1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文中小企业银行信贷融资的法律对策探究亚特兰大出版社AUGUSTINE摘要中小企业融资难是多年以来难以破解的世界性难题,它严重制约着我国中小企业的发展。目前我国中小企业虽然融资途径多样,但仍以银行贷款为其获得资金的主要途径。由于中小企业内部自身的缺陷、法律制度的缺失和银行的原因,造成中小企业的信贷融资困难,致使信贷融资难成为我国中小企业发展的难以突破的瓶颈。通过对中小企业贷款难现状和原因的分析,认为缓解中小企业银行信贷融资难的法律对策在于建立完善的中小企业信用担保体系和组建政策性的中小企业银行。关键词中小企业；信用担保体系；中小企业银行1我国中小企业银行信贷融资的
2、现状与面临的困难中小企业的融资方式有很多种划分方式,从资金来源角度的不同区分为内源融资和外源融资,这也是最主要的区分。其中外源性融资根据融资过程是否需要金融中介又可分为直接融资方式和间接融资方式。内源融资是企业不断将资金的储蓄转化为投资的过程。中小企业在创立之时主要依靠内源融资来积累资金追加投资、扩大生产规模。内源融资具有有限性、低成本性、低风险性。由于内源融资非该文主要讨论内容,所以不再详述。外源融资是企业吸收其他经济主体的闲置资金,使之转化为自己投资的过程。随着生产规模的逐步扩大,内源融资无法满足企业生产经营需要时,外源融资则成为企业扩张的主要融资手段。外源融资的发展,可提高全社会对储蓄资
3、源的动员和利用能力,优化社会资源的配置效率,有利于分散投资风险。我国中小企业在扩大生产规模、更新技术时向外筹集资金时的首选方式中,4841企业选择利于企业积累的自有资金,3889选择通过银行贷款来扩大生产规模,而选择通过其它形式来筹资的企业不足13,其中仅有238的企业2首选通过发行股票和债券进行融资2。由此可见除内源融资外,在外源融资方式中,中小企业通过银行贷款是中小企业最重要的融资渠道。在向银行贷款的渠道上,4大国有商业银行占6905,居主要地位,而其他股份制商业银行、地方性银行和信用社贷款所占比重非常的低3。4大国有商业银行在支持中小企业融资方面发挥了主渠道的作用,股份制商业银行和地方性
4、银行、信用社等中小金融机构发挥的作用非常有限。即使如此,在实践中由于种种原因中小企业很难获得银行的贷款资金。美国次贷危机引发的新一轮全球性的金融危机,虽然没有造成我国金融秩序的混乱,但对我国企业特别是中小企业带来了一定的冲击,据有关方面披露,美国金融危机爆发仅仅一个月内我国江浙、广东一带倒闭的中小企业已超过67万家,这其中直接原因之一就是国外金融危机下信贷环境的恶化,造成中小企业融资愈加困难,致使中小企业资金链断裂,难以继续维持经营。对于大多数中小企业来说,尽管在当时的经济压力之下,成本高于产出,但只要能得到银行的信贷支持,企业根据市场需求调整产品结构,还是可以渡过难关的。尽管我国千方百计出台
5、多种政策帮助中小企业获取资金熬过难关,但中小企业融资难的问题仅依靠国家出台相关政策是远远不够的,有赖于通过立法建立中小企业稳定的信贷融资体系,建立中小企业的信用担保体系,建立中小企业的银行服务体系,建立中小企业信贷的长效机制,保障中小企业健康、稳定与发展。2我国中小企业银行信贷融资困难的原因中小企业银行信贷融资困难的原因是多方面的,但主要表现在以下几个方面。21中小企业自身难以克服的缺陷我国中小企业在经济结构上,以民营经济为主体,呈现多元化的特点。虽然改革开放后发展迅猛,但是与国有大型企业相比,一直处于国有经济的补充地位,其本身仍有许多缺陷,直接导致融资困难。第一,中小企业财务状况差。大多数中
6、小企业采取个人独资企业或合伙企业形式,多数情况下企业的所有者与经营者为同一人,企业财务核算随意性大,财务信息透明度低,财务报表普遍不实。致使银行难以正确估测为中小企业提供贷款的风险。据统计,我国中小企业50以上的财务管理不健全,许多中小企业缺乏足够的经审计部门承认的财务报表和良好的连续经营记录3第二，中小企业群体信用缺失。目前我国中小企业普遍存在信用意识淡薄的情况,当企业经营出现问题后,经营者不是从改变产品结构、加强经营管理等方面想办法,而是靠拖欠贷款及其利息度日,这不仅给银行信贷资金的安全造成了风险,而且极大毁坏了企业的信誉度,加大了中小企业的贷款难度。据中国人民银行的调查显示,在当前我国中
7、小企业中,仅有39参加过资信评估,这其中的大部分企业资信度较低,更有61的中小企业没有参加过资信评估,没有任何资信记录。而资信度又是银行发放贷款的重要参考标准之一第三,中小企业破产率高。随着我国市场经济发展的进一步推进,我国进入相对过剩的经济时期,中小企业的创业成本、市场竞争的激烈程度都大大提高,中小企业创业失败率也提高很多。并且中小企业因其资金、技术等实力弱,抗风险能力不足,寿命普遍较短。有数据表明，约有50的中小企业在创立的3年内破产,在剩下的50企业中又有一半企业熬不到5年就消失了,即使剩下的1/4企业也只有少数能挨过经济萧条的时期。总而言之,这种不稳定的状态极大的制约了中小企业的还贷能
8、力,使得银行贷款面临极大的风险,银行在对中小企业发放贷款时更加谨慎第四,中小企业抵押、担保难。根据我国银行法、担保法等有关法律规定企业向银行申请贷款必须提供抵押、质押等担保。而在具体操作中,银行一般就只接受土地和房屋等固定资产做抵押物。很多中小企业自身财力薄弱,没有可用于抵押的土地或房屋,不具备银行贷款的基本条件,不能从银行获得贷款。从现行法律制度来看，贷款人无力提供抵押物可寻找符合条件又愿意担保的担保人。担保人应对担保的债务承担连带无限责任。目前企业的风险责任意识普遍增强,符合担保条件要求的企业多不愿意为其他企业作担保,不符合担保条件的企业银行又不允许其作担保人。中小企业抵押、担保都难。22
