISREGARDEDASONEOFTHEMOSTPOWERFULDELIVERYCHANNELSTHATALLOWSBANKSTOEXPANDTHEIRCUSTOMERCONTACTTHROUGH
3、INCREASEDGEOGRAPHICALREACHANDLOWERCOSTDELIVERYCHANNELS,THEREISNOPOINTFORBANKSTOINVESTINIBSIFTHESERVICESARENEITHERWANTEDNORACCEPTEDBYTHEIRCUSTOMERS7,22THEREFORE,ITISCRUCIALFORBANKSTOUNDERSTANDTHEIMPORTANTFACTORSTHATLEADTOTHEADOPTIONOFIBSTHISWOULDHELPBANKSTOMAXIMIZERETURNONTHEIRINVESTMENTSANDMAINTAINA
4、COMPETITIVEADVANTAGE11,15,31INADDITION,IBSISAGLOBALSERVICEOFFEREDTOANYCONSUMERFROMANYCOUNTRYTHEREFORE,BANKSWORLDWIDEMUSTUNDERSTANDTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESOFDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTOBEABLETOCUSTOMIZETHEIRIBSTOMEETCUSTOMERNEEDSINVARIOUSCOUNTRIESDESPITETHEIMPORTANCEOFUNDERSTANDINGIBSADOPTIONFROMT
5、HECONTEXTOFCULTURALDIFFERENCES,THISISSUEWASNOTADDRESSEDINPREVIOUSSTUDIESMOSTSTUDIESFOCUSEDNARROWLYONTHEPOSITIVEASPECTSOFIBSFOREXAMPLE,ERIKSSONETAL15ANDPOLATOGLUANDEKIN31FOCUSEDONTHEEFFECTSOFTRUST,RELATIVEADVANTAGE,ANDTRIALABILITYONATTITUDETOWARDUSINGIBSOTHERSTUDIESMAINLYCONCENTRATEDONTHEINFLUENCEOFP
6、ERCEIVEDSECURITYONIBSACCEPTANCE11,33LITERATURESUCHASGERRARDANDCUNNINGHAM17ANDSAYTHE33DIDNOTTESTTHEVALIDITYANDRELIABILITYOFCONSTRUCTSTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPRESENTSTUDYISTOEXAMINEANDCOMPARECRUCIALFACTORSAFFECTINGCONSUMERACCEPTANCEOFIBSINTWOGROUPSOFCULTURALLYDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESIETHEDEVELOPEDTHEUNITEDSTATESAN
7、DAUSTRALIAANDDEVELOPINGMALAYSIACOUNTRIESTHESTUDYISTHEFIRSTRESEARCHTHATADDRESSESCULTURALDIFFERENCESOFIBSADOPTIONINTHESECOUNTRIESBYAPPLYINGHOFSTEDES21CULTURALDIMENSIONSIEINDIVIDUALISM,UNCERTAINTYAVOIDANCE,ANDPOWERDISTANCEITISALSOAPIONEERRESEARCHTHATAPPLIESUNIFIEDTHEORYOFACCEPTANCEANDUSEOFTECHNOLOGYUTA
8、UTMODEL,ATHEORETICALLYSOUNDANDEMPIRICALLYTESTEDMODELTOIBSADOPTIONITADDRESSESTWORESEARCHQUESTIONSFIRST,DOESNATIONALCULTUREPLAYAROLEINAFFECTINGCONSUMERPERCEPTIONSONFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHEUSEOFIBSSECOND,DOESNATIONALCULTUREINFLUENCECONSUMERSINTENTIONTOADOPTIBSPRACTICALLY,THISSTUDYHELPSBANKSWORLDWIDETOBE
9、TTERUNDERSTANDTHENEEDSOFTHEIRCULTURALLYDIVERSEGLOBALCONSUMERSANDPROVIDESRECOMMENDATIONSTOADDRESSCONSUMERSSPECIFICNEEDSTHISINTURNSHOULDINCREASEIBSADOPTION11THECULTURALFACTORSTODATE,MOSTIBSSTUDIESFOCUSONSPECIFICCOUNTRIESSUCHASAUSTRALIA25,33,42,MALAYSIA11,41,43,SINGAPORE17,24,FINLAND30ANDTAIWAN22THENUM
10、EROUSSTUDIESONIBSININDIVIDUALCOUNTRIESSHOWTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOUNTRYORCULTURALFACTORINIBSSEVERALSTUDIESCOMPAREDIBSINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESBUTNONEADDRESSEDTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESFOREXAMPLE,ACOMPARISONOFIBSADOPTIONAMONGUSERSIN15EUROPEANUNIONCOUNTRIESSHOWSTHATIBSISMORECOMMONLYUSEDINNORDICANDMIDDLEEUROPEANCOUNTR
