1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题资本结构,股利政策,跨国经营理论与实证研究资料来源国际金融分析201001作者阿加沃尔,瑞吉,昂山31影响资本结构和股利政策的因素我们应该注意资本结构,股利政策的影响因素的研究,以便控制这些变量来减少跨国资本结构和股利政策的冲击。这些变量必须立足于现存的资本结构和股利政策理论和实证证据上。莫迪格雷尼和米勒1958在这一领域提出了著名的理论,在一个高效的市场,没有税收,破产成本的世界,一个公司的价值与资本结构没有关系。这一理论已被修改并扩展,资本结构不仅影响税收和破产成本,而且还涉及到现实世界中的代理问题,信息不对称,道德风险成本,以及其其他市场上的摩擦和偏
2、离。311经营杠杆和其他影响一个企业的经营杠杆反映其经营风险。具有较高的经营杠杆企业面临更高的破产风险,那么它应该具有较低的财务杠杆。然而,较高的经营杠杆通常伴随较高水平的固定资产水平该资产比例确实被广泛地应用在学术中作为衡量经营杠杆的工具。一个公司的固定资产水平应与经营杠杆正相关,这些资产可以作为贷款的抵押物(郎和佛雷德,1988;隆和玛丽兹,1985)。詹森,索伯格和佐恩1992实证证明了资产用作抵押具有积极的影响。纳税筹划也是很重要的,高水平的纳税筹划意味着较低的负债水平金和索伦森,1986。由于体制的不同,经理,银行家,金融家对公司风险,资本结构和股利政策的期望可能随企业规模和行业分类
3、的不同而不同。312权衡理论在平衡理论中,资本结构的决策取决于公司能否高效地利用自身的的债务。如果破产成本高于税务及其他负债使用成本则显示负债被较好地利用(金和索伦森,1986;格雷厄姆,2000)。因此,权衡理论认为财务杠杆系数和破产成本之间呈负相关关系,财务杠杆系数和边际税率呈正相关关系(朗斯福,1995;2克洛伊德,林博和罗宾逊,1997)。根据约塞夫1982的说法,高风险企业支付较低的股利,且指出说明股息与破产费用和一个公司所使用的债务数额之间存在负相关关系。313代理成本的影响由于管理层可以运用多余的现金流为自己谋利,而这样会减少公司价值,这便产生了代理成本的问题(莫迪格雷尼和米勒,
4、1976)。为了保持企业管理上的最佳状态,具有较高的现金流的企业应该使用更高的杠杆财务。罗斯1977在非对称信息模型中也指出,负债和公司的盈利能力呈正相关关系。代理理论还表明,有高增长机会的公司将缺少控制债务提高盈利的能力;史图斯1990指出由于投资不足的问题,具有高增长机会的公司应持有更少的债务。张1992认为具有高盈利能力的公司在资本结构中使用更多的债务来控制投资额。管理层派息的问题类似于的代理成本存在于资本结构中的问题。在詹森和麦克林1976,詹森1986代理模式中,当管理人员和股东之间的利益存在冲突时,股利和债务有助于控制过度投资的代理成本。因此,代理成本与企业现金流呈正相关的关系,与
5、股利支付水平呈负相关的关系。根据罗斯1977的信号假说,具有高盈利的公司也将有更高的分红来体现公司的可信度。然而,伊斯特布鲁克1984说具有较高的增长机会的公司将减少股息支付,尤其是当有一条可替代融资渠道出现时。314啄食顺序理论融资优序模型(梅耶斯和麦吉拉夫,1984)认为,由于交易成本和信息不对称的原因,企业融资倾向于留存收益,然后再先后是安全的债务,高风险的债务与最终权益。根据这一啄序模型,高盈利的企业应持有有较低杠杆率的和较短期限的负债,而不是长期的,支出性的投资。在融资优序模型的简单版本,具有很高的投资和增长机会的公司预计将有较高的杠杆比率(在这样的条件下,投资比使用内部资本更优)。
6、在一个融资优序模式复杂的版本,具有很高的投资和发展机会的公司将考虑在当前以及未来的融资中降低负债比率。与自由现金流代理理论相比,梅耶斯和麦吉拉夫1984预测,大量的现金流将会降低杠杆率。啄食顺序理论还预测,随着未来高增长机会的公司应支付较低的股利。希亚姆和梅耶斯1999引入资金赤字模型来检验企业的资本结构啄食理论假说。他们认为,除非达到或接近其债务能力,否则由啄食理论可知赤字将会产3生新的的债务问题。因此,我们通过赤字和杠杆率之间的关系来预测企业债务任然处在其债务能力之中。32相互依存关系资本结构和股利政策上面讨论的许多因素已被证明不仅影响资本结构,而且还影响股息政策。伊斯特布鲁克1984指出
7、,股息的存在是因为它们诱导公司发行新的证券,影响公司的股利决策与企业的融资决策。直观地说,公司的派息率确定其保留比例和其资本结构。此外,鉴于啄食顺序理论的实证证据支持,企业的负债水平应与现金流量和股利政策相关。事实上,因为股利政策和资本结构存在依存关系,资本结构的实证研究,尤其是对跨国公司的影响可能有误,除非它们包括股利政策的评估。股息和资本结构之间的相互依存关系具有相当多的证据。例如,与啄食顺序假说一致,阿迪1998认为,如果企业通过贷款来支付,因为不愿削减股息红利而造成收入短缺,财务杠杆可能与股利支付率呈正相关关系,推迟资助或降低投资取决于企业是否投资或贷款。这个假设债务与派息的关系实证经
8、验了巴斯金1989的研究。因此,根据啄食顺序假说,企业资本结构与股息政策呈正相关关系。另一方面,詹森1986推测,股息和债务来控制现金流量是控制代理成本的替代机制。乔和阿格拉瓦尔1994支持詹森的假说。他们发现,所有股权投资公司股利支付率水平显著高于公司对照组。詹森1992假定具有高股利支付债务融资的公司可能会发现小于股权融资导致债务与股息负相关的现象。正如有关派息政策阿伦和麦克瓦2002全面的调查指出,当企业支付其他固定资产融资费时他们可能不想支付高股息。因此,虽然债务的比例和股利政策的关系不明确,不过,企业的资本结构决策和股息政策是同时进行的。因此,任何跨国公司资本结构的影响,必须考虑股利
