1、外文翻译原文ENTREPRENEURSHIPANDDEVELOPMENTTHEROLEOFCLUSTERSMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/AUTHORHECTOROROCHADOESCLUSTEREDENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYCONTRIBUTETODEVELOPMENTMORETHANNONCLUSTEREDDEFININGENTREPRENEURSHIPAS“THECREATIONOFNEWORGANIZATIONS”ANDCLUSTERASAGEOGRAPHICALLYPROXIMATEGROUPOFFIRMSA
2、NDASSOCIATEDINSTITUTIONSINRELATEDINDUSTRIES,LINKEDBYECONOMICANDSOCIALINTERDEPENDENCES,THISRESEARCHQUESTIONARISESFORSEVERALREASONSFIRSTLY,ITTARGETSONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCHALLENGESANDCONTRIBUTIONSOFTHEENTREPRENEURSHIPFIELD,IETHEROLEOFNEWENTERPRISESINFURTHERINGECONOMICPROGRESSSECONDLY,BOTHCLUSTERSANDENT
3、REPRENEURSHIPFACEHIGHVISIBILITYAMONGACADEMICSANDPOLICYMAKERS,GIVENTHEIRCOMMONHISTORICALRESURGENCEANDPOTENTIALTORETAINANDINCREASEEMPLOYMENTAFTERTHEDRASTICCHANGESINTHEECONOMIC,INSTITUTIONAL,ANDTECHNOLOGICALENVIRONMENTSSINCETHE1970SGIVENTHEPROMISESOFENTREPRENEURSHIPANDCLUSTERSTOFOSTERDEVELOPMENTASWELLA
4、STHELACKOFSTUDIESONTHEMODERATINGEFFECTOFCLUSTERSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENENTREPRENEURSHIPANDDEVELOPMENT,THISPAPERAIMEDTOSETTHEBASISTOANSWERTHEABOVEQUESTIONTHETERMSWEREDEFINEDASFOLLOWSENTREPRENEURSHIPISTHECREATIONOFNEWORGANIZATIONSCLUSTERISAGEOGRAPHICALLYPROXIMATEGROUPOFFIRMSANDASSOCIATEDINSTITUTIONSI
5、NRELATEDINDUSTRIES,LINKEDBYECONOMICANDSOCIALINTERDEPENDENCESANDDEVELOPMENTISTHEEXPANSIONOFCAPABILITIESRATHERTHANTHEINCREASEINOUTPUTTOIDENTIFYPOTENTIALCAUSESOFTHEMODERATINGEFFECTOFCLUSTERSONTHEIMPACTOFENTREPRENEURSHIPONDEVELOPMENT,THEPAPERFOCUSEDONTHREEDIFFERENTIMPACTSENTREPRENEURSHIPONDEVELOPMENT,CL
6、USTERSONDEVELOPMENT,ANDCLUSTERSONENTREPRENEURSHIPTHUS,THEPAPERREVIEWEDTHELITERATURERELATEDTOTHESERELATIONSHIPS,AROUNDWHICHTHEFOLLOWINGCONCLUSIONSANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHAREGROUPEDFIRST,THELITERATUREREVIEWONTHEIMPACTOFENTREPRENEURSHIPONDEVELOPMENTREVEALSTHATTHEREISAPOSITIVEASSOCIATION,THEORETI
