1、1外文翻译原文HOWTOOBTAINTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFTHEMARKETINGCHANNELMATERIALSOURCEMARKETINGSCIENCEAUTHORMICHAELJETZELENTERPRISESMUSTDECIDEINCOMPETITIONFORTHEEFFECTSOFVARIOUSFACTORS,TOCREATEAPROFITABLEANDVIABLECOMPETITIVEPOSITIONOFSUPERIORITY,THATCOMPETITIVEEDGE,SOTHATITCANSTANDONTHEMARKET,BEATTHECOMPETITI
2、ONACCORDINGTOTHEWELLKNOWNMANAGEMENTEXPERTMICHAELPORTERSDISCUSSIONANDANALYSISOFBUSINESSTHEREARETWOBASICTYPESOFCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,NAMELYCOSTLEADERSHIPANDCHARACTERCOSTLEADERSHIPISANENTERPRISECREATESVALUEBECAUSETHEPROCESSOFPRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONCOSTSTHANITSCOMPETITORSGETTHEADVANTAGEIFACOMPANYCANACHIEV
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4、MEOFITSCUSTOMERSARESEEKINGTOACHIEVEUNIQUEINTHEINDUSTRY,BUTALSOTHATITSPRODUCTIONBUSINESSPROCESSDUTEXINGENTERPRISES,THROUGHITSUNIQUEPRODUCTIONANDBUSINESSACTIVITIES,INGENIOUSTOMEETTHENEEDSOFTHEIRCUSTOMERS,ANDGETPREMIUMREWARDSCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGECOMESFROMTHECOMPANYINPRODUCTDESIGN,PRODUCTION,MARKETINGAND
5、LOGISTICSANDOTHERVALUECREATINGPROCESSCARRIEDOUTBYANUMBEROFINTERRELATEDACTIVITIES,EACHOFTHESEACTIVITIESCANHELPTOCONSOLIDATETHECOMPANYSRELATIVECOSTPOSITIONCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEIMAGEASTHEBASISCOMMODITYDISTRIBUTIONBUSINESSMARKETINGACTIVITIESAREANIMPORTANTPARTOFPRODUCTDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSANDFUNCTIONSPERFO
6、RMEDBYTHEPRODUCTSVALUECHAIN,AKEYPARTOFTHEENTERPRISEWASANIMPORTANTSOURCEOFSOMEADVANTAGETHECOSTADVANTAGEOFMARKETINGCHANNELSTHESTATUSOFPRODUCTMARKETINGCHANNELS,THECOSTOFPRODUCTIONVALUEOFTHEACTIVITIESOFITSCOSTBEHAVIOR,COSTBEHAVIORISOFTENDRIVENBYANUMBEROFCOSTFACTORSCANDETERMINETHECOSTADVANTAGEOFCOMMODITY
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8、WIDERRANGEOFACTIVITIES,CAPACITY,ORARISINGFROMSALESTOMOREINTANGIBLECOSTSSUCHASADVERTISINGFEESASSESSEDTHECAPACITYOF,ORRESULTINGFROMANACTIVITYSCALEWITHEXPANSIONOFTHEACTIVITIESREQUIREDTOSUPPORTTHEINFRASTRUCTUREOROVERHEADCOSTSINCREASELESSTHANITSEXPANSIONRATIODISTRIBUTIONOFGOODSWITHTHEFLOWTHANANYFORMOFORG
9、ANIZATIONORMARKETINGDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSMOREEFFICIENT,ANDTHEREFORE,BYTHISNEWAPPROACHANDAHIGHERDISTRIBUTIONRATEANDTHEBENEFITSOFECONOMIESOFSCALEAREOBVIOUSINADDITION,COMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELS,EACHCHANNELSELECTEDANDTHELAYOUTOFITSMEMBERSARETARGETEDBASEDONTHEIRDEMANDCHARACTERISTICSOFASPECIFICTARGETMARKET