9、政策的影响。由变量测试而得出的本质性质,研究利用联立方程模型来研究美国公司的股息支付率与资本结构的相互依存关系。诺瓦尼亚和摩根1996运用三阶段最小二乘法(3SLS)对1986年1988年之间美国公司的数据进行实证研究,发现股利政策只与公司的资本结构决策具有同时性,其中企业对红利发放的控制也是适当的。然而,他们没有拿出证据来证实跨国公司资本结构和股利政策的相互依存关系。4简短地回顾上述论点,我们可以看到资本结构和股利政策的决定可能会在实践中同时进行。研究跨国资本结构与企业关系的研究,必须包含两个变量,确定债务比率和股利支付率。基于对资本结构和股利政策的理论和实证证据,我们估计出债务,股息和跨国
10、公司关系这几个特定变量。5外文文献原文TITLECAPITALSTRUCTURE,DIVIDENDPOLICY,ANDMULTINATIONALTHEORYVERSUSEMPIRICALEVIDENCEMATERIALSOURCEINTERNATIONALREVIEWOFFINANCIALANALYSIS201001AUTHORAGGARWAL,RAJKYAW,NYONYOAUNG31FACTORSINFLUENCINGCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPOLICYITISIMPORTANTTOEXAMINETHEFACTORSTHATIMPACTCAPITALSTRUCT
11、UREANDDIVIDENDPOLICYSOTHATAPPROPRIATECONTROLVARIABLESCANBEINCLUDEDINTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHEIMPACTOFMULTINATIONALONCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPOLICYTHELISTOFTHESECONTROLVARIABLESMUSTBEBASEDONEXTANTTHEORIESANDEMPIRICALEVIDENCERELATEDTOCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPOLICYTHEORIESINTHESEAREASGENERALLYSTARTWITH
12、THEWELLKNOWNRESULTSPRESENTEDINMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958NOTETHATINANEFFICIENTMARKETSWORLDWITHNOTAXESORBANKRUPTCYCOSTS,THEVALUEOFAFIRMISINVARIANTTOITSCAPITALSTRUCTURETHISTHEORYHASSINCEBEENMODIFIEDANDEXTENDEDSOTHATCAPITALSTRUCTUREDOESMATTERTOINCLUDENOTONLYTHEIMPACTOFTAXESANDBANKRUPTCYCOSTS,BUTALSOTHEREAL
13、WORLDCOSTSRELATEDTOAGENCYPROBLEMS,ASYMMETRICINFORMATION,MORALHAZARD,ANDOTHERFRICTIONSANDDEVIATIONSFROMPERFECTMARKETS311OPERATINGLEVERAGEANDOTHERINFLUENCESTHEOPERATINGLEVERAGEOFAFIRMREFLECTSITSBUSINESSRISKFIRMSWITHHIGHEROPERATINGLEVERAGEFACEHIGHERBANKRUPTCYPROBABILITIESANDSHOULDHAVELOWERFINANCIALLEVE
14、RAGEHOWEVER,HIGHEROPERATINGLEVERAGEISGENERALLYASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFFIXEDTANGIBLEASSETSINDEEDTHEPROPORTIONOFSUCHASSETSISWIDELYUSEDINTHELITERATUREASAMEASUREOFOPERATINGLEVERAGEAFIRMSLEVELOFFIXEDASSETSSHOULDBEASSOCIATEDPOSITIVELYWITHLEVERAGEASHIGHLEVELSOFSUCHASSETSCANBEUSEDASCOLLATERALFORLOANSFRI
15、ENDLONGGRAHAM,2000THEREFORE,THETRADEOFFTHEORYSUGGESTSANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLEVERAGEANDBANKRUPTCYCOSTSANDAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLEVERAGEANDFIRMSMARGINALTAXRATELASFER,1995CLOYD,LIMBERG,ROBINSON,1997ACCORDINGTOROZEFF1982,RISKIERFIRMSPAYOUTLOWERDIVIDENDSINDICATINGANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEEND
