1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题欧洲最大企业的所有者权益结构和经济效益资料来源STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL作者STEENTHOMSENANDTORBENPEDERSEN1简介总所周知的是所有权结构对公司治理与绩效都具有重要意义(1994年;施莱弗和维什尼,1997)。集中在代理理论中的战略管理的文献,它将作为所有制结构与经济绩效多元化战略(奥斯瓦尔德和杰赫拉,1991;李和西蒙利,1998;戈登杰拉福克和夏皮罗,1998)联系起来的一个重要的中介变量(例如,艾米赫德和列弗,1981年;贝格,1995年;伯特利和利贝斯金德,1993年;霍斯克金森,约翰逊和莫索尔,1
2、994;坎内拉和鲁伯特金,1998)。这些研究检验并普遍支持代理理论的预测(詹森和麦克林,1976;詹森,1986)即所有权和控制权分离有利于管理的激励和经营的多样化(或减少股东价值的其他活动),但大股东可以向管理者施加压力以减少多元化和增加公司的经济表现。虽然以前的研究的重点已在所有者和经营者代理关系之间,本文提出并支持的假设,即业主的身份是一个对所有权结构与企业战略和绩效都具有重要意义的角色,但可以忽略。鉴于股权集中度衡量的是股东权力对管理者的影响程度,业主的身份对他们的目标和行使他们权力的方式产生影响,并反映在公司战略方面,而这些表现为利润目标,股息,资本结构,成长率。我们借鉴亨利汉斯曼
3、(1988,1996)和其他方面的合作,制定有关所有者身份后果的假设。我们进一步认为,在评价企业战略和业绩时,无论是所有权的集中程度还是所有者身份的问题,都需要加以考虑。在对一个欧洲435家最大的公司的研究中,我们发现股权集中度与经济绩效之间的关系是非线性的(莫克,施莱弗和维什尼,1988),以至于当所有权的集中度超过一定点时,会导致绩效下降。第二,我们提出并支持一个假设,即大业主的身份是非常重要的,无论他们是创始家族的成员,银行,机构投资者,其他非金融公司或政府(尼克李特斯,1997)。第三,我们发现,股权集中度与所有者的身份的影响取决于系统的影响(戈登杰拉福克和夏皮罗,1998)。2我们的
4、研究结果表明,在最大的欧洲公司中,为建立更合适的股权结构和公司之间的战略,为可以获得很大的收益,它们通过重组获得股权结构。战略管理者作为一个活跃的角色可以通过影响私有化的决定,上市或拆除商业团体,来发挥积极作用。此外,他还能预示公司的策略是否能够与所有制结构相匹配。例如,良好的成本领先战略对利用规模经济为基础的战略似乎更符合机构投资者的目标。同样,以组织成长为基础的企业,成长战略比一个风险较高的并购战略更符合家族持股企业。关键是企业战略必须适应大股东的目标。2股权结构、战略与绩效回顾过去的基于代理理论的研究,该理论已占据公司治理研究的主导地位(施莱弗和维什尼,1997)。该理论分析了所有者(业
5、主)和代理人(经理)之间的关系,该标准假设是,所有者(业主)渴望利润(或股东价值)最大化,而经理人渴望其他权益(高补偿,低层次的努力,消费偏好,帝国大厦等)。可能性所有者或业主除了利润最大化还有其他目标的可能性在这节中很少考虑,但将在下一节中进行分析。代理理论的研究不仅研究业主和管理人员之间的冲突造成的影响,而且还研究多元化战略,以及促使管理者利润最大化的控制机制。近期战略管理研究一直关注着在多元化战略研究中的两个问题,高层管理者因为要规避风险(费用偏好与帝国大厦)(例如,巷等,1998;李和西蒙,1998;戈登杰拉福克和夏皮罗,1998),所以被假定在费公偏袒等方面会出于个人利益而造成企业利
6、益的损失。不管怎样所有权可能抵消企业的多样化,并增加股东价值。一篇开创性的作者为列弗(1981)的论文发现,被大股东控制的公司是不太可能做出不相关的兼并和收购的决策,而这个决策可能是降低企业价值的。虽然巷等(1998)最近对代理理论提出争议,但是其他研究机构支持代理理论。例如,希尔(1989)和霍斯金森等(1994)发现,股东的影响(大大股东持股比例)是与产品多样化呈负相关的。丹尼斯,丹尼斯和阿图李亚1998)认为代理问题应该对企业保值,减少多元化战略负责。此外,股权结构与重组或剥离关系的研究支持了该代理理论的观点。伯特利和利贝斯金德(1993)发现,大股东在财富500强企业(19801987
7、)有增加的趋势吉布斯(1993)报告说,重组似乎被代理成本(免费的现金流,管理和收购威胁)激发。贝格(1995)发现,所有权经营单位。公司治理研究的其他流派更关心促使管理者去实现利润最大化的控制机制,例如,监控系统(阿尔奇安和德姆塞茨,1972),管理层持股(詹森和麦克林,1976),管理劳动力市场(法玛,1980),债务压力(詹森,1989)或产品的市场竞争(哈特,1983)。在这些文章中,选择一个私人最优股权结构来使风险与激励效率达到某种平衡(詹森和麦克林,1976;3法玛和詹森,1983;德姆塞茨,1983;施莱弗和维什尼,1997)。照此计算,大股东有较强的动机去监督经理并且有更多的权
8、力来达到他们的利益,这应增加管理人员的倾向,使股东价值最大化。但一般来讲,业主的投资风险也将增加所有权份额。在某种程度上,在公司特定风险下的那些公司将改变私人最优股权比例。此外,私营企业实施的本性和复杂性也可能有所不同,这将影响监测私营企业股东价值的边际效应;(例如,德姆塞茨和莱恩,1985;泽克豪泽和邦德,1990;李和塞玛丽,1998)。最后,股权集中度与经济绩效之间的关系不一定是统一的(法玛和詹森,1983;莫克等,1988;施莱弗和维什尼,1997)。法玛和詹森(1983)表明,超过一定水平的管理权将使经理地位更巩固并且侵占小股东财富。4外文文献原文TITLEOWNERSHIPSTRU
