Accounting Conservatism, the Quality of Earnings, and Stock Returns【外文翻译】.doc

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1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题会计稳健性,盈利质量与股票收益资料来源HTTP/WWWJSTORORG/PSS/3068897作者STEPHENHPENMAN,XIAOJUNZHANG会计实务中的保守主义通常被声称会产生更高质量的收益。这就是说,保守主义获得较低的盈利,所以表面的这些“保守”的盈利质量更高。在本文中,我们凭经验展示,保守的会计可以产生低的收益质量。并且我们表明,股市没有出现适当的对于较低的盈利质量的定价。“盈利质量”一词含糊不清,并且被考虑到不同的解释来使用。我们通过一个希望预测未来收益的分析师的观点来研究这个问题。我们解释这个词意味着去除掉透明的非经常性项目的报告盈利是

2、高质量的,如果它是一个未来收益质量良好的指标,。因此,我们必须记住的是往往在财务分析中提到的“可持续收益”的概念。我们还认为,盈利预测是股权估值的投入。因此,我们解释市场为误解的盈利质量(价格事务所),如果失败的,获得更广泛的解释信息,看到财务报表不可持续的未来。市场效率低下的这种观点已经在过去的财报上被提到为“固定”,因此,在这些条款中,我们研究市场是否“迷恋”上公司公布的收益,因为保守会计惯例,没有察觉他们质量可疑。我们的意思是通过保守主义的会计实践中,贯彻运用保持相对较低的净资产的账面价值。因此,后进先出法存货会计相对FIFO(如果库存成本增加)是保守的费用化支出的研究与发展(RD),是

3、保守的,而资本和摊销不是保守的加速折旧方法或使用短的估计资产的生命,是保守的估计呆帐,销货退回或担保负债高津贴的政策,始终是保守的。保守的会计提出了有关资产负债表的质量的问题。但会计帐面价值,当然也影响到收益的计算。盈余质量的问题导致了保守会计的出现,因为投资的增长,收入有着不同程度的降低。但这些收益下降,创建了“隐藏储备”。隐藏储备可以增加,减少收益,增加投资。隐藏的储备可以减少创造收益,减少投资2或减少投资的增长速度。如果投资的变化是暂时的,在盈利引起的变化也是暂时的,并不影响以后的收益。有关盈利质量的文献是广泛的,通常管理财报操纵会计原则或会计估计是重点。(最近的评论,请参阅HEALY和

4、WAHLEN(1998年)。因此,举例来说,夸大收益是暂时的,估计的递延税项资产估值储备或呆帐会暂时降低。以减少盈利暂时(流血,他们在未来)的重组费用被高估。我们心目中的收益质量是驱动,而不是真正的活动。会计方法和会计估计不会改变。相反,(保守)的会计政策的一贯应用随着时间而推移,收入暂时影响(真正)的投资。操纵和盈余管理的有可能不打算管理,但是,如果打算,取得的效果是由实际经济活动和会计政策的共同作用的结果。不正当的效果是减少投资降低了投资的未来收益,但相对于保守的会计,减少投资增加了当期收益,使他们的未来收益的指标降低了。我们有两个研究问题。首先,问题是观察与保守会计相关的收益的临时变化第

5、二,股票的市场价格的暂时收益确实是不能持续的吗第一个问题的答案似乎是肯定的。第二个答案是否定的。在开展分析中,我们还开发出表明盈利质量的指标。这些指标,能够有利于财务的分析和研究。从当前投资盈利的变化预期未来收入的不同。因此,要研究收益的可持续性,我们需要专注于会计收益率,即是相对净资产,会降低新的净投资收益盈利。回报率也抓住了收益和账面价值的保守主义的影响。这个重点符合我们的分析质量参差不齐盈利的定价目的。权责发生制会计剩余收益估值模型规定可用于解释估价为目的生成的账面价值,所以形容为内在的股票价值取决于预期的回报分帐和账面净值的增长,预计盈利资产。所以价格可能会出现错误,如果市场依靠目前的

6、回报率,就会不正确地预测未来的回报率。研究人员已经推出了各种保守的会计的定义。一些像BASU(1997年),定义保守主义盈利(写下净资产)减少“坏消息”的做法,但不增加收益(和写作净资产)在回应“好消息。”在会计基础的估值文献中,从长远来看,研究人员通常指FELTHAM的和奥尔森(1995)定性为保守或“偏颇”会计报告净资产将低于市场价值期望。这一定义预期的积极净现值在历史成本中会作为保守的会计投资的会计分类,因为这些投资预计将达不到自己的价值。其他,如GJESDAL(1999),会计等,如果给他们一个账面价值产生的会计收益率大于其3成本的内部回报率,那么预计投资的会计是保守的盈利,这区别于“

