1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译译文标题企业税收筹划的有效性资料来源会计评论,2003年7月,78卷第3期作者约翰D菲利普斯有效的税收筹划,根据斯科尔斯等人的定义(2002),税收筹划,即最大限度地提高公司的预期税后净现金流量,要求管理者要考虑他们的决定所造成的税后结果。在本文中,研究是否以税后会计为基础的绩效措施,将导致较低的实际出口退税税率。实际的经验替代了出口退税的税务规划效力,一个基础的收入结果被合适的计量,所得税费用总额作为税前收入的一定比例,通常测量减税策略将导致更高的税后收入的有效性。较低的出口退税,然而,仅能够代理节税以及通常并不意味税后收入或者是现金流已经达到最大值。尽管有这一局限性,
2、出口退税还是被用来衡量税收功能性支出的有效性(米尔斯,1998)和企业各部门税务绩效(道格拉斯,1996)。另外,降低出口退税是经常被作为一种增加收入(齐格勒,1997)和使股价上升的手段EGMINTZ1999SWENSON1999。会计研究处理了以会计绩效为基础的薪酬和经理的行为之间的关系EG,LARCKER1983HEALY1985WALLACE1997,本文是第一个从事这方面研究的文章是否以税后会计为基础的绩效管理措施鼓励经理人员采取行动来降低他们公司的出口退税,并且首席执行官和事业部经理也要求做。在此之前的税后业绩计量研究只集中于首席执行官们的报酬的决定因素为预先的税后收益EG,NEW
3、MAN1989CARNESANDGUFFEY2000ATWOODETAL1998DHALIWALETAL2000,没有提供任何证据说明降低一个公司的税务负担与税后报酬的关系。这项调查扩展到了事业部层次,这些部门的报酬激励动机与减少税收的目的目的之间存在明显的冲突EG,MCLEMORE1997以及观察的经验是,大多数企业没有这样做EG,DOUGLASETAL1996。目前的研究提供的证据关于明确激励首席执行官和事业部管理人员纳入其经营和投资决策的税务结果的增量效益。以某个侧面来研究出口退税与管理层薪酬的共同课题,衡量的结果是所有样本公司可优化关于被调查的选择ITTNERANDLARCKER200
4、1。如果不解决公司选择的内生性,很难提供一致的证据关于这选择导致改善的结果。为了解决这个2问题,首席执行官和事业部经理关于税后绩效与出口退税的联系依旧采用两步方式估计,可以帮助对潜在的内生性与相关偏见这两个变量做出正确的选择。作为实施这一方法的第一步,THEANTLEANDDEMSKI1988可控性原则是用来模拟一个公司的决定,通过对首席执行官和事业部经理税后绩效指标的衡量。要包括一个特别措施在经理人的薪酬合同中,这一原则要求持有一个衡量预期收益和负责任的经理更加努力工作来规避所支付的附加工资之间的额外风险。因此,税后绩效指标应作为一个激励经理人的获取额外报酬的方法,只有当经理的税务规划工作的
5、参与导致了税前和税后核算结果之间的差异,这通常反映在出口退税上面。与以前的研究相一致,包括与首席执行官和事业部经理选择税后模型的变量,对于一个企业的税务筹划的机会控制,因为这种机会的存在会在某种程度上反映了经理人的行动,可以预期,将会降低出口退税。即使通过经理人的努力,预计将导致较低的出口退税,公司将使用税后绩效指标只有当预期收益超过预期成本才这样做,税后业绩措施预计会导致较低的出口退税,因为它促使管理人员和税务专业人员加强合作以达成一致的,发展的,执行税收筹划策略,MCLEMORE1997,1引用惠普公司的税务主任支持税务规划工作需要事业部经理参与的必要性税收筹划这种事情也只有在被作为业务规
6、划的早期阶段,战略上的规划,兼并和收购工作你的税务部门要在会议上,代表这些部门做出决定。对未来的发展模式是税务策划人与业务部门紧密合作完成的。与使用税后业绩的措施有关的费用包括附加工资必须支付给经理以弥补由于潜在的税法变化增加的风险,使经理加倍的努力,包括,从合同中补偿个人所得税方面费用的增加的结果。与税后报酬有关的其他潜在费用包括向一个公司的事业部分配行政费用开支,税务检查成本增加,并增加税务机关审查频率。相反,通过观察出口退税的好处来衡量税后报酬,有没有税后业绩计量的成本效益明显的有经验代理人。因此,本研究着重于在管理者的基础上实现的税后补偿效益,但不提供相关的成本,规模的证据。在企业主管
7、的调查中所获得的专有数据用于构造并测试某些变量,说明是否包括那些首席执行官和事业部的经理们使用税后会计基础的绩效指标。公开数据用于构造出口退税和其他变量来测试,结果与假设一致,即事业部经理的报酬,但不包括公司首席执行官的,与税后导致较低的出口退税有关,估计使3每年平均节省1330万美元的税款。模拟公司进行敏感性测试的子样本中,边际税率GRAHAM1996提供进一步的证据表明,低边际税率的公司将会有降低潜在出口退税的行动,可能对现金流量和税后利润不吻合这一结果产生模棱两可的影响。敏感性测试有助于进一步排除了税收职能外包的比例,作为另一种解释,统计上和经济上显示事业部经理的税后报酬和出口退税呈负相
8、关。研究结果有助于薪酬以会计为基础的著作,通过实施事业部经理参与的以税后会计为基础的绩效措施,是逐步降低企业出口退税的有效措施。符合GUIDRYETAL1999表明了奖金导致事业部盈余管理水平的不同,这一发现提供了更多的有洞察力的影响,事业部经理以会计绩效为基础对管理人员的行为进行激励。另外,明确的表明企业的决策者设计降低所得税费用的公司税后业绩会使管理层人员获得更多薪酬的措施来激励事业部经理。4外文文献原文TITLECORPORATETAXPLANNINGEFFECTIVENESSMATERIALSOURCEINCENTIVESTHEACCOUNTINGREVIEW,VOL78,NO3JUL