9、CTUREANDECONOMICPERFORMANCEINTHELARGESTEUROPEANCOMPANIESMATERIALSOURCESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNALAUTHORSTEENTHOMSENANDTORBENPEDERSENINTRODUCTIONITISNOWWELLUNDERSTOODTHATOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREHASIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONSFORCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDPERFORMANCESHORT,1994SHLEIFERANDVISHNY,1997THESTRATEGICMANAGEMENT
10、LITERATUREHASFOCUSEDONAGENCYTHEORYASALINKBETWEENOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDECONOMICPERFORMANCEOSWALDANDJARHEAD,1991LIANDSIMERLY,1998GEDAJLOVICHANDSHAPIRO,1998WITHDIVERSIFICATIONSTRATEGYASANIMPORTANTINTERMEDIARYVARIABLEEG,AMIHUDANDLEV,1981BERGH,1995BETHELANDLAMBSKIN,1993HOCKESSIN,JOHNSONANDMORSEL,1994LANE,
11、CANELLAANDLIBATION,1998THESESTUDIESEXAMINEANDGENERALLYSUPPORTTHEPREDICTIONSOFAGENCYTHEORYJENSENANDMECKLING,1976JENSEN,1986THATTHESEPARATIONOFOWNERSHIPANDCONTROLPROVIDESMANAGERIALINCENTIVESFORDIVERSIFICATIONOROTHERACTIVITIESTHATREDUCESHAREHOLDERVALUE,BUTTHATLARGESHAREHOLDERSCANPRESSUREMANAGERSTOREDUC
12、EDIVERSIFICATIONANDINCREASECOMPANYECONOMICPERFORMANCEWHILEPREVIOUSRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONTHEAGENCYRELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSANDMANAGERS,THISPAPERPROPOSESANDSUPPORTSTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTHEIDENTITYOFTHEOWNERSISANEQUALLYIMPORTANT,BUTNEGLECTED,DIMENSIONOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREWITHIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONSFORCORPORATES
13、TRATEGYANDPERFORMANCEWHEREASOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONMEASURESTHEPOWEROFSHAREHOLDERSTOINFLUENCEMANAGERS,THEIDENTITYOFTHEOWNERSHASIMPLICATIONSFORTHEIROBJECTIVESANDTHEWAYTHEYEXERCISETHEIRPOWER,ANDTHISREFLECTEDINCOMPANYSTRATEGYWITHREGARDTOPROFITGOALS,DIVIDENDS,CAPITALSTRUCTURE,ANDGROWTHRATESWEDRAWONTHEWORK
14、OFHENRYHANSMANN1988,1996ANDOTHERSTOFORMULATEHYPOTHESESREGARDINGTHECONSEQUENCESOFOWNERIDENTITYWEFURTHERARGUETHATBOTHOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONANDIDENTITYAREEMBEDDEDINNATIONALINSTITUTIONSWHICHNEEDTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTWHENACCESSINGIMPLICATIONSFORCORPORATESTRATEGYANDPERFORMANCEINA5STUDYOF435OFTHELARGESTEUROP
15、EANCOMPANIESWEFINDINLINEWITHMERCK,SHLEIFER,ANDVISHNY,1988THATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONANDECONOMICPERFORMANCEISNONLINEARSOTHATOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONBEYONDACERTAINPOINTLEADSTOENTRENCHMENTANDHASADVERSEEFFECTSONPERFORMANCESECONDLYINLINEWITHSHORT,1994,ANDNICKEL,NICOLITSAS,ANDDRYDEN,199
16、7,WEPROPOSEANDSUPPORTTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTHEIDENTITYOFLARGEOWNERSISIMPORTANTEG,WHETHERTHEYAREMEMBERSOFTHEFOUNDINGFAMILY,BANKS,INSTITUTIONALINVESTORS,OTHERNOFINANCIALCOMPANIESORGOVERNMENTSTHIRD,WEFINDTHATTHEEFFECTSOFOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONANDOWNERIDENTITYDEPENDONSYSTEMEFFECTSGEDAJLOVICANDSHAPIRO,1998OURF
17、INDINGSINDICATETHATTHEREAREGAINSTOBEOBTAINEDBYRESTRUCTURINGOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREAMONGTHELARGESTEUROPEANCOMPANIESANDTHEREBYESTABLISHABETTERFITBETWEENOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDCORPORATESTRATEGYSTRATEGICMANAGERSCANPLAYANACTIVEROLEINTHISPROCESSTHROUGHINFLUENCINGTHEDECISIONTOPRIVATIZE,GOPUBLICORDISMANTLINGBUSINE
18、SSGROUPSFURTHERMORE,ITISINDICATEDHOWCOMPANYSTRATEGIESCANBEMATCHEDTOTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREFOREXAMPLE,WELLDEFINEDCOSTLEADERSHIPSTRATEGIESBASEDONTHEEXPLOITINGOFECONOMIESOFSCALEAPPEARTOBETTERMATCHTHEOBJECTIVESOFINSTITUTIONALINVESTORSTHANOTHEROWNERSDOSIMILARLY,AGROWTHSTRATEGYBASEDONORGANICGROWTHRATHERTHAN
19、AMORERISKYACQUISITIONSTRATEGYISMOREINLINEWITHFAMILYOWNERSHIPTHEPOINTISTHATTHECORPORATESTRATEGYNEEDSTOFITTHEOBJECTIVESOFTHEDOMINANTOWNEROWNERSHIPSTRUCTURE,STRATEGYANDPERFORMANCETHISSECTIONREVIEWSPREVIOUSRESEARCHBASEDONAGENCYTHEORY,WHICHHASBECOMETHEDOMINANTTHEORETICALREFERENCEINCORPORATEGOVERNANCESTUD
20、IESSHLEIFERANDVISHNY,1997THETHEORYANALYZESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPRINCIPALS/OWNERSANDAGENTS/MANAGERSWHOACTONTHEIRBEHALFTHESTANDARDASSUMPTIONSARETHATPRINCIPALS/OWNERSDESIRETOMAXIMIZEPROFITSORSHAREHOLDERVALUEWHEREASMANAGERSHAVEOTHERINTERESTSHIGHCOMPENSATION,LOWEFFORTLEVELS,EXPENSEPREFERENCEANDEMPIREBUI
21、LDING,ETCTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATPRINCIPALS/OWNERSMAYTHEMSELVESHAVEOBJECTIVESOTHERTHANPROFITMAXIMIZATIONISRARELYCONSIDEREDINTHISLITERATURE,BUTWILLBEANALYZEDINTHENEXTSECTIONAGENCYTHEORETICRESEARCHHASSTUDIEDBOTHTHEBEHAVIORALCONSEQUENCESOFTHECONFLICTBETWEENOWNERSANDMANAGERS,ESPECIALLYDIVERSIFICATIONSTRATEGY,
22、ANDTHECONTROLMECHANISMSTHAT6INDUCEMANAGERSTOMAXIMIZEPROFITSRECENTSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTRESEARCHHASBEENCONCERNEDWITHBOTHISSUESEG,LANEETAL,1998LIANDSIMERLY,1998GEDAJLOVICANDSHAPIRO,1998INSTUDIESOFDIVERSIFICATIONSTRATEGY,TOPMANAGERSAREASSUMEDTOHAVEAPERSONALINTERESTINPRODUCTORGEOGRAPHICALDIVERSIFICATIONATT
