1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题尼日利亚资本结构与企业绩效19992007资料来源国际商业和管理2011年,第2期1页10010作者SIMONOKE,AFOLABI,BABATUNDE公司资本结构已经被企业用来确定企业的接受方向和定位有关的商业活动的一个标准RWEGASIRA2000。换句话说,它也是市场经济和民主的社会的关键点SULLIVAN2000。相比于前者,后者是一种更广泛的概念。那些与企业资本结构相关的问题,如管理控制、股东的保护大都是一种狭窄的观点,但沙利文2000认为,在发展中国家中形成私有化的资本结构,资本形成是极为重要的。一般情况下,公司资本结构被有组织的集合成为金融机
2、构交易中的金融工具,协助企业来寻找资金,中、短期贷款,以及包括债券交易、债券及股票工具。在资本结构下,金融机构可以分成股票和债券工具,公司业主权益是股东持有债权人债权债务的工具。资本结构也被说成是融资公司的绩效的表现形式。许多商业组织开设外部融资以至于更好地避开风险。在本研究中,我们更关心的是金融风险,尤其是伴有债务融资引入到资本结构的公司的金融风险。对于股东而言,财务风险是根据债务与资本比率来得出的。金融家和公司通过资金采购很有可能引来风险,但当第三方介入时,它就会形成一种杠杆融资。此案例表明公司的债权人无论是向公司存取或索赔的利润,公司开拓企业都会有更多的风险,反之,债权人没有索取公司的利
3、润来可以减少其风险。然而作为第一种这样的杠杆公司,它的收入期望值将会降低,第二种公司虽然也是未崛起,但收入将增加。因此这个调研的基本问题是即将崛起的公司是否会容易取得更低的期望收益。基于维护金融风险的可能性,本文在广泛调查公司的资本结构对工业绩效的影响,而专门检视了尼日利亚的情况(1)债务融资对尼日利亚的企业盈利的影响。(2)股权融资对尼日利亚的企业盈利的影响。(3)债权转股权对尼日利亚的企业盈利的影响。2由于金融资源在企业运行及业绩方面的重要性,本研究亦非常重要。关于资本结构范例和资本结构与基于尼日利亚的公司理论的相关性的辩论,本文提供了最新的证据。相关文献的回顾资本结构的公司绩效衡量的概念
4、TIANETAL,2007,由于多方面的含义,作为一个有争议的,是指大多数企业组织的财务战略问题的绩效。对企业绩效的研究源于组织理论和战略管理。绩效指标可以是财务或组织的绩效形式,如最大化资产利润,利润最大化,以及最大化股东利益最大化利润。这些都是公司效益的核心CHAKRAVARTHY1986。经营业绩,如销售和市场份额的增长,提供一个广泛的绩效定义,因为它们的焦点最终呈现为财务绩效HOFFER和SANDBERG,1987。利润效率在评估管理人员的业绩时优于成本效率。这种绩效措施更加全面,因为它旨在提高收入而不是最小化成本。因此,控制费用到最低限度。基于代理成本的股东损失从比例上更加接近用利润
5、效率衡量的会计利润的损失,它的这种假设更加合理。一些理论和实证的解释从最佳的角度来看,静态权衡理论解释了最佳的资本结构的概念,例如借款的税收优惠和财务困境成本,企业会发现借得太多。企业价值最大化在于边际收益等于边际成本,应当在曲线的顶部进行操作。图1中,对与安全,盈利的,大量避税且其资产价值能规避财务困境及严重损害的公司,曲线下方表现出相对高的负债率。静态权衡理论迅速转化为实证假说。3同样在图1中,优化债务资本结构的静态贸易假定了公司平衡了结余的边际利息避税对财务困境成本的现值。其他的研究提供了更直接的证据表明,公司朝着一个目标负债比率调整。TAGGART1977,MARSH1982,和OPL
6、ER和TITMAN1994发现证明了企业出现债务目标调整走向的回归。静态权衡理论表明,如果企业有定义好的最佳债务比率,而似乎他们的经理们在到达那个比率。另一个重要的理论解释了资本结构性能关系的代理理论,强调信息不对称的作用,因为企业的业主不能获得完整的信息和业绩不佳的原因。发生所有权和控制权的分离,这是理论的核心原则之一,引入外部投资者,并最终使管理者代表外部业主的利益。这意味着在大多数情况下,经理们在选择资本结构时恰恰相反,他们在选择财务杠杆时相比于股东财富最大化,他们对自己的福利更感兴趣。ALLEN2002影响公司业绩的主要因素之一是资本结构的存在。由于破产成本的存在,会发生恶化的回报与债
7、务的进一步使用,从而获得扣税的好处。因此,对于破4产成本的增加,有一个适当的资本结构,其高于边际债务与股权的其他替代相关利益的税收庇护。对尼日利亚的研究已经使制度化储蓄大幅增加以及利率的自由化NDEKWU,SOYIBO和ADEKANYE,1992这种政策的转变是由几个因素促使。首先,20世纪70年代和80年代初的经济冲击强调法规的限制,利率和信贷。其次,在大多数第三世界国家中,再加上外部艾滋病的减少和税收收入在经济快速发展的增长,尼日利亚的需求愈加清晰和迫切OYEJIDE1972。因此,大量有关金融政策的最新著作已经把主题放在自由化上面OLASHORE1991,SOYODE1991,1992。