7、经济效益”。因此,举例来说,保守的会计下的账面资产,其价值等于其历史成本或小于历史成本(净现值为零的投资)的做法。保守的会计与投资的增长压低了收益和会计收益率,并创建隐藏储备。投资放缓会释放隐藏的储备,并创造收益和更高的回报率。如果在投资方面的变化是暂时的,那么盈利和回报率的影响就是暂时的,可持续发展的收益质量会引起质疑。使用一个构造的保守会计指数和收益质量的指数,本文诊断了对保守会计投资的变化导致的质量较差的盈利。从目前的水平,质量指数预测的对未来的核心经营性净资产收益率的变化,因此是用来寻找低质量收益的分析工具。该文章还表明,质量分数预测股票回报率(在样本期间)会超过使用常用预测工具并推测

8、为风险代理。迹象都表明,在样本期间,股市使用保守会计并没有识破公司的收益的质量的问题。因此,在这篇文章中的字里行间,有着令人赞赏的质量分析。4外文文献原文TITLEACCOUNTINGCONSERVATISM,THEQUALITYOFEARNINGS,ANDSTOCKRETURNSMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/WWWJSTORORG/PSS/3068897AUTHORSTEPHENHPENMAN,XIAOJUNZHANGITISOFTENCLAIMEDTHATTHEPRACTICEOFCONSERVATISMINACCOUNTINGPRODUCESHIGHERQUALITYEARNIN

9、GSCONSERVATISMYIELDSLOWEREARNINGS,ITISSAID,ANDSOPRIMAFACIETHESE“CONSERVATIVE”EARNINGSAREHIGHERQUALITYINTHISPAPERWESHOW,EMPIRICALLY,THATCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGCANYIELDLOWERQUALITYEARNINGSANDWESHOWTHATTHESTOCKMARKETDOESNOTAPPEARTOPRICETHELOWERQUALITYEARNINGSAPPROPRIATELYTHETERM“QUALITYOFEARNINGS”ISVAGU

10、EANDHASBEENUSEDWITHDIFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSINMINDWEEXAMINETHEISSUEFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFANANALYSTWISHINGTOFORECASTFUTUREEARNINGSWEINTERPRETTHETERMTOMEANTHATREPORTEDEARNINGS,PURGEDOFTRANSPARENTLYEXTRAORDINARYITEMS,ISOFGOODQUALITYIFITISAGOODINDICATOROFFUTUREEARNINGSTHUSWEHAVEINMINDTHENOTIONOF“SUSTAINABL

11、EEARNINGS”THATISOFTENREFERREDTOINFINANCIALANALYSISWEALSOVIEWEARNINGSFORECASTSASANINPUTTOEQUITYVALUATIONSOWEINTERPRETTHEMARKETASMISINTERPRETINGTHEQUALITYOFEARNINGSINPRICINGFIRMSIFITFAILS,GIVENWIDERINTERPRETIVEINFORMATIONAVAILABLE,TOSEETHATREPORTEDEARNINGSISNOTSUSTAINABLEINTHEFUTURETHISVIEWOFMARKETINE

12、FFICIENCYHASBEENREFERREDTOINTHEPASTAS“FIXATION”ONREPORTEDEARNINGS,SO,INTHOSETERMS,WEEXAMINEWHETHERTHEMARKETIS“FIXATED“ONREPORTEDEARNINGS,UNAWARETHATTHEYMAYBEOFDOUBTFULQUALITYBECAUSEOFCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGPRACTICESBYCONSERVATISMWEMEANACCOUNTINGPRACTICE,CONSISTENTLYAPPLIED,THATKEEPSTHEBOOKVALUESOFNET

13、ASSETSRELATIVELYLOWSOLIFOACCOUNTINGFORINVENTORIESISCONSERVATIVERELATIVETOFIFOIFINVENTORYCOSTSAREINCREASINGEXPENSINGRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTRACCELERATEDDEPRECIATIONMETHODSAND/ORUSINGSHORTESTIMATEDASSET5LIVESARECONSERVATIVEANDPOLICIESTHATCONSISTENTLYESTIMATEHIGHALLOWANCESFORDOUBTFULACCOUNTS,SALESRETURNS