23、HECORPORATELEVELBECAUSEOFEMPLOYMENTRISKAVERSION,EXPENSEPREFERENCE,ANDEMPIREBUILDINGHOWEVER,CONCENTRATEDOWNERSHIPMIGHTCOUNTERACTCORPORATEDIVERSIFICATIONANDINCREASESHAREHOLDERVALUEINSUPPORTOFTHISHYPOTHESISASEMINALPAPERBYAMIHUDANDLEV1981FOUNDTHATCOMPANIESCONTROLLEDBYLARGEBLOCKSHAREHOLDERSWERELESSLIKELY
24、TOENGAGEINVALUEREDUCINGUNRELATEDMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSALTHOUGHLANEETAL1998HAVERECENTLYDISPUTEDTHEIRFINDINGSOTHERSTUDIESHAVESUPPORTEDTHEAGENCYPERSPECTIVEFOREXAMPLE,HILLANDSNELL1989ANDHOCKESSINETAL1994FOUNDTHATSTOCKHOLDERINFLUENCELARGEBLOCKHOLDEROWNERSHIPISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOPRODUCTDIVERSIFICATIONDENI
25、S,DENISANDATTALA1998CONCLUDEDTHATAGENCYPROBLEMSARERESPONSIBLEFORFIRMSMAINTAININGVALUEREDUCINGDIVERSIFICATIONSTRATEGIESINADDITION,RESEARCHONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDRESTRUCTURING/DIVESTITUREHASSUPPORTEDTHEAGENCYPERSPECTIVEBETHELANDLAMBSKIN1993FOUNDTHATLARGEBLOCKHOLDEROWNERSHIPTENDED
26、TOINCREASERESTRUCTURINGAMONGFORTUNE500FIRMS19801987GIBBS1993REPORTEDTHATRESTRUCTURINGAPPEARSTOBEMOTIVATEDBYAGENCYCOSTSFREECASHFLOW,GOVERNANCE,ANDTAKEOVERTHREATSBERGH1995FOUNDTHATOWNERSHIPBUSINESSUNITSTHEOTHERSTREAMOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCESTUDIESISMORECONCERNEDWITHCONTROLMECHANISMSTHATINDUCEMANAGERSTOMA
27、XIMIZEPROFITSEG,MONITORINGSYSTEMSLACHINEANDDESERTS,1972,MANAGERIALOWNERSHIPJENSENANDMECKLING,1976,MANAGERIALLABORMARKETSFAMA,1980,DEBTPRESSUREJENSEN,1989,ORPRODUCTMARKETCOMPETITIONHART,1983INTHISSETUPTHECHOICEOFAPRIVATELYOPTIMALOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREINVOLVESATRADEOFFBETWEENRISKANDINCENTIVEEFFICIENCYJENS
28、ENANDMECKLING,1976FAMAANDJENSEN,1983DESERTS,1983SHLEIFERANDVISHNY,1997CETERISPARIBUS,LARGEROWNERSWILLHAVEASTRONGERINCENTIVETOMONITORMANAGERSANDMOREPOWERTOENFORCETHEIRINTERESTSANDTHISSHOULDINCREASETHEINCLINATIONOFMANAGERSTOMAXIMIZESHAREHOLDERVALUEBUTGENERALLYTHEOWNERSPORTFOLIORISKWILLALSOINCREASETHEL
29、ARGERTHEOWNERSHIPSHARETOTHEEXTENTTHATCOMPANIESDIFFERINTERMSOFFIRMSPECIFICRISKTHEPRIVATELYOPTIMALOWNERSHIPSHAREOFTHELARGESTOWNERWILLTHEREFOREVARYFURTHERMORE,THENATUREAND7COMPLEXITYOFACTIVITIESCARRIEDOUTBYINDIVIDUALFIRMSMAYALSOVARY,WHICHWILLINFLUENCETHEMARGINALEFFECTOFMONITORINGTHESHAREHOLDERVALUEOFIN
30、DIVIDUALFIRMSEG,DESERTSANDLEN,1985DECKHOUSEANDPOUND,1990LIANDSIMERLY,1998FINALLY,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONANDECONOMICPERFORMANCENEEDNOTBEUNIFORMFAMAANDJENSEN,1983MORCKETAL,1988SHLEIFERANDVISHNY,1997FAMAANDJENSEN1983SUGGESTTHATMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPABOVEACERTAINLEVELWILLALLOWMANAGERSTOBECOMEENTRENCHEDANDEXPROPRIATETHEWEALTHOFMINORITYSHAREHOLDER