16、IVIDENDS,BANKRUPTCYCOSTS,ANDTHEAMOUNTOFDEBTUSEDBYAFIRM313IMPACTOFAGENCYCOSTSAVAILABILITYOFFREECASHFLOWCREATESANAGENCYPROBLEMSINCEMANAGERSCANUSESOMEOFTHEFREECASHAVAILABLEFORTHEIROWNBENEFIT,THEREBYDECREASINGTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMJENSENMECKLING,1976TOPROTECTAGAINSTTHISMANAGERIALSUBOPTIMALBEHAVIOR,FIRMSWITHH
17、IGHERLEVELOFCASHFLOWSHOULDUSEHIGHERLEVERAGETHEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONMODELOFROSS1977ALSONOTESTHATTHERESHOULDBEAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENUSEDEBTANDTHEFIRMSPROFITABILITYAGENCYTHEORYALSOINDICATESTHATFIRMSWITHHIGHERGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESWILLHOLDLESSDEBTCONTROLLINGFORPROFITABILITYANDSTULZ1990NOTESTHATDUETOT
18、HEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEM,FIRMSWITHHIGHGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESSHOULDHOLDLESSDEBTCHANG1992CONTENDSTHATFIRMSWITHHIGHPROFITABILITYUSEMOREDEBTINITSCAPITALSTRUCTURECONTROLLINGFORINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESTHEAGENCYISSUEINDIVIDENDPAYOUTDECISIONSISSIMILARTOCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSINTHEPRESENCEOFAGENCYCOSTSINAGENCY
19、MODELOFJENSENANDMECKLING1976ANDJENSEN1986,DIVIDENDSANDDEBTHELPCONTROLTHEAGENCYCOSTSOFOVERINVESTMENTIFTHEREARECONFLICTSOFINTERESTSBETWEENMANAGERSANDSTOCKHOLDERS7THUS,AGENCYCOSTSPREDICTAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENFIRMSFREECASHFLOWANDPAYMENTOFDIVIDENDSACCORDINGTOTHESIGNALINGHYPOTHESISOFROSS1977,FIRMSWITHHI
20、GHPROFITABILITYWILLALSOPAYOUTMOREDIVIDENDSASCOSTLYCREDIBLESIGNALSHOWEVER,FIRMSWITHHIGHERGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESWILLPAYOUTLESSDIVIDENDSESPECIALLYWHENTHEREISANAVAILABLEALTERNATIVEDEBTASAMONITORINGTECHNIQUEEASTERBROOK,1984314PECKINGORDERTHEORYTHEPECKINGORDERMODELMYERSMAJLUF,1984CONTENDSTHATBECAUSEOFTRANSAC
21、TIONCOSTSANDINFORMATIONASYMMETRY,FIRMSFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSFIRSTWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,THENSUCCESSIVELYWITHSAFEDEBT,RISKYDEBTANDFINALLYWITHEQUITYACCORDINGTOTHISPECKINGORDERMODEL,MOREPROFITABLEFIRMSSHOULDHAVELOWERLEVERAGEANDLOWERSHORTTERM,BUTNOTLONGTERM,PAYOUTCONTROLLINGFORINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESINASIM
22、PLEVERSIONOFTHEPECKINGORDERMODEL,FIRMSWITHHIGHINVESTMENTANDGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESAREPREDICTEDTOHAVEHIGHLEVERAGEONTHECONDITIONTHATINVESTMENTISMORETHANTHEINTERNALCAPITALINAMORECOMPLEXVERSIONOFPECKINGORDERMODEL,FIRMSWITHHIGHINVESTMENTANDGROWTHOPPORTUNITYWILLCARRYLOWLEVERAGETAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONCURRENTAS
23、WELLASFUTUREFINANCINGCOSTSINCONTRASTWITHTHEAGENCYTHEORYOFFREECASHFLOW,MYERSANDMAJLUF1984PREDICTTHATLEVERAGEDECREASESWITHTHEHIGHERLEVELOFFREECASHFLOWPECKINGORDERTHEORYALSOPREDICTSTHATFIRMSWITHHIGHFUTUREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESSHOULDPAYOUTLOWERDIVIDENDSSHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999INTRODUCEAFUNDINGDEFICITMODELTO
24、TESTTHEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESISOFFIRMSCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEYARGUETHAT,EXCEPTFORFIRMSATORNEARTHEIRDEBTCAPACITY,PECKINGORDERPREDICTSTHATTHEDEFICITSWILLBEFILLEDENTIRELYWITHNEWDEBTISSUESTHEREFORE,WECANEXPECTAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENFUNDINGDEFICITANDLEVERAGEASSUMINGTHATTHEFIRMSARESTILLBELOWTHEIRDEBTCAPACI
25、TY32INTERDEPENDENCEBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPOLICYMANYOFTHEFACTORSDISCUSSEDABOVEHAVEBEENSHOWNTOINFLUENCENOTONLYCAPITALSTRUCTUREBUTALSODIVIDENDPOLICYEASTERBROOK1984DOCUMENTSTHATDIVIDENDSEXISTSBECAUSETHEYINDUCEFIRMSTOFLOATNEWSECURITIESSUGGESTINGTHAT8FIRMSDIVIDENDDECISIONSLINKEDTOFIRMSFINANCIN
26、GDECISIONSINTUITIVELY,ITISCLEARTHATTHEFIRMSPAYOUTRATIODETERMINESITSRETENTIONRATIOAND,THUS,ITSCAPITALSTRUCTUREFURTHER,GIVENTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEINSUPPORTOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORY,CORPORATEDEBTLEVELSSHOULDBERELATEDTOTHECASHFLOWSRETAINEDBYAFIRMANDTOITSDIVIDENDPOLICYINDEED,BECAUSEOFTHEINTERDEPENDENCEBETWEE
27、NDIVIDENDPOLICYANDCAPITALSTRUCTURE,EMPIRICALSTUDIESOFCAPITALSTRUCTURE,INCLUDINGTHOSETHATFOCUSONTHEIMPACTOFFIRMMULTINATIONAL,AREMOSTLIKELYMISSSPECIFIEDUNLESSTHEYINCLUDEANASSESSMENTOFDIVIDENDPOLICYTHEREISCONSIDERABLEEVIDENCEOFTHISINTERDEPENDENCEBETWEENDIVIDENDSANDCAPITALSTRUCTUREFOREXAMPLE,CONSISTENTW
28、ITHTHEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESIS,ADEDEJI1998SUGGESTSTHATIFFIRMSRESPONDTOEARNINGSSHORTAGESBYBORROWINGTOPAYDIVIDENDSBECAUSEOFRELUCTANCETOCUTDIVIDENDS,FINANCIALLEVERAGEMAYHAVEAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPWITHDIVIDENDPAYOUTRATIO,ANDAPOSITIVEORNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPWITHINVESTMENTSDEPENDINGONWHETHERFIRMSBORROWTOFINANCE