11、IESTHANSOUTHERNEUROPEANCOUNTRIES19RESULTSSHOWTHATSOCIODEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESSUCHASAGEANDPROFESSIONHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONTHEUSEOFIBSINANOTHERSTUDY,COMPARISONSWEREMADEONTYPESOFIBSOFFEREDINMALAYSIAANDTHAILAND20RESULTSSHOWTHATMALAYSIANBANKSOFFERSLIGHTLYMORESOPHISTICATEDBANKINGSERVICESTHANTHAIBANKSTHESES
12、TUDIESDIDNOTCONSIDERTHECULTURALFACTORINTHECOMPARISONTOFILLTHISGAP,THISSTUDYEXAMINESIBSADOPTIONFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFDEVELOPEDTHEUSANDAUSTRALIAANDDEVELOPINGMALAYSIACOUNTRIESWITHDIFFERENTCULTURES12CULTURALDIFFERENCESAMONGTHEUS,AUSTRALIA,ANDMALAYSIASTUDIESHAVEUSEDHOFSTEDECULTURALDIMENSIONSTOEXPLAINCULTUR
13、ALDIFFERENCESONDIFFERENTTOPICSSUCHASVIRTUALCOMMUNITIESINBANGLADESHANDTHEUS36BUREIKETAL8USEDPOWERDISTANCEANDUNCERTAINTYAVOIDANCEINDICESTOEXPLAINDIFFERENCESINORGANIZATIONALGOVERNANCEANDMANAGERIALSTYLESTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESAMONGTHEUS,AUSTRALIA,ANDMALAYSIAARECLEARLYDEMONSTRATEDBYHOFSTEDESFIVECULTURALIN
14、DICESTABLE1AMERICANANDAUSTRALIANCULTURESAREHIGHONINDIVIDUALISMIDV91AND90RESPECTIVELYBUTLOWONPOWERDISTANCEPDI40AND36RESPECTIVELY21ONTHECONTRARY,MALAYSIANCULTUREISLOWONINDIVIDUALISMIDV26BUTHIGHONPOWERDISTANCEPDI10421MALAYSIANSALSOHAVEHIGHERTOLERANCEOFUNCERTAINTYTHANAMERICANSANDAUSTRALIANS2133SELECTION
15、OFUNIFIEDTHEORYOFACCEPTANCEANDUSEOFTECHNOLOGYUTAUTMODELTHEUNIFIEDTHEORYOFACCEPTANCEANDUSEOFTECHNOLOGYUTAUTMODELISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMPREHENSIVEANDDEFINITIVETHEORETICALMODELSINTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSDISCIPLINETHEMODELADVANCESACUMULATIVETHEORYWHILERETAININGAPARSIMONIOUSSTRUCTURE38THEMODELPROVIDESAFRAMEWORKTH
16、ATINCORPORATESFOURMAININDEPENDENTVARIABLESPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCY,EFFORTEXPECTANCY,SOCIALINFLUENCE,ANDFACILITATINGCONDITIONSITREDRESSESTHELIMITATIONSOFEXISTINGUSERACCEPTANCEMODELSEGTECHNOLOGYACCEPTANCEMODELBYINCLUDINGBARRIERSTHATWOULDPREVENTANINDIVIDUALFROMUSINGIBSINTOTHESTUDY38FOURADDITIONALFACTORS,N
17、AMELY,PERCEIVEDCREDIBILITY,SELFEFFICACY,ATTITUDETOWARDUSINGTECHNOLOGY,ANDANXIETYAREADDEDTOTHEPRESENTSTUDYTOMEASUREISSUESSUCHASSECURITYANDPRIVACY,USERCONFIDENCE,ENJOYMENT,ANDFEARTHATARISEDURINGUSERINTERACTIONWITHIBSRESPECTIVELY131DEPENDENTVARIABLEUSERACCEPTANCEISDEFINEDASAPERSONSPSYCHOLOGICALSTATEWIT
18、HREGARDTOHISORHERVOLUNTARYUSEANDINTENTIONTOUSEATECHNOLOGY12,13,35BEHAVIORALINTENTIONISSHOWNTOBEAHIGHLYVALIDINDICATOROFACTUALUSAGE34ASTHEAVERAGEPROFITSBROUGHTBYALOYALCUSTOMERIS25TIMESMORECOMPAREDWITHTHATOFANEWCUSTOMER6,THEPRESENTSTUDYMEASURESUSERACCEPTANCEBYEXAMININGEXISTINGUSERSINTENTIONTOCONTINUEUS