7、CALLYASWELLASEMPIRICALLY,BETWEENENTREPRENEURSHIPANDECONOMICGROWTHGIVENTHEIMPORTANCEOFENTREPRENEURSHIPINCHANGINGTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEECONOMY,MORERESEARCHONTHEIMPACTOFENTREPRENEURSHIPONDEVELOPMENTIEFOCUSONCAPABILITIESRATHERTHANONOUTPUTISNEEDEDTHISISAMAJORCHALLENGEOFFUTURESTUDIESONSOCIETAL
8、LEVELOUTCOMESOFENTREPRENEURSHIPSECOND,DESPITESOMEPRELIMINARYPOSITIVEFINDINGS,SEVERALFACTORSDONOTPERMITEMPIRICALGENERALIZATIONSONTHEIMPACTOFCLUSTERSONDEVELOPMENTTHEREVIEWEDSCHOOLSOFTHOUGHTRELATEDTOCLUSTERSHAVECONTRIBUTEDTHEIROWNVOCABULARYANDSETOFASSUMPTIONS,STRESSEDDIFFERENTCLUSTERDIMENSIONSANDCOMPON
9、ENTS,ANDIDENTIFIEDDIFFERENTCAUSALCHAINSTOASSOCIATECLUSTERSTODEVELOPMENTADDITIONALLY,METHODOLOGICALBOTTLENECKSANDDATACONSTRAINTSMAKECASESTUDIESTHEMOSTUSEDRESEARCHMETHOD,COMPLICATINGTHECOMPARABILITYANDGENERALISABILITYOFRESULTSALSO,RESEARCHERSHAVENOTBEENCONSISTENTINMATCHINGTHELABELTHEYATTACHTOTHEPHENOM
10、ENONUNDERSTUDYANDTHETECHNIQUESTHEYUSETOIDENTIFYITFINALLY,RESEARCHERSHAVESTUDIEDTHEEFFECTSOFCLUSTERSATDIFFERENTLEVELSOFANALYSIS,ADOPTEDMULTIPLESMEASURESOFTHISCONCEPT,ANDCHOSENDIFFERENTPERFORMANCECRITERIAPARTICULARLYPROBLEMATICISTHEMIXINGOFDIFFERENTUNITSANDLEVELSOFANALYSIS,ASSUMINGTHATFIRMLEVELOUTCOME
11、STRANSLATEDIRECTLYTOREGIONALANDNATIONALLEVELSSEPARATINGTHEIMPACTOFCLUSTERSATDIFFERENTLEVELSISAFIRSTSTEPINREACHINGCONCLUSIONSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDDEVELOPMENTATTHEFIRMLEVEL,ALTHOUGHUSINGDIFFERENTCONCEPTUALANDOPERATIONALDEFINITIONS,EMPIRICALRESULTSSHOWAPOSITIVEEFFECTOFCLUSTERSONFIRMPERFOR
12、MANCEANDINNOVATIONHOWEVER,DIFFERENTRESULTSMIGHTBEEXPECTEDINFUTUREEMPIRICALSTUDIESTHATCONTROLBYBOTHTHESTAGEANDSTRENGTHOFTHECLUSTERSUNDERANALYSISATTHEREGIONALLEVEL,BOTHENDOGENOUSDEVELOPMENTPERSPECTIVEANDENDOGENOUSGROWTHTHEORYPROVIDETHEBASISTOEXPLAINTHEPOSITIVERESULTSOFCLUSTERSONREGIONALDEVELOPMENTSEPA
13、RATINGTHEIMPACTOFCLUSTERSATDIFFERENTLEVELSISAFIRSTSTEPINREACHINGCONCLUSIONSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDDEVELOPMENTATTHEFIRMLEVEL,ALTHOUGHUSINGDIFFERENTCONCEPTUALANDOPERATIONALDEFINITIONS,EMPIRICALRESULTSSHOWAPOSITIVEEFFECTOFCLUSTERSONFIRMPERFORMANCEANDINNOVATIONHOWEVER,DIFFERENTRESULTSMIGHTBE