29、INVESTMENTSORPOSTPONE/REDUCETHEINVESTMENTSTHISHYPOTHESIZEDPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEBTANDDIVIDENDPAYOUTISEMPIRICALLYCONFIRMEDINBASKIN1989THUS,ACCORDINGTOPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESIS,CORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREISPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOITSDIVIDENDPOLICYONTHEOTHERHAND,JENSEN1986HYPOTHESIZESTHATDIVIDENDSANDDEBTA
30、RESUBSTITUTEMECHANISMSFORCONTROLLINGAGENCYCOSTSOFFREECASHFLOWSEMPIRICALFINDINGOFAGRAWALANDJAYARAMAN1994SUPPORTSJENSENSHYPOTHESISTHEYFINDTHATDIVIDENDPAYOUTRATIOSOFASAMPLEOFALLEQUITYFIRMSARESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANTHOSEOFACONTROLGROUPOFLEVEREDFIRMSJENSENETAL1992POSITSTHATFIRMSWITHHIGHDIVIDENDPAYOUTSMIG
31、HTFINDDEBTFINANCINGLESSATTRACTIVETHANEQUITYFINANCINGLEADINGTOANEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENDEBTANDDIVIDENDSASNOTEDINTHECOMPREHENSIVESURVEYONPAYOUTPOLICYBYALLENANDMICHAELY2002,FIRMSALSOMIGHTNOTWANTTOPAYHIGHDIVIDENDSWHENTHEYAREOBLIGATEDTOPAYHIGHLEVELSOFOTHERFIXEDFINANCECHARGESTHUS,WHILETHEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEBT
32、RATIODIVIDENDPOLICYRELATIONSHIPISNOTCLEAR,ITISCLEARTHATCORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREISDETERMINEDSIMULTANEOUSLYWITHITS9DIVIDENDPOLICYCONSEQUENTLY,ANYEXAMINATIONOFTHEIMPACTOFMULTINATIONALONCAPITALSTRUCTUREMUSTACCOUNTFORTHEIMPACTOFDIVIDENDPOLICYRECOGNIZINGTHEENDOGENOUSNATUREOFSOMEOFTHEVARIABLESBEINGTESTED,
33、SOMESTUDIESDOUSESIMULTANEOUSEQUATIONMODELSTOSTUDYTHEINTERDEPENDENCEBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPAYOUTRATIOSOFUSFIRMSNORONHA,SHOME,ANDMORGAN1996APPLYTHREESTAGELEASTSQUARES3SLSTESTSTOINVESTIGATETHESIMULTANEITYBETWEENDIVIDENDANDCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSOFTHEUSFIRMSFORTHEPERIODOF19861988ANDFINDTHA
34、TTHEDEBTDIVIDENDSIMULTANEITYISOBSERVEDEMPIRICALLYONLYFORTHESUBSAMPLEINWHICHTHEMONITORINGRATIONALEFORDIVIDENDSISAPPROPRIATEHOWEVER,THEYDONOTEXAMINETHECAPITALSTRUCTUREDIVIDENDPOLICYINTERDEPENDENCEFORMULTINATIONALFIRMSASTHISBRIEFREVIEWSHOWS,CAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPOLICYARELIKELYTOBEDETERMINEDSIMULT
35、ANEOUSLYINPRACTICEASTUDYOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDFIRMMULTINATIONALMUSTTHEREFOREINCLUDEVARIABLESTHATDETERMINEBOTHDEBTRATIOSANDDIVIDENDPAYOUTRATIOSBASEDONTHETHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALEVIDENCESONCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDDIVIDENDPOLICY,WEENUMERATETHESPECIFICVARIABLESUSEDHEREINESTIMATINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEBT,DIVIDENDS,ANDFIRMMULTINATIONAL