1、3外文翻译原文HOWCANCONSUMERPOLICYEMPOWERCONSUMERSFORCHANGINGLIFESTYLESMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFCONSUMERPOLICYAUTHORJOHNTHOGERSENCONSUMERPOLICYCANEMPOWERCONSUMERSFORCHANGINGLIFESTYLESBYREDUCINGPERSONALCONSTRAINTSANDLIMITATIONS,BUTITSHOULDALSOATTEMPTTOLOOSENSOMEOFTHEEXTERNALCONSTRAINTSTHATMAKECHANGESTOWARDSAM
2、ORESUSTAINABLELIFESTYLEDIFCULTINTERMSOFREDUCINGCONSUMERSSUBJECTIVELYFELTRESTRICTIONSONTHEIRABILITYTOCHANGELIFESTYLE,THETWOAPPROACHESAREEQUIVALENTPOLICIESTHATINCREASEAFEELINGOFEMPOWERMENTMAYALSOHAVEAPOSITIVEEFFECTONCONSUMERSMOTIVATIONTOMAKEANEFFORT,THUSAMPLIFYINGITSEFFECTSINTHISPAPERBOTHTYPESOFCONSTR
3、AINTSONLIFESTYLECHANGESINASUSTAINABLEDIRECTIONAREDISCUSSEDASWELLASPOLICIESFORREDUCINGCONSTRAINTSPOSSIBLEMOTIVATIONALEFFECTSOFTHEPROPOSEDPOLICIESAREALSOOUTLINEDATLEASTJUDGEDBYITSOUTCOME,ITSEEMSTHATCONSUMERSINTHERICHPARTSOFTHEWORLDMAKELESSOFANEFFORTATCHANGINGTHEIRLIFESTYLEINASUSTAINABLEDIRECTIONTHANIS
4、DESIREDBYSOCIETYANDTHANISINTHEIROWNCOLLECTIVELONGTERMINTERESTSUSTAINABLEHEREREFERSTOALEVELANDPATTERNOFCONSUMPTIONWHICHMEETSTHENEEDSOFTHEPRESENTWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHEABILITYOFFUTUREGENERATIONSTOMEETTHEIROWNNEEDSWORLDCOMMISSIONONENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENT,1987ITISGENERALLYAGREEDBYTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUN
5、ITYTHATCURRENTLIFESTYLESBYAUENTCONSUMERSINBOTHRICHANDPOORCOUNTRIESARENOTSUSTAINABLESITARZ,1994UNITEDNATIONS,2002THEISSUEWASGIVENTOPPRIORITYATTHEWORLDSUMMITINRIOIN1992,BUTPROGRESSTOWARDSSUSTAINABLECONSUMPTIONHASBEENDISAPPOINTINGLYSLOWFORINSTANCE,INAREPORTISSUEDBYUNITEDNATIONSSECRETARYGENERALKOANNANIN
6、PREPARATIONFORTHEJOHANNESBURGSUMMIT,ITWASCONCLUDEDTHAT“PROGRESSTOWARDSTHEGOALSESTABLISHEDATRIOHASBEENSLOWERTHANANTICIPATEDANDINSOMERESPECTSCONDITIONSAREWORSETHANTHEYWERE10YEARSAGO1THISINSPITEOFCONSUMERSHAVINGANOBVIOUSLONGTERMINTERESTINSUSTAINABILITY,ANINTERESTOFTENEXPRESSEDBYCONSUMERORGANIZATIONSEG,
7、CONSUMERSINTERNATIONAL,2002ANDINSURVEYSMEASURINGTHEGENERALPOPULATIONSENVIRONMENTALCONCERNEG,THEEUROPEAN3OPINIONRESEARCHGROUP,2003WHATCANBEDONEABOUTTHESLOWPROGRESSTOWARDSSUSTAINABILITYDEPENDSONTHEREASONSWHYSOLITTLEISHAPPENINGTHREEMAINGROUPSOFACTORSINUENCETHESUSTAINABILITYOFPRIVATECONSUMPTIONCONSUMERS
8、,GOVERNMENTS,ANDBUSINESSFOREACHOFTHEM,THEAPPARENTLACKOFEFFECTIVEACTIONFORSUSTAINABILITYMAYBEATTRIBUTEDTOMOTIVATIONALASWELLASABILITYRELATEDFACTORSINTHISPAPER,THEFOCUSISONUNDERSTANDINGANDINUENCINGCONSUMERACTIONSHOWEVER,INORDERTOUNDERSTANDTHECONSTRAINTSTHATCONSUMERSMUSTLIVEBY,REFERENCESTOTHETWOOTHERGRO
9、UPSOFACTORSAREUNAVOIDABLEITISOFTENARGUEDTHATCONSUMERSTHEMSELVESCANMAKEADIFFERENCEWITHREGARDTOANDSHOULDTHEREFORECARRYTHEIRFAIRSHAREOFTHERESPONSIBILITYFORTHESUSTAINABILITYOFTHEIRCONSUMPTIONPATTERNEG,NORWEGIANMINISTRYOFENVIRONMENT,1994SITARZ,1994THISISBASEDONTHEOBSERVATIONSTHATPRIVATECONSUMPTIONACCOUNT
10、SFORALARGESHAREOFRESOURCEUSEANDOFTHEEMISSIONOFPOLLUTANTSTOTHEENVIRONMENT,ANDTHATCONSUMERSDOHAVESOMEDISCRETIONARYPOWERWITHREGARDTOTHESIZEOFTHEIRINDIVIDUALCONTRIBUTIONTORESOURCEUSEANDPOLLUTIONEG,OLANDERGELLER,1995GUAGNANO,STERN,OLANDERSPEER,JACKSON,斯皮尔，杰克逊，彼得森，2001）。理论与研究也表明，政府的沟通旨在促进可持续的生活方式，不应该过分迫切。
11、迫切的语言会产生和预期相反的效果。而且，它还将难以同为维持正常的生活消费而积极诱导的负罪感持平，这种生活方式很大程度上受到政府和企业的鼓励以及政府和企业所创造的结构状况所造成的结果。当涉及到规范的沟通，各国政府应主要让自己的行动说话。同抚养的情况一致，某人规范的行动胜过语言。因此，超过其他任何因素,从城市消费者推断出可持续性问题的重要性。这个问题将通过我们最好的代表各政府机构的公务人员体现出来。当谈到以期说服消费者做出具体生活方式变化，人们应该得到信任，以便能够从对此问题的了解以及如何与他们的生活方式相关联中推断出适当的行为改变方式。赋权，是指通过教育提供有关该问题的信息和必要的知识往往很多方式，对行为的改变起到帮助，并提供反馈，使得个人或家庭能够监察他们的进展。沟通交流旨在纠正对消耗规则所产生的普遍的误解这可能诱导人们过多消费，以“赶上他人的排场”，或来整顿一种假象，认为没有任何人在工作，沟通交流将是是另一个有效的工具。