19、INGIBSINTHEFUTURE132INDEPENDENTVARIABLESTHEFIRSTINDEPENDENTVARIABLEINTHERESEARCHMODELISPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYPRIORRESEARCHSHOWSTHATINCREASEDPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYLEADSTOGREATERINTENTIONTOUSEATECHNOLOGY7,12,13,30,31,38,41,42,43INTHISSTUDY,PERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYISDEFINEDASTHEDEGREETOWHICHANINDIVIDUALBELI
20、EVESTHATUSINGIBSWILLENHANCETHEEFFICIENCYANDEFFECTIVENESSOFUTILIZINGBANKSERVICESBEINGONEOFTHESTRONGESTPREDICTORSOFINTENTION,PERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYISMEASUREDBYTWOKEYATTRIBUTESUSEFULNESSANDJOBFIT17,38THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISREGARDINGPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYISDEVELOPEDH1PERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYAFFECTSB
21、EHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHESECONDVARIABLE,EFFORTEXPECTANCY,ISDEFINEDASTHEDEGREEOFEASEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEUSEOFIBS12,27,31,38,41,42,43PERCEIVEDEASEOFUSEANDCOMPLEXITYARECRUCIALATTRIBUTESTOMEASUREEFFORTEXPECTANCY17,38THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOPEDH2EFFORT
22、EXPECTANCYAFFECTSBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSETHETHIRDVARIABLE,ANXIETY,ISTHEFEELINGOFNERVOUSNESSWHENITCOMESTOUSINGANEWTECHNOLOGY24,38,41,42,43STRONGUNPLEASANTANDNEGATIVEEMOTIONALSTATESEG,FEAR,CONFUSIONTHATARISEDURINGINTERACTIONWITHIBSMAYAFFECTPRODUCTIVITYANDOVERALLWELLBEINGOFCONSUMERS10,38,41THEREFORE,TH
23、EFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOPEDH3ANXIETYAFFECTSBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEFOURTHVARIABLE,PERCEIVEDCREDIBILITY,ISTHEBELIEFTHATTHEPROMISEOFAMERCHANDISERCANBERELIEDUPON35,39,41,42,43FORMINGTRUSTPRIORTOSERVICESUBSCRIPTIONISIMPORTANTSINCECONSUMERSGENERALLYSTAYAWAYFR
24、OMASERVICEPROVIDERWHOMTHEYDONOTTRUST1,11,15,18,33,39,41USERSTRUSTINTHESECURITYOFONLINETRANSACTIONSWILLDETERMINETHEACCEPTABILITYOFIBSINTHELONGRUN15,41,43SECURITYTHREATSLIKEIDENTITYTHEFTCARRYTHENEGATIVECONSEQUENCESOFINFORMATIONDISCLOSUREANDABUSE1,18,33,39,41,43THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOP
25、EDH4PERCEIVEDCREDIBILITYAFFECTSBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEFIFTHVARIABLE,SOCIALINFLUENCE,ALTERSANINDIVIDUALSBELIEFSTRUCTURE,CAUSINGHIMORHERTORESPONDTOPOTENTIALSOCIALSTATUSGAINSEG,PRESTIGEORPOTENTIALSOCIALPRESSUREEG,PEERPRESSUREINTHEADOPTIONOFANEWTECHNOLOGY23,27,
26、31,38,40,41,42,43INTHISSTUDY,SOCIALINFLUENCEISDEFINEDASTHEINFLUENCEOFSOCIALPRESSUREINTHEADOPTIONOFIBSVENKATESHETAL38SHOWEDTHATTHISFACTORISIMPORTANTINTHEEARLYSTAGEOFTECHNOLOGYADOPTIONTHEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOPEDH5SOCIALINFLUENCEAFFECTSBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOP
27、INGCOUNTRIESTHESIXTHVARIABLE,ATTITUDETOWARDUSINGTECHNOLOGY,ISDEFINEDASANINDIVIDUALSOVERALLLIKING,ENJOYMENT,JOY,ANDPLEASURETOUSINGATECHNOLOGY23,24,31,41,42,43ANINDIVIDUALSPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEFEELINGSEG,ITISGOOD/BADTOUSEASERVICESIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTHIS/HERTENDENCYTOADOPTIBSINTHENEARFUTURE24,38PREVIOUSLITE
28、RATUREHASSHOWNTHATUSERSINBOTHTHEDEVELOPINGMALAYSIAANDDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAUSTRALIAAGREETHATITISAGOODIDEATOUSEIBSINDAILYLIFE41,42,43THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOPEDH6ATTITUDETOWARDUSINGIBSAFFECTSBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHESEVENTHVARIABLETHATHASDIRECTINF
29、LUENCEONBEHAVIORALINTENTIONSISFACILITATINGCONDITIONS,IETHEAVAILABILITYOFTECHNICALINFRASTRUCTURETOSUPPORTTHEUSEOFIBS7,27,31,38PERCEIVEDBEHAVIORALCONTROLANDCOMPATIBILITYARETHEKEYMEASURESOFFACILITATINGCONDITIONS38PREVIOUSLITERATUREHASFOUNDTHATRESPONDENTSINBOTHTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESFACESIMIL
30、ARPROBLEMSINLOOKINGFORSUITABLEBANKOFFICERSTOASSISTTHEMWITHIBSTHISCONCERNMAYHINDERTHEMFROMFULLYUTILIZINGIBS41,42,43THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOPEDH7FACILITATINGCONDITIONSAFFECTBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHELASTVARIABLE,SELFEFFICACY,ISTHECONFIDENCEINONES
31、ABILITYTOUSEATECHNOLOGY,SUCHASIBS,TOACCOMPLISHAPARTICULARJOBORTASK10,27,31,41,42,43SINCENEWINNOVATIONSAREOFTENVIEWEDASCOMPLEXBYINEXPERIENCEDUSERS,CONFIDENCEINONESABILITYTOHANDLETHEMCANEXERTANIMPORTANTINFLUENCEONCONSUMERACCEPTANCE7,25,38THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESISISDEVELOPEDH8SELFEFFICACYAFFECTS
32、BEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSINTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES2METHODFROMNOVEMBER2007TOAPRIL2009,ASURVEYQUESTIONNAIREWASDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHETHEORETICALFRAMEWORK,TRIALEDINAFROMMAJORCITIESINTHEUSNEWYORK,AUSTRALIAMELBOURNE,ANDMALAYSIAMALACCAANDKUALALUMPURBECAUSEITISMOREPROFITABLETODEVELOPTHEEXISTINGIBS
33、CUSTOMERSTHANNEWONES6,THESCOPEOFTHESTUDYISLIMITEDTOONLYIBSUSERSWITHMORETHAN6MONTHSEXPERIENCESNOWBALLNONRANDOMSAMPLINGMETHODWASUSEDBECAUSETHEREISNOMEANSOFOBTAININGTHEPOPULATIONFRAMEACOMPLETELISTOFCUSTOMERSCONTACTFROMFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSCANNOTBEOBTAINEDBECAUSETHEGRAMMLEACHBLILEYACT1999INTHEUS,THEPRIV
34、ACYACT1988INAUSTRALIA,ANDTHEBANKINGANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONACT1989INMALAYSIADONOTALLOWBANKSTODISCLOSESUCHINFORMATION14,28,32HENCE,INTERNETBANKINGUSERSWHOMEETTHE6MONTHSEXPERIENCECRITERIAINTHESETHREECOUNTRIESWERECONTACTEDTHROUGHFACETOFACEMEETING,POSTALMAIL,ANDEMAILEACHRESPONDENTWASREQUESTEDTODISTRIBUTE