14、EXPECTEDINFUTUREEMPIRICALSTUDIESTHATCONTROLBYBOTHTHESTAGEANDSTRENGTHOFTHECLUSTERSUNDERANALYSISATTHEREGIONALLEVEL,BOTHENDOGENOUSDEVELOPMENTPERSPECTIVEANDENDOGENOUSGROWTHTHEORYPROVIDETHEBASISTOEXPLAINTHEPOSITIVERESULTSOFCLUSTERSONREGIONALDEVELOPMENTTHESERESULTSCOMEFROMSTUDIESBASEDMAINLYONTHESCHOOLSOFT
15、HOUGHTTHATSTRESSTERRITORIALSPECIFICITIESANDSMESCOMPOSITIONOFCLUSTERSASWELLASTHESCHOOLSOFTHOUGHTTHATFOCUSONKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERS390HECTOROROCHAHOWEVER,SOMENEGATIVEIMPACTSOFCLUSTERSONDEVELOPMENTHAVEBEENDOCUMENTEDINFOURCASESREGIONSWITHFEWCLUSTERS,CLUSTERSSPECIALIZEDINONLYONEINDUSTRY,ANDCLUSTERSPRODUCINGC
16、ONGESTIONEFFECTSANDSOCIALDIVIDESWITHINAREGIONWHETHERTHESENEGATIVEEFFECTSARECONNATURALTOCLUSTERSORAMATTEROFINADEQUATEPOLICYDESIGNISSTILLANISSUEUNDERDEBATEAPOSITIVESTEPTOCONTRIBUTETOTHEDEBATEISTOAGREEONWHATKINDOFCLUSTERTHEDISCUSSIONISABOUTSEEFIGURE2FOREXAMPLE,THECURRENTINTERESTINCLUSTERSMAKESPOLICYMAK
17、ERSCALLCLUSTERPOLICYWHATINFACTISAMEREINDUSTRIALPOLICYBASEDONSECTORSTHESAMEMISTAKEOCCURSWHENCLUSTERSARESELECTEDACCORDINGTOWHATPOLICYMAKERSWISHFORTHEIRECONOMIESRATHERTHANTOTHECAPABILITIESPHYSICAL,HUMAN,ANDSOCIALTHATAREPRESENTINTHEREGIONTHESECASESARENOTCLUSTERPOLICIESATALLANDITWOULDBEWRONGTOATTRIBUTETH
18、EIRRESULTSTOACLUSTERAPPROACHTOREGIONALDEVELOPMENTFINALLY,ATTHENATIONALLEVEL,THEREISQUANTITATIVESUPPORTFORTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTHEBUSINESSENVIRONMENTCREATEDBYCLUSTERSFOSTERSNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSHOWEVER,GIVENTHATCLUSTERINITIATIVESIMPLYAPOLICYLEDATTEMPTTOSTRENGTHENREGIONALCONCENTRATIONS,THEISSUEOFREGIONA
19、LDISPARITIESISNOTTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHISSUGGESTSTHATREGIONALANDNATIONALPOLICIESSHOULDBECOORDINATEDTOAVOIDBOTHREGIONALDISPARITIESANDDESTRUCTIVECOMPETITIONBETWEENREGIONSTHIRD,ITISARGUEDTHATCLUSTERSPOSITIVELYAFFECTENTREPRENEURSHIPGIVENINFORMATIONAL,RELATIONAL,COMPETITIVE,ECONOMIC,CULTURAL,ANDINSTITUTIONAL
20、ADVANTAGESHOWEVER,WHENCONSIDERINGAMOREDYNAMICPERSPECTIVETHEIMPACTOFCLUSTERSONENTREPRENEURSHIPSEEMSTOBEAFUNCTIONOFTHESTAGEOFTHECLUSTERYET,THEEMPIRICALTESTOFTHISHYPOTHESISHASBEENBASEDONTHEORGANIZATIONALECOLOGYPERSPECTIVE,WHICHFOCUSESONDENSITYWITHINAGIVENINDUSTRYRATHERTHANONCLUSTERSALSO,ITSCHOICEOFPOPU