8、HARRIS和RAVIV1991,认为资本结构与股东和经理双方之间的清算费用和清算获得相关。因此,企业资本结构中可能有比适用比例更多的的债务,因为它能为股东和经理双方获得好处。KRISHNAM和MOYER1997发现在回报股本回报率(ROE)上,总股本(TD/TE)相对于总债务有着明显的负面影响。另一个由GLEASON,MATHUR和MATHUR,2000做的研究,发现企业资本结构对企业的绩效措施,对资产收益率(ROA),销售增长(GSALES),税前收入(PTAX)有着消极和显著的影响。因此,在资本结构中高债务水平会降低公司的业绩。TITMAN和WESSELS1988以及RAJAN和ZING
9、ALES1995,发现了债务比率和过去的盈利能力之间很强的负相关关系。基于税收优惠,债务和财务困境成本的权衡的模型,预测出了其中的正相关关系。5外文文献原文TITLECAPITALSTRUCTUREANDINDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEINNIGERIA19992007MATERIALSOURCEINTERNATIONALBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTYEAR,2011VOL2ISSUE1PP100106AUTHORSIMONOKE,AFOLABI,BABATUNDEASACONCEPT,CORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREISRECOGNISEDASASO
10、RTOFSTRUCTUREWITHWHICHBUSINESSFIRMSRECEIVEDIRECTIONANDORIENTATIONCONCERNINGTHEIRBUSINESSACTIVITIESRWEGASIRA2000ONTHEOTHERHAND,SULLIVAN2000,SEESITASTHEHEARTOFBOTHAMARKETECONOMYANDTHEDEMOCRATICSOCIETYTHELATTERISAWIDERCONCEPTOFVIEWASWHENCOMPAREDTOTHEFORMERTHENARROWVIEWPERCEIVESCORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTURE
11、ASBEINGRELATEDTOISSUESLIKEMANAGEMENTCONTROL,SHAREHOLDERSPROTECTION,BUTSULLIVAN2000,SEESITFROMTHEPROBLEMSPRIVATISATIONHASBROUGHTINTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESOFWHICHCAPITALFORMATIONISPARAMOUNTONMOREGENERALGROUNDS,CORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREISSEENTOBEACOLLECTIONOFORGANISEDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTHATDEALINFINANC
12、IALINSTRUMENTSANDASSISTSBUSINESSFIRMSINSOURCINGFORFUNDS,BASICALLY,MEDIUMANDSHORTTERMLOANSINSTRUMENTSTRADEDINCLUDEBONDS,DEBENTURESANDSTOCKSUNDERTHECAPITALSTRUCTURE,FINANCIALFIRMSCLAIMSCANBECATEGORISEDINTOEQUITYANDDEBTINSTRUMENTS,THEOWNEROFEQUITYINSTRUMENTSARESTOCKHOLDERWHILETHEHOLDERSOFDEBTCLAIMSAREC
13、REDITORSTOTHEFIRMCAPITALSTRUCTUREISALSOSAIDTOBETHEPERFORMANCEFINANCINGOFTHEFIRMANYBUSINESSORGANISATIONTHATOPENSUPITSELFTOEXTERNALFINANCEISPRONETORISKSINTHISSTUDY,WEAREMORECONCERNEDWITHFINANCIALRISKS,WHICHISASSOCIATEDWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFDEBTFINANCINGINTOCAPITALSTRUCTUREOFTHEFIRMFINANCIALRISKTOSTOCKH