35、THESURVEYQUESTIONNAIRETOOTHERINTERNETBANKINGUSERSSUCHASFRIENDS,COLLEAGUES,ANDRELATIVESTOKENSWEREGIVENTOMOTIVATERESPONDENTSTODISTRIBUTETHEQUESTIONNAIRESTOOTHERIBSUSERSTHERESPONSERATEWAS73PERCENT766RESPONDENTSTHEQUESTIONNAIRECOMPRISES58QUESTIONSREGARDINGTHEEIGHTINDEPENDENTVARIABLESOFTHESE,12QUESTIONSE
36、XAMINEPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCY,12QUESTIONSMEASUREEFFORTEXPECTANCY,7QUESTIONSMEASUREANXIETY,9QUESTIONSARERELATEDTOPERCEIVEDCREDIBILITY,6QUESTIONSASSESSSOCIALINFLUENCE,4QUESTIONSASSESSUSERATTITUDETOWARDUSINGIBS,4QUESTIONSARERELATEDTOFACILITATINGCONDITIONS,4QUESTIONSEXAMINESELFEFFICACYINUSINGIBS,AND3QUEST
37、IONSMEASUREUSERBEHAVIORALINTENTIONTOUSEIBSALLQUESTIONSUSELIKERTSFIVEPOINTSCALEANCHOREDBY1STRONGLYDISAGREE,2DISAGREE,3NEUTRAL/UNSURE,4AGREE,AND5STRONGLYAGREETHEDATAWEREANALYZEDUSINGDESCRIPTIVEANDINFERENTIALSTATISTICSTABLE2SHOWSTHAT686OFTHERESPONDENTSINTHEDEVELOPEDTHEUSANDAUSTRALIACOUNTRIESAREFEMALESA
38、NDMOSTRESPONDENTS714AGED39ORBELOWMOREOVER,MOSTRESPONDENTS745HADMORETHANONEYEARSEXPERIENCEINUSINGIBSABOUTHALF451OFTHERESPONDENTSVISITEDTHEPHYSICALBRANCHFREQUENTLYORVERYFREQUENTLYASFORTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYMALAYSIA,THENUMBERSOFMALEANDFEMALERESPONDENTSWEREALMOSTEQUALASSHOWNINTABLE2ANDMOSTRESPONDENTS932AG
39、ED39ORBELOWFURTHERMORE,MORETHANHALFOFTHERESPONDENTS573HADMORETHANONEYEARSEXPERIENCEINUSINGIBSAND278OFTHERESPONDENTSVISITEDTHEPHYSICALBANKFREQUENTLYORVERYFREQUENTLY3RESULTS31VALIDITYANDRELIABILITYMEASUREMENTITEMSINTHISSTUDYARECAREFULLYVERIFIEDINTERMSOFCONTENT,CONSTRUCT,ANDCRITERIONVALIDITYASWELLASREL
40、IABILITYFIRSTLY,CONTENTVALIDITYISVERIFIEDWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDEPENDENTANDDEPENDENTVARIABLESBASEDONTHEDEFINITIONSOFTHECONSTRUCTSFROMVARIOUSINTERNATIONALRESEARCHSTUDIESTHEITEMSINTHEQUESTIONNAIREENCOMPASSALLTHEMAJORCHARACTERISTICSOFINDEPENDENTANDDEPENDENTVARIABLES,THUSPOSINGASATISFACTORYLEVELOFCONTEN
41、TVALIDITYSECONDLY,CONSTRUCTVALIDITYISVERIFIEDTHROUGHAPRINCIPALCOMPONENTFACTORANALYSISTABLES3AND4THEKAISERMEYEROLKINMEASURESOFSAMPLINGADEQUACYMSAFORITEMSMEASURINGINDEPENDENTANDDEPENDENTVARIABLESAREFOUNDTOBE0916AND0713RESPECTIVELY,WHICHAREGREATERTHANTHECUTOFFPOINTOF05026,INDICATINGTHATTHEDATAISDEEMEDA
42、PPROPRIATETOAPPLYFACTORANALYSISFOURTEENITEMSMEASURINGINDEPENDENTVARIABLES,WITHCOMPLEXSTRUCTURESANDCOMMUNALITIESLESSTHAN050,AREEXCLUDEDFROMTHEANALYSIS26THEREMAINING44ITEMSAREGROUPEDINTOEIGHTFACTORSWITHEIGENVALUESGREATERTHAN10,IEPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCY,EFFORTEXPECTANCY,ANXIETY,PERCEIVEDCREDIBILITY,SOCIA