10、,DEMANDANDPROFITPOTENTIALFORTHESIZEOFTHETHUS,EACHMEMBEROFTHEIRCHANNELSANDTHESIZEOFTHETARGETMARKETSENSITIVE,ANDTAKEAPPROPRIATECOSTACTIONSTOGAINECONOMIESOFSCALEINTHISCHANNEL,THUSACHIEVINGECONOMIESOFSCALETHROUGHOUTTHEMARKETINGCHANNELFINALLY,THECOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELSINCOMMONOFCERTAINACTIVITIES,SUCHA
11、SINFORMATIONSERVICES,LOGISTICSSERVICES,BUTALSOREPRESENTTHESCALEOFTHEREQUIREMENTSWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFTHESIZEDISTRIBUTION,CANGREATLYENHANCETHEINFORMATIONSERVICESANDLOGISTICSINFRASTRUCTURE,EFFICIENCY,ANDWITHOUTTHENEEDTORECOVERALOTOFRUNNINGINSHORT,THECOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELS,MANYOFTHEVALUEACTIVITIESAREE
12、CONOMIESOFSCALE,THUS,FACILITATEACCESSTOLOWCOSTLEADERSHIPANDADVANTAGES,ESPECIALLYINTHECOMMODITYDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKESTABLISHEDAFTER(2)LINKAGESANDCOSTADVANTAGESTHECOSTOFAVALUEACTIVITYISOFTENAFFECTEDBYOTHERACTIVITIES,THEIMPACTOFTHEIMPLEMENTATIONLINKAGESCANBEDIVIDEDINTOVARIOUSVALUEACTIVITIESWITHINTHEENTE
13、RPRISEANDBUSINESSLINKSWITHTHEIRSUPPLIERSANDDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELS,THEVALUEOFTHEACTIVITIESOFVERTICALLINKAGESTHROUGHTHEINTERRELATEDLINKAGESBETWEENVALUEACTIVITIESTYPICALPERFORMANCEBYIMPROVINGTHEMANAGEMENTOFSUCHLINKSTOREDUCETHEINVENTORYISVERYPOSSIBLECOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELSISTHEUSEOFMANUFACTURERS,BROKER
14、SANDENDUSERVETICALLINKAGESBETWEEN,ANDTOTHECOORDINATIONANDOPTIMIZATIONOFTIMEASTHECHANNELISTOSOMEEXTENTAMONGMEMBERSLIVINGINTHESAMECOMMUNITYOFINTERESTS,ANDTHUSINTERRELATEDACTIVITIESCANBECOORDINATEDANDOPTIMIZEDTOREDUCETHECOSTOFDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELS,COSTADVANTAGESFOREXAMPLE,THEMANUFACTUREROF3THESUPPLYFREQ
15、UENCYANDTIMELINESSOFTHECHANNELMEMBERSWITHTHEASSOCIATEDINVENTORYMUSTPROCEEDFROMTHEOVERALLINTERESTSOFCHANNELS,OPTIMIZEDFORSUCHLINKS,SOTHATTHELOWESTTOTALCOSTOFTHETWO(3)RELATIONSHIPWITHTHECOSTADVANTAGEENTERPRISESANDOTHERBUSINESSUNITSALSOEXISTBETWEENTHEEFFECTSOFVARIOUSCOSTRELATIONSHIPTHEMOSTIMPORTANTISTH
16、ERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEACTIVITIESOFAPARTICULARVALUEINCOMBINATIONCANAFFECTTHEIRRELATIONSHIPFOREXAMPLE,THEUSMEDICALEQUIPMENTSUPPLYCOMPANYFOUNDTHATMANYCOPRODUCTIONOFMEDICALSUPPLIESUNITORDERPROCESSINGSYSTEMANDASALESORGANIZATION,THECOSTCANBESIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTANDASSEARS,WOMATEANDOTHERENTERPRISESCANBEA