14、OLDERISBASEDONTHEDEBTTOEQUITYRATIOINFUNDSSOURCING,ITISPOSSIBLE,ITISBETWEENTHEFINANCIERANDTHEFIRM,BUTWHENATHIRDPARTYSURFACES,ITTHEN,BECOMEALEVERAGEDFINANCINGTHECASEWHEREBYAFIRMSCREDITORHASACCESSORCLAIMSONTHEEARNINGSOFTHE6FIRMS,OPENSUPTHEFIRMTOMORERISKSWHILEAFIRMINWHICHTHECREDITORHASNOCLAIMONTHEFIRMSE
15、ARNINGSREDUCESITSRISKSBUTNOWTHEFIRSTFIRM,THATIS,THELEVEREDFIRMWOULDHAVEAREDUCTIONINEXPECTEDVALUESOFEARNINGSWHERETHESECONDFIRMWHICHISTHEUNLEAVENEDFIRMWILLANTICIPATEMUCHMOREINCREASEINEARNINGSTHEBASICPROBLEMAREASOFTHISSTUDY,THEREFORE,WILLBETOFINDOUTIFLEVEREDFIRMSARESUSCEPTIBLETOLOWEREXPECTEDVALUESOFEAR
16、NINGSORNOTBASEDONTHEASSERTIONOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFFINANCIALRISKSINFIRMS,THISPAPERBROADLYINVESTIGATESTHEIMPACTOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREONINDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEINNIGERIA,WHILESPECIFICALLYEXAMINES1THEEFFECTOFDEBTFINANCINGONINDUSTRIALPROFITABILITYINNIGERIA2THEEFFECTOFEQUITYFINANCINGONINDUSTRIALPROFITABILITYINNIGER
17、IA3THEEFFECTOFDEBTEQUITYRATIOONINDUSTRIALPROFITABILITYINNIGERIATHISSTUDYISIMPORTANTBECAUSEFINANCIALRESOURCESAREPARAMOUNTINTHERUNNINGORPERFORMANCEOFANYBUSINESSENTERPRISEITWILLPROVIDERECENTEVIDENCEONTHEDEBATEOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREPARADIGMANDTHERELEVANCEOFTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREANDTHEFIRMSTHEORYINTHENIGERIANCO
18、NTEXTREVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURECONCEPTOFPERFORMANCEMEASUREINACAPITALSTRUCTUREDFIRMTIANETAL2007,EXPLAINSTHECONCEPTOFPERFORMANCEASACONTROVERSIALISSUEINTHEFINANCESTRATEGYOFMOSTCORPORATEORGANISATIONSDUETOITSMULTIDIMENSIONALMEANINGSRESEARCHONFIRMPERFORMANCEEMANATESFROMORGANISATIONTHEORYANDSTRATEGICMANAGEM
19、ENTMURPHYETAL,1996PERFORMANCEMEASURECOULDBEINFORMOFFINANCIALORORGANISATIONALPERFORMANCESSUCHASMAXIMIZINGPROFITONASSETS,PROFITMAXIMIZATION,ANDMAXIMIZINGSHAREHOLDERSBENEFITSTHESEAREATTHECOREOFTHEFIRMSEFFECTIVENESSCHAKRAVARTHY1986OPERATIONALPERFORMANCESUCHASGROWTHINSALESANDGROWTHINMARKETSHARE,PROVIDEAB