43、LINFLUENCE,ATTITUDETOWARDUSINGIBS,FACILITATINGCONDITIONS,ANDSELFEFFICACY,WHICHEXPLAIN6367OFTHETOTALVARIANCETHESEEXACTLYMATCHTHEEIGHTINDEPENDENTFACTORSINTHEORETICALFRAMEWORKASSHOWNINFIGURE1ALLTHREEITEMSMEASURINGTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLECANBEGROUPEDINTOONLYONEFACTORWITHEIGENVALUEGREATERTHAN10,IEBEHAVIORALI
44、NTENTIONTOUSEIBS,WHICHEXPLAINS7712OFTHETOTALVARIANCEALLFACTORLOADINGSFORTHERESEARCHINSTRUMENTEXCEED04TABLES3AND4,MEETINGTHEESSENTIALLYSIGNIFICANTLEVELOFCONSTRUCTVALIDITY26,27THEFACTORANALYSISRESULTSIMPLYTHATTHEIBSCONSUMERSVIEWALLTHEEIGHTINDEPENDENTFACTORSASIMPORTANTANDCRITICALTODECIDEONWHETHERTOADOP
45、TIBSALLTHEEIGHTFACTORSANDTHEIRATTRIBUTESSCOREDHIGHFACTORLOADINGS,HENCE,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYAREINCONGRUENCEWITHTHEORYANDPRACTICETHIRD,THEQUESTIONNAIREISTESTEDFORRELIABILITYUSINGCRONBACHSALPHACOEFFICIENTESTIMATENUNNALLY29ESTABLISHEDAMINIMUMCRONBACHSALPHACOEFFICIENTOF06ASANACCEPTABLERELIABILITYCOEFFIC
46、IENTALLCRONBACHSALPHACOEFFICIENTSSHOWNINTABLES3AND4INDICATEHIGHINTERNALCONSISTENCYINTHERESPONDENTSANSWERSFINALLY,CRITERIONVALIDITYISCONFIRMEDTHROUGHASTEPWISEMULTIPLELINEARREGRESSIONANALYSISBETWEENDEPENDENTANDINDEPENDENTVARIABLES,ASSHOWNINTABLE6TABLE5SUMMARIZESTHEMEANRATINGSOFEACHVARIABLERESPONDENTSI
47、NBOTHTHEDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHAVEHIGHINTENTIONTOADOPTIBSMEANRATINGS369COMPARISONSBETWEENTHESETWOGROUPSOFRESPONDENTSREVEALTHATRESPONDENTSINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESHAVESIGNIFICANTLYLOWERINTENTIONTOUSEIBSMEANRATINGS360COMPAREDWITHTHEIRCOUNTERPARTSINTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYMEANRATINGS381THEDIFFERENCE
48、ISSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTTTESTWITHPVALUE005OVERALL,RESPONDENTSHAVEHIGHPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYMEANRATINGS371TTESTREVEALSTHATRESPONDENTSINTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYHAVESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCYMEANRATINGS384COMPAREDWITHTHEIRCOUNTERPARTSINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESMEANRATINGS361INADDITION,THEYHAVESI
49、GNIFICANTLYHIGHERLEVELOFSELFEFFICACYMEANRATINGS310COMPAREDWITHTHOSEINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESMEANRATINGS252THEIRPERCEPTIONOFFACILITATINGCONDITIONSMEANRATINGS356ISALSOHIGHERTHANTHATOFRESPONDENTSINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESMEANRATINGS338THEDIFFERENCEISSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTCONVERSELY,SOCIALINFLUENCEISFOUNDTOHAVEGREATERINFLUENCEONCONSUMERIBSADOPTIONINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESMEANRATINGS332COMPAREDWITHTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYMEANRATINGS31832HYPOTHESESTESTINGTABLE6SHOWSTHEANALYSISRESULTSOFSTEPWISEMULTIPLELINEARREGRESSIONSOFBOTHGROUPSOFRESPONDENTSITSHOWSTHATATTITUDETOWARDUSINGIBSANDPERFORMA
