1、 高级英语视听说（第二版） 教师用书 第二版说明 高级英语视听说为专业英语课程教材，供高等院校英语专业高年级本科生使用；同时也为高等院校非英语专业高年级本科生使用。近些年，大学英语及专门用途英语教学改革成果显著，非英语专业学生的英语水平提高很大，有些甚至好于英语专业的学生。教师和学生都感到特别需要更高要求、更深程度内容的英语教材满足这部分学生的智力和情感需求。这套教材既是很好的选择。本教材还可以供研究生英语课程使用，供有同等英语水平的自学者和工作者使用。 本套教材于 2008年荣获北京市精品教材奖。目前已经重印十余次，受到教师和学生的广泛欢迎。 第二版教材去掉五部旧片，换上五部新片，其中三部电
2、影，一部纪录片，以跟进时代。它们分别是黑天鹅、帮助、朗读者和精神病人。这些片子已在北外的课堂使用过，深受学生们喜爱。单元安排根据学生的兴趣、影片的新旧、影片的难易重新做了调整，现在的安排给人一种全新的感受。教师也可以按照自己的考虑、学生的水平重新安排一学期的课程顺序。 第二版教材建议每周学习一部片子，所用学时两小时。网络的发展以及各学校音视频的建设使学生随时可以看到新片 ，这样使一周完成学生课前的准备及课上的讨论成为了可能。 我们衷心希望第二版能够受到更多教师和学生的喜爱。在内容带给我们更多挑战的同时，也希望带给我们更多思考的快乐。 主编：王镇平 2013 年 4 月 23 日 编写理念 21
3、世纪是一个以经济全球化和信息化为显著特征的时代，我们的人才培养目标要适应这个时代，我们的教材则要适应这个新的培养目标。英语专业培养的人才应该是具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的英语文化知识，并能在不同的工作和研究领域熟练运用英语的复合型人才，要同时兼具组织能力、实践能力和创新能力。这套教材就是在这 样的需求中应运而生的。 根据 2000年高等院校英语专业英语教学大纲（以下简称大纲）的要求， 21世纪外语专业教材应具有以下几个特征：教材内容和语言能够反映快速变化的时代；教材能处理好专业知识、语言训练和相关学科知识之间的关系；教材不仅仅着眼于知识的传授，还有助于学生的鉴赏批判能力、思维能力和创新能力的
4、培养；教学内容有较强的实用性和针对性；注意充分利用计算机、多媒体、网络等现代化的技术手段。 本教材的编写理念符合大纲的要求，具有以下七大特征： 一、内容强调趣味性 近些年来，人们越来越认识到兴趣是学习 者内在动力的源泉。所以，我们在选择教材内容时，尽量贴近大学生的生活，尽可能地满足大学生的智力因素和成长需求；能最大限度地做到这一点，就能最大限度地激发学生学习的积极性和主动性。语言学家 Michael P. Breen和 Christopher N. Candlin强调：教材应考虑学生的情感、态度和经历，适当的内容可激发学生的学习情趣，最终促进第二语言的学习。我们选择的影片包括黑天鹅、朗读者、克
5、莱默夫妇、毕业生、帮助、死亡诗社、闻香识女人、美国丽人等，它们大都与时代同步，反映时代 脉搏，与大学生的生活贴近。还有根据名著、名剧改编的时时刻刻、芝加哥等探索人生的电影，引人思考。电视节目中央公园、高端访谈和精神病人涉及人与自然的关系、联合国改革以及医疗体制的弊病及改革，这些内容有助于开阔学生的视野，会使他们产生发自内心的学习热情和学习动力。 二、选材强调知识性 当今的大学生不同以往，现代社会对他们的要求也比以往高得多，而且是多元的。只懂外语而缺乏对其他领域知识的掌握已经落后于时代的要求。 2000年大纲提到 21世纪英语专业人才应具备的五个特征之一就是宽广的知识面。这些 知识指的是英语专业
6、知识（即文学、语言、国情文化）和相关专业知识（如外交、金融、法律、科技等学科的知识）。但目前，许多课程的教学内容中普遍缺少其他相关学科的知识。为了扩展学生的知识面，我们增添了电视节目，电视节目比电影知识性强，信息量大，涉及面广，学生可以在短时间内获得大量信息，学习各领域的知识。我们这里选择了三个节目，通过学习这些内容，学生可以了解和掌握环境、医疗体制、联合国（国际组织）等方面的知识及词汇。这在一定程度上弥补了视听说课程相关学科知识不足的缺陷。 三、题材和体裁注重多元化 我们认为，不断变换 题材才是保护和保证学生兴趣的手段。我们选择的题材涉及范围广泛，包括家庭、教育、代沟、同性恋、艾滋病、种族、