20、ROADDEFINITIONOFPERFORMANCEASTHEYFOCUSONTHEFACTORSTHATULTIMATELYLEADTOFINANCIALPERFORMANCEHOFFERANDSANDBERG,1987PROFITEFFICIENCYISSUPERIORTOCOSTEFFICIENCYFOREVALUATINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFMANAGERSTHISPERFORMANCEMEASUREISMOREEMBRACEDBECAUSEITSEEKSTORAISE7REVENUEAGAINSTMINIMUMCOSTS,HENCE,CONTROLLINGCOSTSTO
21、ITSBARESTMINIMUMITSEEMSREASONABLETOASSUMETHATSHAREHOLDERSLOSSESFROMAGENCYCOSTSARECLOSETOPROPORTIONALTHELOSSESOFACCOUNTINGPROFITSTHATAREMEASUREDBYPROFITEFFICIENCYSOMETHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALEXPLANATIONSTHESTATICTRADEOFFTHEORYEXPLAINSTHECONCEPTOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREFROMTHEOPTIMUMPOINTOFVIEW,THATISOPTIMUMRE
22、QUIRESATRADEOFF,FOREXAMPLEBETWEENTHETAXADVANTAGESOFBORROWEDMONEYANDTHECOSTOFFINANCIALDISTRESSWHENTHEFIRMSFINDOUTITHASBORROWEDTOOMUCHAVALUEMAXIMISINGFIRMWOULDEQUATEBENEFITANDCOSTATTHEMARGIN,ANDOPERATEATTHETOPOFTHECURVEINTHEFIGURE1,BELOWTHECURVEWOULDTOPOUTATRELATIVELYHIGHDEBTRATIOSFORSAFE,PROFITABLEFI
23、RMSWITHPLENTYOFTAXESTOSHIELDANDASSETSWHOSEVALUESESCAPESERIOUSDAMAGEINFINANCIALDISTRESSSTATICTRADEOFFTHEORYQUICKLYTRANSLATESTOEMPIRICALHYPOTHESISALSOINTHESAMEFIGURE1THESTATICTRADEOPTIMUMOFOPTIMALDEBTCAPITALSTRUCTUREASSUMESTHATFIRMBALANCESTHEMARGINALPRESENTVALUEOFINTERESTTAXSHIELDSAGAINSTTHECOSTOFFINA
24、NCIALDISTRESS8OTHERSTUDIESPROVIDEMOREDIRECTEVIDENCETHATFIRMSADJUSTTOWARDSATARGETDEBTRATIOTAGGART1977,MARSH1982,ANDOPLERANDTITMAN1994FINDMEANREVERSIONINDEBTRATIOSOREVIDENCETHATFIRMSAPPEARTOADJUSTTOWARDDEBTTARGETSSTATICTRADEOFFTHEORYSUGGESTSTHATIFCOMPANIESDIDHAVEWELLDEFINEDOPTIMALDEBTRATIOS,ITSEEMSTHA
25、TTHEIRMANAGERSWERENOTINTERESTEDINGETTINGTHEREANOTHERIMPORTANTTHEORETICALEXPLANATIONTOCAPITALSTRUCTUREPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIPISTHEAGENCYTHEORYWHICHEMPHASISESTHEROLEOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONBECAUSEOWNERSOFCOMPANIESDONOTHAVEACCESSTOFULLINFORMATIONONPERFORMANCEORTHEREASONFORUNDERPERFORMANCETHESEPARATIONOF
26、OWNERSHIPANDCONTROL,WHICHISONEOFTHECOREPRINCIPLESOFTHETHEORY,OCCURSASARESULTOFTHEINTRODUCTIONOFEXTERNALINVESTORS,ANDWHICHEVENTUALLYALLOWMANAGERSTOREPRESENTTHEINTERESTOFTHEEXTERNALOWNERSTHISIMPLIESTHATTHEMANAGERSINMOSTCASESARENOTINTERESTEDINCHOOSINGTHECAPITALSTRUCTURE,THATIS,FINANCIALLEVERAGETHATBEST