17、LOTOFCOMMONPOINTSOFPRODUCTIONENTERPRISESMARKETINGSYSTEMCOMBINEDWITHAVALUEACTIVITYCANENHANCETHEACTIVITYOFPRODUCTIONANDBUSINESSCAPACITYUTILIZATIONTOGAINCOSTLEADERSHIPPOSITIONTHISSHOWSTHATANYKINDOFCOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELS,INTHEFORMATIONANDOPERATION,NOTANEXCLUSIVESYSTEM,BUTANOPENINGFORANUMBEROFBUSINES
18、STHATSHARESTHESYSTEMINTHISUSE,CANGREATLYIMPROVETHECHANNELEFFICIENCY,NOTONLYIMPROVESTHECHANNELGAINS,COMBINEDWITHTHECOMPANYALSOREDUCEDCOSTSINADDITION,VARIOUSFORMSOFAGEDISTRIBUTIONOFCHOICE,THEGEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELMEMBERSANDOTHERFACTORSAFFECTTHEDISTRIBUTIONCOSTISTHEDRIVINGFACTORINENTERPRISESEL
19、ECTIONANDSETUPDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSFORGOODSSHOULDNOTBEIGNOREDWHENTHECOSTFACTORSANDCOSTADVANTAGESACHIEVEDPOTENTIALSOURCESSPECIALADVANTAGEMARKETINGCHANNELSFEATURESTHEADVANTAGEOFANENTERPRISEISABLETOPROVIDESOMEUNIQUE,VALUABLEPRODUCTSFORCUSTOMERSORSERVICE,MAKINGADISTINCTIONBETWEENTHEMSELVESANDCOMPETITORSC
20、OMEDIFFERENCESOTHATENTERPRISESCANCONTROLPREMIUM,TOSELLMOREUNDERACERTAINVALUEPRODUCTSANDSERVICES,ORCYCLICAL,SEASONALECONOMICDECLINE,THEACCESSTOBENEFITSLIKECONFIDENCEIFTHEBUSINESSWASTOFEATUREAPREMIUMHIGHERTHANTHEADDITIONALCOSTSINCURRED,ITWILLMAKETHECOMPANYGETHIGHERRETURNSBUSINESSACTIVITIESOFANYKINDCAN
21、CREATEVALUEFORENTERPRISESTOACHIEVECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGECHARACTERISTICSPLAYAROLECOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELSCANBEPROVIDEDTHROUGHAVARIETYOFUNIQUEWAYSFORBUSINESSESTOOBTAINCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEENTERPRISEEDGETHESEUNIQUEFEATURES41THEEFFICIENCYOFTHEUNIQUEMARKETINGCHANNELTHEEFFICIENCYOFCOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNEL
22、SISTHEUNIQUEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHETRANSACTIONPROCESSTHROUGHSIMPLIFICATION,INCREASEDTRANSACTIONSPEEDANDTHESIZEOFTHEMARKETREFLECTEDTHEEXPANSIONCOMMODITYDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELMEMBERSTHROUGHTHERATIONALDIVISIONOFLABOR,THROUGHOWNERSHIPCONTROL,CONTRACTDIMENSIONSYSTEM,MANAGEMENTSUPPORTANDOTHERMEANSTOSTRENGTHENTRADE
23、RELATIONSAMONGTHEMEMBERS,WHICHGREATLYSIMPLIFIESTHEPROCESSOFCOMMODITYTRADINGTRANSACTIONSANDTRADINGPROCEDURES,THEFORMATIONOFASMOOTHDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELS,SOTHATTHESPEEDDISTRIBUTIONOFGOODSRECEIVEDGREATLYIMPROVEDWITHTHEESTABLISHMENTOFCHANNELSANDNETWORKFORMATIONANDEXTENSIONOFSPACEFORTHEGROWINGMARKETINGCHAN
24、NELS,WHICHCANBEMOREANDBETTERCOVERAGEOFTHEMARKETSPACE,THEREBYEXPANDINGTHESCALEOFTHEENTERPRISESMARKETSHARE2MARKETINGCHANNELSTOMEETTHEUNIQUENEEDSOFCUSTOMERSEACHMEMBEROFCOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELS,EACHCHANNELAREFORMEDBASEDONMARKETDEMANDTODETERMINETHEVARIOUSMEMBERSOFTHEVARIOUSCHANNELSACCORDINGTOMARKETDEMA