7、环境、联合国、医疗体制、希望、名利场和腐败、中年危机等。我们的体裁也较多元化，除了电影这一种艺术形式外，我们还选择了电视节目，其中有著名纪录片精神病人和电视节目高端访谈等。精神病人由美国著名导演 迈克尔摩尔（ Michael Moore） 执导制作，它抨击美国医疗体制的弊端并期冀改革。麦克尔诙谐、犀利、大胆，以纪录片的形式揭露美国现行社会尖锐问题而著名。从中学生可以了解美国医疗体制的现状并反思中 国医疗体制。中国中央电视台著名主持人水均益，他的英语发音准确，字句使用恰当，表现得沉着、自信、敏锐。他主持的节目高端访谈收视率很高，受到广大观众的喜爱和关注。电视节目的特点是内容生动，形式新颖，紧跟时
8、代节奏，提供最新信息，可以激发学生的强烈好奇心和求知欲。 四、以学生为中心 现代语言教学的走向是以学生为中心，教师为主导，教师引导学生积极地、主动地、独立地去完成学习的全过程。教材应该具有启发性、引导性，而不是传统的知识存储所。 认知理论认为，英语学习的过程是新旧语言知识不断结合的过程，也是语言能力从理论知 识转化为自动应用的过程，而这种结合与转化都必须通过学生的自身活动才能得以实现。以学生为中心符合语言学习的规律。因此，教师与学生的角色发生了很大的变化，教师由原来知识的输出者变成学生的引导者和协调者；学生由听讲者变成自觉的学习者和研究者。 以学生为中心是一种新的教学模式，而教材又必须体现教学
9、思想和教学模式。首先，这种教学模式要体现在整套教材的内容选择和编排上。内容的选择和编排要顺应学习者的学习过程，即内容要由浅入深，由熟悉到不熟悉，而且又有内在的连贯性。其次，这种教学模式还要体现在教材每一单元课前、课堂和课下的语言活动设计中。课前学生是自觉的学习者。他们要按教学计划观看影片或电视节目，然后分小组活动，组内成员进行分工合作，按照每人分配的不同任务分别到图书馆或网上查找相关的资料。最后，小组成员再一起讨论。教师的任务则是给予引导，比如，如何观看影片，如何进行思考，如何提出问题，如何查询资料等。课上学生是主要的参与者，学生需要轮流口述对影片或电视节目某一方面的评论。每一位学生讲述之后，
10、其他同学向这位讲述者提出相关问题，讲述者要为此做好充分准备。教师在课堂上是协调者，保证每一位学生都有讲话的机会，都有运用语言的机会。课 后，学生将口述评论写成文，教师进行批改并提出建议。教师最后根据学生课前、课堂表现和文章的水平给予一个综合分数作为本周成绩。 以学生为中心的教学模式就是把大部分时间给学生，让学生有更多的机会在课上和课下进行语言运用，以达到外语教学的最终目的。 五、语言活动的设计具有启发性 英语专业教材不仅仅要着眼于知识的传授，还要有助于学生的鉴赏能力、批判能力、思维能力和创新能力的培养。因此，教材只提供语言事实是不够的，这些是死的东西，无法培养学生的思维和创新能力。那么，语言活
11、动的设计就十分关键。我们设计的语言活动（课前、课 堂、和课后的练习）都试图培养学生的批判能力和思维能力。语言活动应是一个过程，在这个过程中学生既是导演又是演员，他们需要对该活动进行分析、设计、编排、组织，直到最后实施。这样一个过程可以激发学生的学习热情和主动精神，也可以开启他们的聪明智慧，培养他们的思考能力和创新能力。 六、注重培养学生的科研能力 大纲明确提出课堂教学要注重培养学生的学习能力和科研能力，同时也明确要求现代英语教学应注重培养学生利用图书馆、网络获取知识的能力，以适应新世纪的需求。要想真正成为独立的研究者，学生需要学习如何使用图书馆，如何利 用网络来获取知识。为培养学生独立研究的能
12、力，视听说课程增添了科研内容，要求学生在观看影片或电视节目之后走进图书馆，访问网站，寻找自己所需的资料，为小组讨论和课堂演讲寻找依据。这种科研体验为学生将来的独立学习和独立工作打下了良好的基础。 七、创造实践机会，实现视、听、说三位一体 大纲要求培养组织能力、实践能力、创新能力。外语教学的目标就是将课堂中学到的语言技能运用到实践中。教材是为教学服务的，它是通向教学目标的桥梁。那么，教材就应该有实践的内容。实践内容不同于某一课后的语言活动，它是一个完整的、大型的项目 ，它需要学生们走出校门，在社会实践中运用掌握的英语语言，运用电视节目主持人的采访技巧，就某一主题采访以英语为母语的外国人。在这样的