14、ORWARRANTYLIABILITIESARECONSERVATIVECONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGRAISESQUESTIONSABOUTTHEQUALITYOFTHEBALANCESHEETBUTTHEACCOUNTINGFORBOOKVALUESALSOAFFECTSTHEEARNINGSCALCULATIONOFCOURSEEARNINGSQUALITYQUESTIONSARISEWITHCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGBECAUSE,WITHGROWTHININVESTMENT,EARNINGSAREINDEEDLOWERTHANOTHERWISEBUTT

15、HESELOWEREARNINGSCREATE“HIDDENRESERVES”HIDDENRESERVESCANBEINCREASED,REDUCINGEARNINGS,BYINCREASINGINVESTMENTANDHIDDENRESERVESCANBEREDUCED,CREATINGEARNINGS,BYREDUCINGINVESTMENTORREDUCINGTHERATEOFGROWTHININVESTMENTIFTHECHANGEININVESTMENTISTEMPORARY,THEINDUCEDCHANGEINEARNINGSISALSOTEMPORARYANDNOTINDICAT

16、IVEOFSUBSEQUENTEARNINGSTHELITERATUREONEARNINGSQUALITYISEXTENSIVE,TYPICALLYFOCUSINGONMANIPULATIONOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESORACCOUNTINGESTIMATESTOMANAGEREPORTEDEARNINGSFORARECENTREVIEW,SEEHEALYANDWAHLEN1998SO,FOREXAMPLE,TOINFLATEEARNINGSTEMPORARILY,ESTIMATESOFTHEVALUATIONRESERVEFORDEFERREDTAXASSETS,OROFD

17、OUBTFULACCOUNTS,ARETEMPORARILYLOWEREDOR,TOREDUCEEARNINGSTEMPORARILYANDTOBLEEDTHEMBACKINTHEFUTUREARESTRUCTURINGCHARGEISOVERESTIMATEDTHEEARNINGSQUALITYWEHAVEINMINDISDRIVENINSTEADBYREALACTIVITYACCOUNTINGMETHODSANDESTIMATESARENOTCHANGEDRATHER,GIVENACONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGPOLICYCONSISTENTLYAPPLIEDOVERTIME

18、,EARNINGSISTEMPORARILYAFFECTEDBYREALINVESTMENTMANIPULATIONANDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTMAYORMAYNOTBEINTENDEDBYMANAGEMENTBUT,IFINTENDED,THEEFFECTISACHIEVEDBYANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEJOINTEFFECTOFREALACTIVITYANDACCOUNTINGPOLICYTHEEFFECTISPERVERSEREDUCINGINVESTMENTREDUCESFUTUREEARNINGSFROMINVESTMENTSBUT,WITHCONSERV

19、ATIVEACCOUNTING,REDUCINGINVESTMENTINCREASESCURRENTEARNINGS,MAKINGTHEMAPOORINDICATOROFFUTUREEARNINGSWEHAVETWORESEARCHQUESTIONSFIRST,ARETEMPORARYCHANGESINEARNINGSASSOCIATEDWITHCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGINDEEDOBSERVEDAND,SECOND,DOESTHESTOCKMARKETPRICETHESETEMPORARYEARNINGSASIFTHEYAREINDEEDUNSUSTAINABLETHEA

20、NSWERTOTHEFIRSTQUESTIONAPPEARSTOBEYESTHEANSWERTOTHESECONDISNOIN6CARRYINGOUTTHEANALYSISWEALSODEVELOPINDEXESTHATINDICATETHEQUALITYOFEARNINGSTHESEINDEXES,INTHEMSELVES,AREANAIDTOFINANCIALANALYSISANDRESEARCHANTICIPATEDFUTUREEARNINGSDIFFERFROMCURRENTEARNINGSWITHCHANGESININVESTMENTSO,TOEXAMINETHESUSTAINABI

21、LITYOFEARNINGS,WEFOCUSONACCOUNTINGRATESOFRETURN,THATIS,EARNINGSRELATIVETONETASSETS,THATDEFLATESEARNINGSFORNEWNETINVESTMENTTHERATEOFRETURNALSOCAPTURESTHEEFFECTOFCONSERVATISMONBOTHEARNINGSANDBOOKVALUESANDTHISFOCUSSERVESOURPURPOSEOFANALYZINGTHEPRICINGOFEARNINGSOFVARYINGQUALITYACCRUALACCOUNTINGRESIDUALI