25、NDANDFORMARATIONALDIVISIONOFLABORANDCOOPERATIVERELATIONS,SOTHATTHEDEMANDFORDIFFERENTMARKETSANDDIFFERENTSEGMENTSOFTHEMARKETSUPPLYANDDISTRIBUTIONOFGOODS,SOTHATALLHAVEDIFFERENTNEEDSOFCONSUMERSANDUSERSCANINATIMELYMANNER,SATISFACTORYACCESSTOGOODSTHATPRODUCTDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSFORTHEIRCUSTOMERSANDMARKETSI
26、NTHEPROCESSOFBOTHGOODSTARGETED,BUTALSOHASCOMPREHENSIVETOENABLEITTODISTINGUISHITFROMOTHERFORMSOFDISTRIBUTIONANDAUNIQUEORGANIZATION3MARKETINGCHANNELMORPHOLOGYUNIQUECOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELMORPHOLOGYOFTHEUNIQUEPERFORMANCEINITSDIVERSITY,DYNAMICSANDCONTROLANDSOONCOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELSINITSPRACTICALO
27、PERATIONPROCESS,ANDDUEMAINLYTOTHEUSE,INCLUDINGPROPERTYRIGHTS,CONTRACTLAW,MANAGEMENTANDHORIZONTALLYUPTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVARIOUSFORMSOFINTERPERSONALSYSTEM,ANDMEANSTOSTRENGTHENANDLINKTRADERELATIONSBETWEENCHANNELMEMBERS,SOLONGTECHNOLOGY,ALLOWINGMARKETINGCHANNELMORPHOLOGYISDIVERSE,SHOWINGALOOSE,COR
28、PORATE,CONTRACTUAL,MANAGEMENT,SYMBIOSISANDMIXEDTYPEINTEGRATEDANDOTHERFORMSOFORGANIZATIONOFTHESEORGANIZATIONSISNOTCONSTANT,BUTASTHEBUSINESS,MARKETANDENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSCHANGECONSTANTLYADJUSTANDCHANGE,ITSFUNDAMENTALPURPOSEISTOEFFECTIVELYSELLGOODSTOMEETCONSUMERDEMANDMOREIMPORTANT,COMMODITYMARKETING
29、CHANNELSHAVEBECOMEAWHOLE,FROMPRODUCTIONTOCONSUMPTIONINTHEWHOLEDISTRIBUTIONPROCESSBEARDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONSBETWEEN5CHANNELMEMBERSISNOLONGER“RESTRICTINGTHEIROWNWAY,“THESCATTEREDSITUATION,THEYHAVEOBJECTIVESOFCOMMONINTERESTSANDAVARIETYOFMUTUALRESTRAINT,ANDSOCONTROLLABLE,CANBECARRIEDOUTINACCORDANCEWITHTH
30、EOVERALLDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEGOALOFREUNIFICATIONBECAUSEOFCOMMODITYMARKETINGCHANNELSHAVESUCHACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,BEPOSSIBLETOMAKETHEENTERPRISEKEYTOSUCCESS,BECOMETHEWAVEOFWORLDECONOMICDEVELOPMENT译文如何获取营销渠道的竞争优势资料来源营销学会作者迈克尔J策尔企业必须针对决定产生竞争的各种影响因素,以建立一个有利可图的和能够持久的优越的竞争地位,即竞争优势,使其能够立足市场,战胜竞争对手。根据美国著名管理专家迈克尔
31、波特的论述和分析,企业经营中存在着两种基本类型的竞争优势,即成本领先和特色。成本领先是指一个企业因为在创造价值的生产经营活动过程中的成本费用低于其竞争对手而获得的优势。如果一个企业能够取得并保持全面的成本领先地位,那么,只要它能够使价格等于或接近该企业的平均价格水平,就会成为所在产业中高于平均水平的优势企业,其低成本的竞争优势就会转化为高收益的现实回报。特色是企业在其客户广泛重视的某些方面力求在本产业中独树一帜,也即其生产经营过程中的独特性。企业通过其独具特色的生产经营活动,别出心裁的满足其顾客的需求,并获得溢价的报偿。竞争优势来源于企业在产品的设计、生产、市场营销及后勤等创造价值的过程中所进