9、,2003AUTHORJOHNDPHILLIPSEFFECTIVETAXPLANNING,DEFINEDBYSCHOLESETAL2002ASTAXPLANNINGTHATMAXIMIZESTHEFIRMSEXPECTEDDISCOUNTEDAFTERTAXCASHFLOWS,REQUIRESMANAGERSTOCONSIDERTHEIRDECISIONSAFTERTAXCONSEQUENCESINTHISPAPER,IINVESTIGATEWHETHERAFTERTAXACCOUNTINGBASEDPERFORMANCEMEASURESLEADTOLOWEREFFECTIVETAXRATES
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12、RICEEG,MINTZ1999SWENSON1999ACCOUNTINGRESEARCHHASADDRESSEDTHERELATIONBETWEENACCOUNTINGBASEDCOMPENSATIONANDMANAGERSACTIONSEG,LARCKER1983HEALY1985WALLACE1997THISPAPERISTHEFIRSTTOADDRESSWHETHERAFTERTAXACCOUNTINGBASEDPERFORMANCEMEASURESMOTIVATEMANAGERSTOTAKEACTIONSTHATHELPLOWERTHEIRFIRMSETRANDDOESSOATBOT
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21、ECAUSEITMOTIVATESTHEMANAGERSINCREASEDCOOPERATIONWITHTAXPROFESSIONALSTOHELPIDENTIFY,DEVELOP,ANDEXECUTETAXPLANNINGSTRATEGIESMCLEMORE1997,1CITESHEWLETTPACKARDSTAXDIRECTORTOSUPPORTTHENEEDFORSBUMANAGERINVOLVEMENTINTAXPLANNINGEFFORTSTAXPLANNINGISONLYASGOODASBEINGINVOLVEDINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFSUCHTHINGSASBUSIN
22、ESSPLANNING,STRATEGICPLANNING,ANDMERGERANDACQUISITIONWORKYOURTAXDEPARTMENTHASTOBEREPRESENTEDATTHETABLEWHENTHOSEDECISIONSAREMADETHEEVOLVINGMODELFORTHEFUTUREISTHETIGHTINTEGRATIONOFTAXPEOPLEWITHBUSINESSUNITPLANNINGCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHUSINGAFTERTAXPERFORMANCEMEASURESINCLUDETHEADDITIONALWAGETHATMUSTBEPAID
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25、RIETARYDATAOBTAINEDINASURVEYOFCORPORATEEXECUTIVESAREUSEDTOCONSTRUCTCERTAINTESTVARIABLES,INCLUDINGTHOSEINDICATINGWHETHERCEOSANDSBUMANAGERSARECOMPENSATEDUSINGAFTERTAXACCOUNTINGBASEDPERFORMANCEMEASURESPUBLICLYAVAILABLEDATAAREUSEDTOCONSTRUCTETRANDOTHERTESTVARIABLESTHERESULTSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEHYPOTHESI
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28、TIONLITERATUREBYLINKINGAFTERTAXACCOUNTINGBASEDPERFORMANCEMEASURESTOSBUMANAGERINVOLVEMENTTHATISINCREMENTALLYEFFECTIVEINLOWERINGFIRMSETRCONSISTENTWITHGUIDRYETAL1999WHODOCUMENTBONUSINDUCEDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTATTHESBULEVEL,THISFINDINGPROVIDESADDITIONALINSIGHTINTOTHEEFFECTTHATSBUMANAGERACCOUNTINGBASEDINCENTIVESHAVEONMANAGERSACTIONSALSO,THEESTIMATEDEXPLICITTAXSAVINGSRESULTINGFROMAFTERTAXPERFORMANCEMEASURESPROVIDECORPORATEDECISIONMAKERSWITHINFORMATIONRELEVANTTOTHEDESIGNOFSBUMANAGERINCENTIVECOMPENSATIONPLANS