27、MAXIMIZESTHEWEALTHOFTHESHAREHOLDERSRATHER,THEYAREINTERESTEDINMAXIMIZINGTHEIROWNWELFAREALLEN2002ONEOFTHEMAINFACTORSTHATINFLUENCEFIRMSPERFORMANCEISTHEEXISTENCEOFCAPITALSTRUCTURESINCEBANKRUPTCYCOSTEXISTS,DETERIORATINGRETURNSOCCURWITHFURTHERUSEOFDEBTINORDERTOGETTHEBENEFITSOFTAXDEDUCTIONTHEREFORE,THEREIS
28、ANAPPROPRIATECAPITALSTRUCTUREBEYONDWHICHINCREASESINBANKRUPTCYCOSTAREHIGHERTHANTHEMARGINALTAXSHELTERINGBENEFITSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEADDITIONALSUBSTITUTIONOFDEBTFOREQUITYSTUDIESONNIGERIAHAVEESTABLISHEDTHATINSTITUTIONALIZEDSAVINGSINCREASEDSUBSTANTIALLYWITHTHEINTERESTRATELIBERALIZATIONNDEKWU,SOYIBOANDADEKAN
29、YE,1992THISSHIFTINPOLICYWASPROMPTEDBYSEVERALFACTORSFIRST,THEECONOMICSHOCKSOFTHE1970SANDEARLY1980SUNDERSCOREDTHELIMITATIONSOFREGULATIONSONINTERESTRATESANDCREDITSECOND,THENEEDFORRAPIDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINMOSTTHIRDWORLDCOUNTRIESOFWHICHNIGERIAISONEWASBECOMINGCLEARANDURGENTWITHTHEDWINDLINGTAXREVENUECOUPL
30、EDWITHEXTERNALAIDSOYEJIDE1972CONSEQUENTLY,ALARGEPROPORTIONOFRECENTWRITINGSABOUTFINANCIALPOLICIESHAVEALSOBEENONTHETHEMEOFLIBERALIZATIONOLASHORE1991,SOYODE1991,19929HARRISANDRAVIV1991,ARGUEDTHATCAPITALSTRUCTUREISRELATEDTOTHETRADEOFFBETWEENCOSTSOFLIQUIDATIONANDTHEGAINFROMLIQUIDATIONTOBOTHSHAREHOLDERSAN
31、DMANAGERSSO,FIRMSMAYHAVEMOREDEBTINTHEIRCAPITALSTRUCTURETHANISSUITABLEASITGAINSBENEFITSFORBOTHSHAREHOLDERSANDMANAGERSKRISHNAMANDMOYER,1997FOUNDANEGATIVEANDSIGNIFICANTIMPACTOFTOTALDEBTTOTOTALEQUITYTD/TEONRETURNONEQUITYROEANOTHERSTUDYBYGLEASON,MATHURANDMATHUR,2000FOUNDTHATFIRMSCAPITALSTRUCTUREHASANEGAT
32、IVEANDSIGNIFICANTIMPACTONFIRMSPERFORMANCEMEASURES,RETURNONASSETSROA,GROWTHINSALESGSALES,ANDPRETAXINCOMEPTAXTHEREFORE,HIGHLEVELSOFDEBTINTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREWOULDDECREASETHEFIRMSPERFORMANCEKEST,1986TITMANANDWESSELS1988ANDRAJANANDZINGALES1995FINDSTRONGNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEBTRATIOSANDPASTPROFITABILITYMODELSBASEDONTRADEOFFOFTAXBENEFIT,DEBTANDTHECOSTOFFINANCIALDISTRESSPREDICTSAPOSITIVERELATION