21、LATIONSASUNITOFANALYSISANDITSFOCUSONCONTEXTDOESNOTCONSIDERTHEINDIVIDUALCHARACTERISTICSOFNEWORGANIZATIONS,AKEYELEMENTINSTUDYINGTHEENTREPRENEURIALPROCESSFOURTHANDFINALLY,THESECONDANDTHIRDFINDINGSREGARDINGTHEIMPACTOFCLUSTERSONBOTHDEVELOPMENTANDENTREPRENEURSHIP,RESPECTIVELY,IMPLYTHATITISDIFFICULTTOGENER
22、ALIZEONTHEMODERATINGEFFECTOFCLUSTERSONTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENENTREPRENEURSHIPANDDEVELOPMENTINEFFECT,BOTHPOSITIVERESULTSANDCAVEATSAREFOUNDATDIFFERENTLEVELSOFANALYSISANDATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTOFACLUSTERDEFININGCLEARLYTHEPHENOMENONUNDERSTUDY,ASSOCIATINGTOITANAPPROPRIATEOPERATIONALDEFINITION,LINKIN
23、GCONTEXTANDPROCESSAND,THEREFORE,USINGQUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVEMETHODSATDIFFERENTLEVELSOFANALYSISCONTROLLINGFORTHESTAGEANDTHESTRENGTHOFCLUSTERSARETHEMAINCRITERIAFORFUTURESTUDIESTOCONSIDERTODISENTANGLETHEIMPACTOFCLUSTERSONENTREPRENEURSHIP,DEVELOPMENT,ANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENENTREPRENEURSHIPANDDEVELO
24、PMENTFORTHEIRUSEFULCOMMENTSANDSUGGESTIONSDURINGTHEPRESENTATIONOFTHESEMINALIDEASOFTHISPAPERITHANKTHEPARTICIPANTSATTHEENTREPRENEURSHIPSEMINARATLONDONBUSINESSSCHOOLIAMESPECIALLYGRATEFULTOPROFESSORPAULDREYNOLDSFORHISDEEPANDINSIGHTFULCOMMENTS,SUGGESTIONSAND,ABOVEALL,EXAMPLEASRESEARCHERORIENTEDTOIMPROVETH
25、EECONOMICANDSOCIALWELLBEINGOFPEOPLETHROUGHTHESTUDYOFENTREPRENEURSHIPIAMALSOGRATEFULTOEDITORDAVIDAUDRETSCHANDANONYMOUSREVIEWERSATTHESMALLBUSINESSECONOMICJOURNALWHOSEGENEROUSCRITIQUEGREATLYIMPROVEDTHEPAPERTHERESEARCHISFUNDEDWITHAGRANTFROMIAEBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTSCHOOLOFAUSTRALUNIVERSITYARGENTINATHERES
26、PONSIBILITYFOREVERYTHINGSAIDINTHISPAPERISMINEALONE译文创业与发展产业集群的作用资料来源HTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/作者HECTOROROCHA集群的创业活动是否比非集群的创业活动更有助于发展呢“创业”被定义为“新组织的创造”,“集群”被定义为“通过经济和社会的相互依赖所连接的,地理上最相近的关联产业中的公司及相关机构的聚合”,该研究问题与下述几个原因有关。第一、它以创业领域最重要的挑战和贡献之一为目标,即承担起促进经济进步的新企业的角色;第二、集群和创业都在学术界人士和决策制定者之中面对较高的知名度,自20世纪7