32、行的许多相互关联的活动,这些活动中的每一项都能有助于巩固企业的相对成本地位,作为特色的形象奠定基础。商品分销活动是企业市场营销的重要组成部分,商品分销渠道及其所执行的功能是产品的价值链中的关键一环,成为企业获得部分优势的重要来源。营销渠道的成本优势产品营销渠道的成本地位产生于其价值活动的成本行为,而成本行为往往受到一些成本驱动因素的影响。能够决定商品营销渠道成本优势的驱动因素主要有6规模经济、联系、相互关系等。(1)规模经济与分销成本。包括分销在内的各种价值活动,常常受制于规模经济或规模不经济。规模经济产生于以不同方式和更高效率来进行更大范围的活动的能力,或者产生于从更大的销量来分摊无形成本如
33、广告费等的能力,或者产生于随着一种活动规模的扩大,支持该项活动所需要的基础设施或间接费用的增长低于其扩大的比例。商品分销具有比以往任何形式的流通组织或营销渠道更高的分配效率,因而,通过这种新型方式及较高分配率而获得规模经济的好处,是显而易见的。此外,商品营销渠道中,每一渠道及其成员的选定与布局,都是依据其所针对的特定目标市场的需求特点、需求潜力及盈利规模而进行的。因而,每一渠道及成员都对其目标市场的规模具有敏感性,而采取相应成本行为,从而获得本渠道的规模经济,并进而实现整个营销渠道的规模经济。最后,商品营销渠道中某些活动的共同化,如信息服务、物流服务等,也体现着规模经济性的要求。随着分销规模的
34、扩大,可以大大提高信息服务和物流基础设施的利用效率,且无需追回大量投放。总之,商品营销渠道中的许多价值活动具有规模经济性,因而,有助于其获得低成本的领先地位和优势,尤其在建立起了商品分销网络之后。(2)相互联系与成本优势。一种价值活动的成本往往受到其他活动实施情况的影响。相互联系可分为企业内部各种价值活动的联系和企业与其供应厂商和销售渠道的价值活动的纵向联系。通过对相互联系的价值活动之间相互联系的典型表现,通过改善对这种联系的管理来减少库存是极其可能的。商品营销渠道是利用生产企业、中间商和最终用户之间存在的纵向联系,并使之协调和最优化而形成的。由于渠道成员间在某种程度是居于同一利益共同体的,因
35、而对相互联系的活动可以进行协调和优化,从而降低渠道的分销成本,获得成本优势。例如,生产企业的供货频率和及时性是与各渠道成员的库存量相联系的,必须从渠道的整体利益出发,对此种联系进行最优化,使两者的总成本达到最低。(3)相互关系与成本优势。企业与其他相关经营单位之间也存在着种种影响成本的相互关系。最重要的相互关系是某一种价值活动可以影响他们合用时的关系。例如,美国医疗器材供应公司发现与许多生产医疗用品的单位合用一个订单处理系统和销售组织,可使成本获得重要的改善;而象西尔斯、沃马特等企业可以成为许多生产企业共同的分销系统。合用一种价值活动可以提高该活动的生产、经营能力的利用效率,从而获得成本领先的
36、地位。这就表明,任何一种商品的营销渠道,在形成和运作中,并不是一个排他的系统,而是一个可以为若干企业共享的开放系统。通过这种使用,可以大大提高渠道的运行效率,既提高了渠道的收益,也使合用的企业7降低了成本开支。此外,如各种分销形式的时代选择,渠道成员的地理分布等因素也是影响分销渠道成本的驱动因素,是企业选择和组建商品分销渠道时不应忽视的成本因素和取得成本优势的潜在来源。营销渠道的特色优势特色的优势在于一个企业能够向客户提供一些独特的、对客户来说有价值的产品或服务,从而使自己与竞争厂商区别开来。区别使企业可以控制溢价,使其在一定价值下出售更多的产品和服务,或者在周期性、季节性经济下跌时,获得信任
37、之类的利益。如果企业获得的溢价高于其为了特色而发生的追加费用,它就会使公司获得较高的收益。企业的任何一种创造价值的活动都能够为企业实现特色的竞争优势发挥作用。商品营销渠道可以通过多种方式为企业提供独特性,从而使企业获得特色优势。这些独特性表现在(1)营销渠道效率的独特性。商品营销渠道效率的独特性是通过分销对交易过程的简化、交易速度的提高和市场规模的扩大而体现出来。商品分销通过渠道成员的合理分工协作、通过产权控制、契约维系、管理支持等多种形式来强化成员间的易关系,从而大大地简化了商品交易过程中的交易次数和交易的程序,形成了畅通的流通渠道,使商品分销的速度获得了大幅度的提升。随渠道的建立和网络的形
38、成与延伸,营销渠道空间日益扩大,因而能够更多、更好地覆盖市场的空间,从而扩大了企业的市场占有规模。(2)营销渠道满足顾客需要的独特性。商品营销渠道中每一成员、每一条渠道的形成都是依据市场需求而确定,各个成员、各个渠道根据市场需求而形成合理的分工协作关系,以便能够针对不同市场需求,不同的细分市场供应和分销商品,从而使各种具有不同需要的消费者和用户都能及时,满意地获得商品。也就是说商品分销渠道在为其顾客和市场提供商品过程中既具有针对性,又具有全面性,使其能够区别于其他分销组织形式而具独特性。(3)营销渠道组织形态的独特性。商品营销渠道的组织形态的独特性表现在它的多样性、动态性和可控性等方面。商品营
39、销渠道在其实际运行过程中,由于依靠了和运用了包括产权、法律契约、管理及横向联合及至人际系统关系等多种形式和手段来强化和联接渠道成员间的交易关系,使之长期化,从而使得营销渠道的组织形态是多样化,呈现出松散型、公司型、契约型、管理型、共生型及混合型(综合型)等多种组织形式。而这些组织并不是固定化,而是随着企业、市场及环境条件的变化而不断地进行调整和变革的,其根本目的是有效地销售商品,满足消费需求。更为重要的是,商品营销渠道已经成为一个8整体,在从生产到消费的整个分销过程中承担着分销职能,渠道成员间不再是“画地为牢、各自为政“的散乱局面,它们具有共同的利益目标和多种相互制约关系,因而具有可控性,可以按照统一的目标进行整体分销。正因为商品营销渠道具有这样一系列的竞争优势,才有可能使之成为企业致胜的法宝,成为当今世界经济发展中的热潮。