1、 危重病人营养支持存在的问题 危重病人普遍 (全球性) 存在营养不良 1970s: USABistrian1, NZHill2 1980s: USAKalmath3, AustraliaZador4 1990s: UKMcWhirter5, AustraliaMiddleton6 2000s: GermanyPawellek7, UKNHS Survey营养不良影响危重病人预后 8-121. Bistrian et al., JAMA 1976;15672. Hill GL et al., Lancet 1977;6893. Kalmath SK et al., J Am Diet Assoc
2、 1986;2034. Zador2345. McWhirter JP 9456. Middleton MH et al., Intern Med J. 2001;4557.Pawellek I et al., ClinNutr 2008;27:728.Thomas R. Am J ClinNutr 1979;32:2469.Reinhardt GF et al., JPEN 1980;4:35710.Askanazi J et al., Crit Care Med 1982;16311.Lopes J et al., Am J ClinNutr 1982.12.Bozzetti F et a
3、l., Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975;141:712-4 各国危重病人营养不良发生率Canadian Critical Care Nutrition Survey 2006危重病人营养支持存在的问题To feed or not to feed the critically ill patient 约35%危重病人得不到合适营养支持 营养不良影响患者预后死亡率约增加 3倍并发症发生率增加住院时间延长Berger MM et al:Optimizing nutrition therapy in the ICU. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 20
4、09, 12:159160能量代谢与能量需求Overfeeding 并发症以及死亡率的增加住院时间及机械通气时间延长 (1). Hoffer LJ, Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:906-11 (2).Scurlock c et al:, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11:152-155 (3). Kreymann KG et al; Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11:156-159Underfeeding 同样不利于患者预后(1) Villet et al: Clin Nutr 2005
5、;24:502-509 (2) Pichard C, et al: Clin Nutr 2008;3(suppl 1):0015 (3) David Dvira, Clinical Nutrition (2006) 25, 3744(4) Berger MM et al: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009, 12:159160ESPEN Guidelines Recommendation危重病人能量摄入量应尽可能接近机体能量消耗值以降低能量负平衡 (Grade B)Pierre Singer,et al: ESPEN Guidelines on Paren
6、teral Nutrition: Intensive care . Clinical Nutrition 2009;28:1-14ESPEN Guidelines Recommendation间接测热法是决定危重病人能量消耗及能量摄入的理想方法(Grade B)Pierre Singer,et al: ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Intensive care . Clinical Nutrition 2009;28:1-14ESPEN Guidelines Recommendation没有条件通过间接测热法测定实际测定患者的能量消耗时,危
7、重病人 (非肥胖)推荐热卡摄入量为 2025 kcal/kg/day(Grade C)Mechanick JI, et al: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008, 11:666670Kreymann KG, et al: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008, 11:156159McClave SA, et al: JPEN 2009;33:277-36Grau T, et al: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009, 12:175179Pierre Singer,et al: ESPE
8、N Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Intensive care . Clinical Nutrition 2009;28:1-14ESPEN Guidelines Recommendation危重病人单纯 PN时,至少早期可以养不 (Per e der eed ), 热卡摄入量为 % 量,病 定后 到 需 量 (Grade C)肥胖病人(B 3 ), 热卡摄入量 % 量McClave SA, et al: JPEN 2009;33:277-336Pierre Singer,et al: ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Intensive care . Clinical Nutrition 2009;28:1-14Controversy:Parenteral and/orEnteral Evidence ?危重病人营养支持 ,不