27、0年代以来,经历了经济上、制度上以及技术环境上的急剧变化之后,赋予他们共同的历史复兴和潜力来保持并增加就业。实质上,独立大公司的基于体制的固有刚性与环境的加速变化之间的矛盾是不可调和的,将导致失业的增加。因此,从劳动密集型生产到柔性生产,从独立的制度基础到区域网络基础制度,从已建立的公司到新公司成为解决方案的一部分,重点发生了转移。最后,从公共政策的角度,数位作者强调了创业思潮通过新公司的创建以培养经济发展的重要性。鉴于跨区域创业活动的空间变化,研究集群如何在特殊的局域背景下缓和创业和发展之间的矛盾是很有必要的。鉴于创业和集群鼓励发展的承诺,以及缓和集群对创业和发展关系的影响的相关研究的缺乏,
28、本文旨在为解答上述问题提供基础。关于术语的定义如下创业是新组织的创建;集群是一个通过经济与社会的相互依赖所连接的,地理上最接近的关联产业的公司及相关机构的聚合;发展是能力的扩张而不是产量的增加。为找出集群关于创业对发展影响的调节效应的潜在原因,本文集中于三种不同的影响,即创业对发展的影响,集群对发展的影响,以及集群对创业的影响。因此,本文回顾了与这些关系相关的文献,并将其分组,得出如下关于未来研究方向的结论和建议。首先,关于创业对发展影响的文献的回顾显示,在创业和经济发展之间,不论是在在理论上还是在经验上,都存在积极的关联。鉴于创业在改变经济以及经济的社会结构上的重要性,更多关于发展的创业影响
29、的研究,需要注重能力而不是产量。这是针对创业社会层面成果的未来研究的主要挑战。第二,尽管已有一些初步的积极发现,仍有数个因素并不容许关于发展对集群影响的经验主义概括。与集群相关的综述学派为词汇和假想组合做出贡献,并着重于不同的集群尺度和成分,同时区分不同的因果链以联合集群来求得发展。此外,方法的瓶颈和数据约束使案例研究成为最常用的研究手段,使结果的可比较性和常规性复杂化。同样,研究人员并未就用于区分的研究和技术对匹配它们连接现象的标签取得一致。最后,研究人员研究了集群在不同分析层面的影响,并采用此种观念的多重方法,选择不同的性能标准,特别是对有疑问的不同单位和层次的分析组合,假设公司层级的产量
30、直接转变至区域层级和国家层级。区分群集在不同层面的影响是得出群集和发展之间关系的结论的第一步,在公司层面,虽然使用不同的概念及操作定义,经验主义的结果在公司绩效和创新方面显示出积极的群集作用。然后,在未来的基于分析的群集阶段和力量的经验主义研究之中可能会期望不同的结果。在区域层面,内在发展前景和内在增长理论均为解释群集在区域发展上的积极作用提供了基础。这些成效来自于主要基于学派的研究,强调领土的特异性,群集的中小企业成分以及关注知识溢出的学派。390HECTOROROCHA然而,一些关于发展群集的消极影响也在四种情形下得以证明几乎没有集群的地区,仅有一种工业的集群,产生拥挤效应的集群以及在一个
31、区域内的社会隔离。这些消极影响对集群是固有的还是一种不成熟的政策设计,仍是一个需要讨论的问题。对此讨论起积极作用的步骤,是对哪一种集群的讨论达成一致。例如,集群的活期利息使得政策制定者认为集群政策实际上是一种基于部门的纯粹的工业政策。当根据政策制定者所期望的经济而不是物理、人力和社会能力选择集群时,相同的错误在区域中呈现出来。这些案例完全不是集群政策,而对接近区域发展的群集贡献成效是错误的。最后,在国家层面,存在对假设的定量支持,集群创造的商业环境培养了国家竞争力。然而,鉴于集群主动应用政策导向以尝试巩固区域集中,区域差距的问题并未考虑。这表明,区域和国家的政策需加以协调,以避免区域之间的区域
32、差距和破坏性的竞争。第三,有人认为,集群积极地影响了创业,给予其信息、关系、竞争、经济、文化和体制的优势。然而,当考虑到更多关于集群对创业的影响的动态前景,似乎是一个群集的阶段功能。然而,该假设的经验主义测试,从组织生态学的角度来看,应关注一个特定行业的密度而不是集群。同样,人口选择作为分析的单元,关注环境并不考虑新组织的个别特征,是在研究创业进程中的关键因素。第四点,也是最后一点,第二和第三方面的决定,关于集群分别对发展和创业的影响,意味着很难一概而论集群在创业和发展联合之中的缓和效应。实际上,在不同的分析层面以及群集发展的不同阶段发现了积极的成效和警告。根据研究明确界定现象,结合背景和过程,使其与适当的操作解说相联系。因此,在不同的控制阶段的分析层面上,使用定性和定量的方法以及群集的力量,是未来研究的主要标准,应考虑解决群集对创业、发展以及创业和发展的关系的影响。我感谢伦敦商学院创业研讨会的参与者,他们在本论文的基本思路陈述阶段,提出了很多有益的注解和意见。我特别感谢保罗D雷诺兹教授深入而富有洞察力的注释和意见,最重要的是,通过对创业研究和研究人员为导向的实例,提高经济和社会民生。我也感谢编辑DAVIDAUDRETSCH和小型企业经济日报的匿名评论家,其慷慨的批评使得论文得以提高。这项研究IAE支持,南方工商管理学院(阿根廷)。本文所述内容的所有责任,由我一人承担。