9、法律制度的缺失虽然我国法律肯定了中小企业的地位,并出台了一系列支持中小企业发展的优惠政策,但在法律法规保护体系上不健全,相关政策落实不到位,没有建立专门的中小企业银行,信用担保机构也不完善。外部制度的缺失也给我国中小企业获得银行贷款带来了困难。第一，我国法律、法规保护体系严重滞后。我国于2003年1月1日起实施的中小企业促进法十四条、十五条的规定推动中小企业向银行的融资。但这些规定比较笼统,并没有对具体实施进行规制，因此缺乏可操作性。我国出台的各项支持中小企业银行信贷融资的措施,多为宏观指4导性意见,缺乏相关法规的配套、衔接,中小企业向银行融资很难得到法律的可靠保障。第二，信用担保制度不健全。
10、中小企业促进法在十八条、十九条、二十条对中小企业的信用担保问题加以了规定,鼓励积极为中小企业提供信用担保,试图破解中小企业抵押、担保难的困局,但在实践中担保公司对申请担保的中小企业审查偏严,中小企业很难获得担保公司的担保。中小企业促进法在十九条规定“中小企业信用担保管理办法由国务院另行规定”许多年过去了信用担保方面配套立法还处于空白。与此同时,全国或区域性再担保机构尚未建立,担保机构的经营风险难以有效分散和化解。5EXPLORETHELEGALRESPONSECREDITFINANCINGOFSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESATLANTAPRESSAUGUSTINEABSTR
11、ACTITSAPROBLEMTHATTHESMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESAREDIFFICULTTOFINANCEALLAROUNDTHEWORLD,ITRESTRICTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESMESINCHINAALTHOUGHTHESMESFINANCINGAPPROACHISVARIOUSATPRESENT,THESMESMAINLYDEPENDEDONFINANCINGTHROUGHBANKSFORTHEINTERNALREASONSOFTHESMES,THEDISFIGUREMENTSOFEXTERNALREGULATION,T
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33、LLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESCOST,MARKETCOMPETITIONSINTENSEDEGREEISGREATLYIMPROVED,SMALLANDMEDIUMBUSINESSFAILURERATEALSOINCREASEDALOTMEDIUMANDSMALLENTERPRISESBECAUSEOFITSCAPITAL,TECHNOLOGYSTRENGTHISWEAK,RESISTRISKABILITYISINSUFFICIENT,LIFEISGENERALLYSHORTTHEDATASHOWTHATABOUT50OFTHESMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERP
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35、ATGREATRISK,BANKLOANSTOSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESMORECAUTIOUSFOURTH,SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISEMORTGAGE,GUARANTEETOACCORDINGTOOURCOUNTRY“BANKLAW“,“GUARANTEELAW“ANDOTHERRELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONSOFENTERPRISESTOAPPLYFORBANKLOANSMUSTPROVIDECOLLATERAL,PLEDGEGUARANTEEWHILEINOPERATION,THEBANKWILLGEN
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37、ILLINGTOBEAGUARANTEEOFSECURITYTHEGUARANTORONSECUREDDEBTSHALLBEARJOINTANDSEVERALLIABILITYUNLIMITEDLIABILITYATPRESENTTHEENTERPRISERISKCONSCIOUSNESSSTRENGTHENEDGENERALLY,CONSISTENTWITHSECURITYREQUIREMENTSFOROTHERENTERPRISESENTERPRISESWOULDNOTGUARANTEE,DOESNOTCONFORMTOTHECONDITIONOFBUSINESSBANKSDONOTALL
38、OWITSTOMAKESECURITYSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,AREDIFFICULTTOGUARANTEEMORTGAGE22LACKOFLEGALSYSTEMALTHOUGHTHELAWOFOURCOUNTRYAFFIRMEDTHEPOSITIONOFMEDIUMANDSMALLBUSINESSES,ANDISSUEDASERIESOFPREFERENTIALPOLICIESTOSUPPORTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,BUTINTHEPROTECTIONOFLAWANDREGULATI
39、ONSYSTEMISNOTSOUND,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFRELEVANTPOLICIESARENOTINPLACE,DONOTESTABLISHSPECIALSMECREDITGUARANTEEINSTITUTIONSARENOTPERFECTTHELACKOFEXTERNALSYSTEMTOOURCOUNTRYSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESTOOBTAINBANKLOANSDIFFICULTFIRST,THELAWSOFOURCOUNTRY,LEGISLATIONPROTECTIONSYSTEMISSERIOUSLAGOURCOUNTRYIN
40、JANUARY1,2003SINCETHEIMPLEMENTATIONOF“LAWONPROMOTINGMEDIUMANDSMALLENTERPRISES“FOURTEEN,THEPROVISIONSOFARTICLEFIFTEENOFTHEPROMOTIONOFSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESBANKFINANCINGBUTTHESEPROVISIONSAREGENERAL,ANDNOTONTHESPECIFICIMPLEMENTATIONOFREGULATION,SOTHELACKOFOPERABILITYCHINASINTRODUCTIONOFTHESUPPORTSMA
41、LLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESBANKFINANCINGMEASURES,FORMACROSCOPICALGUIDANCE,THELACKOFRELATEDLAWSANDREGULATIONSSUPPORTING,COHESION,SMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESBANKFINANCINGISDIFFICULTTOOBTAINTHELEGALGUARANTEEINSECOND,THECREDITGUARANTEESYSTEMISNOTPERFECT“LAWONPROMOTINGMEDIUMANDSMALLENTERPRISES“INEIGHTEEN,NINETE
42、EN,TWENTYONTHESMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESCREDITGUARANTEEPROBLEMTOBESPECIFIED,ENCOURAGEPOSITIVEFORSMESTOPROVIDECREDITGUARANTEEFORSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,TRYINGTODECIPHERTHECOLLATERAL,GUARANTEESDIFFICULTPREDICAMENT,BUTINPRACTICETHESECURITY10COMPANYTOSPONSORFORSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESREVIEWMOREST
43、RICT,SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESITISDIFFICULTTOOBTAINTHEGUARANTEECOMPANYSGUARANTEE“LAWONPROMOTINGMEDIUMANDSMALLENTERPRISES“INTHENINETEENARTICLE“SMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISECREDITGUARANTEEMANAGEMENTMEASURESSHALLBEFORMULATEDBYTHESTATECOUNCIL“MANYYEARSPASTCREDITGUARANTEESUPPORTINGLEGISLATIONISSTILLINTHEBLANKATTHESAMETIME,THENATIONALORREGIONALREGUARANTEEMECHANISMHASNOTYETBEENESTABLISHED,GUARANTEEAGENCIESOPERATINGRISKISDIFFICULTTODISPERSEEFFECTIVELYANDDISSOLVE