22、NCOMEVALUATIONMODELSDICTATETHATFORECASTEDEARNINGSCANBEINTERPRETEDFORVALUATIONPURPOSESONLYWITHREFERENCETOTHEBOOKVALUESTHATGENERATETHEM,SODESCRIBEINTRINSICEQUITYVALUESASBEINGDETERMINEDBYANTICIPATEDACCOUNTINGRATESOFRETURNANDGROWTHINTHEBOOKVALUEOFNETASSETSSOPRICINGERRORSCANOCCURIFTHEMARKET,RELYINGONTHEC

23、URRENTRATEOFRETURN,FORECASTSFUTURERATESOFRETURNSINCORRECTLYRESEARCHERSHAVEINTRODUCEDAVARIETYOFDEFINITIONSOFCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGSOME,LIKEBASU1997,DEFINECONSERVATISMASTHEPRACTICEOFREDUCINGEARNINGSANDWRITINGDOWNNETASSETSINRESPONSETO“BADNEWS“BUTNOTINCREASINGEARNINGSANDWRITINGUPNETASSETSINRESPONSETO“GO

24、ODNEWS“INTHEACCOUNTINGBASEDVALUATIONLITERATURE,RESEARCHERSOFTENREFERTOFELTHAMANDOHLSON1995WHOCHARACTERIZECONSERVATIVEOR“BIASED“ACCOUNTINGASANEXPECTATIONTHATREPORTEDNETASSETSWILLBELESSTHANMARKETVALUEINTHELONGRUNTHATDEFINITIONCLASSIFIESTHEACCOUNTINGFORANTICIPATEDPOSITIVENETPRESENTVALUEINVESTMENTSATHIS

25、TORICALCOSTASCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTING,BECAUSETHOSEINVESTMENTSAREEXPECTEDTOBECARRIEDATLESSTHANTHEIRVALUEOTHERS,LIKEGJESDAL1999,DISTINGUISH“ECONOMICPROFITABILITY“FROMACCOUNTINGPROFITABILITYSUCHTHATTHEACCOUNTINGFORANTICIPATEDINVESTMENTSISCONSERVATIVEIFITGIVESTHEMACARRYINGVALUETHATYIELDSANACCOUNTINGRATEOF

26、RETURNGREATERTHANTHEINTERNALRATEOFRETURNONTHEIRCOSTSO,FOREXAMPLE,CONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGFOLLOWSTHEPRACTICEOFCARRYINGANASSETWHOSEVALUEISEQUALTOITSHISTORICALCOSTAZERONETPRESENTVALUEINVESTMENTATLESSTHANHISTORICALCOSTCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGWITHINVESTMENTGROWTHDEPRESSESEARNINGSANDACCOUNTINGRATESOFRETURN,AN

27、DCREATESHIDDENRESERVESSLOWINGOFINVESTMENT7RELEASESHIDDENRESERVES,ANDCREATESEARNINGSANDHIGHERRATESOFRETURNIFACHANGEININVESTMENTISTEMPORARY,THEEFFECTSONEARNINGSANDRATESOFRETURNARETEMPORARY,CALLINGINTOQUESTIONTHEQUALITYORSUSTAINABILITYOFEARNINGSUSINGACONSTRUCTEDCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGINDEXANDAQUALITYOFE

28、ARNINGSINDEX,THISPAPERDIAGNOSESPOORQUALITYEARNINGSTHATRESULTFROMCHANGESININVESTMENTWITHCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGTHEQUALITYINDEXFORECASTSCHANGES,FROMCURRENTLEVELS,OFFUTURECORERETURNONNETOPERATINGASSETS,SOEXANTEISANANALYSISTOOLTODISCOVEREARNINGSOFLOWQUALITYTHEPAPERALSOSHOWSTHATQUALITYSCORESPREDICTSTOCKRETURNSINTHESAMPLEPERIODOVERTHOSEFORECASTEDUSINGMEASURESCOMMONLYCONJECTUREDASRISKPROXIESTHEINDICATIONSARETHATTHESTOCKMARKETDIDNOTPENETRATETHEQUALITYOFEARNINGSOFFIRMSWITHCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGDURINGTHESAMPLEPERIODACCORDINGLYTHEREWEREREWARDSTOAQUALITYANALYSISALONGTHELINESINTHEPAPER

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