13、实践活动中，检验自己的语言能力、知识面和采访能力，同时也锻炼自己的交际能力、组织能力和创新能力，实现语言训练的视、听、说三位一体。有位学生感慨地说： 这样的实践活动是我从未体验过的，我第一次将所学的知识运用到实践中，它不仅检验了我的语言水平，同时也培养了我的合作精神、组织能力和交往能力。 主编：王镇平 2013 年 5 月 使用说明 本书是高级英语视听说 （第二版） 的教师用 书，为使用该教材的高校教师提供参考。我们希望教师用书带给您的是思路的开拓而不是思维的局限，因为您和您的学生在探讨问题的过程中必定会有更广泛、更深刻的理解。 教学目的及教学要求已经在学生用书中详细讲述，就不再赘言。这里只对
14、本书的内容作 出 说明： 本书的综合导视思考题答案是根据我们的理解得出的，您和学生的理解也许与本书答案不同，那是完全有可能的，对此不必有任何担心和顾虑，也不必强求一个答案。我们的重点本来就不在于选择了哪个答案，而在于启发学生的思想，开拓学生的思路，挖掘学生的思想深度。在研究性语言活动（ Research Activities）部分也是如此。关于影片或问题的每一个方面，我们只提供了一部分内容而不是全部。每一个方面都有几个侧面，学生从哪个侧面展开都可以。鼓励学生讲述时注重一个侧面进行深入探讨和挖掘，不要全面讲述，全面讲述的结果是对每个问题的研究都只停留在表面，不能提高学生深入思考分析的能力。 测试
15、是评价教学效果和学生表现的重要手段，下面我们将详细介绍本课程在北京外国语大学开课时采用的测试方法，供任课教师参考。 总评成绩分配比例： 为了不把期末考试作为衡量学生水平的唯一标准，我们将总评成绩分为 70%（平时 对电影、电视节目的分析和讨论）、 10%（项目）和 20%（期末考试）三部分。从比例上看，我们的重点放在平时成绩，这是为了让学生重视日常的学习和练习，淡化期末考试的分量，同时也避免出现某些学生因一次考试失误，而无法体现在整个学期中所付出的努力的情况。 考试内容及方法： 考试内容是针对一个电视节目的主题做演讲。教师先提供一些电视节目，学生从中选择自己感兴趣的节目来准备。电视节目的长短在
16、 20 至 40 分钟左右，节目需要有一个可供讨论的主题。 考试要求学生根据节目的主题做一个 三 分钟左右的演讲。演讲的前半部分需要简单介绍节 目的内容，检查学生的叙述能力；后半部分阐述对问题的看法，这部分是考查重点，检查学生分析问题的能力；演讲之后学生须准备回答教师提出的 2 到 3 个相关问题，这是为了检查学生即席阐述观点的能力和语言表达能力。 通常教师在考试前两周告诉学生可从中选择的电视节目范围以及考试要求，并把这些节目输入小型局域网，学生可以在开放时间内随时观看。我们建议准备10 个左右的电视节目，要求每个学生挑选其中 两 个最感兴趣的节目进行准备。考试时只需要考核一个节目，考核哪一个
17、由教师来决定。 我们衷心希望高级英语视听说 （第二版） 教师用书给您带 来帮助。希望您在教授时感到得心应手。同时希望听到您和您的学生真诚的建议和意见。 主编：王镇平 2013 年 5 月 Contents Acknowledgements Unit 1 Black Swan Unit 2 The Graduate Unit 3 Kramer vs. Kramer Unit 4 Sicko Unit 5 Dead Poets Society Unit 6 The Help Unit 7 The Reader Unit 8 American Beauty Project Information I
18、nterview Unit 9 Philadelphia Unit 10 The Shawshank Redemption Unit 11 Top Talk (An Interview with Kofi Annan) Unit 12 Scent of a Woman Unit 13 The Hours Unit 14 Central Park Unit 15 One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Unit 16 Chicago Unit 1 Black Swan (2010) II. Questions for Thoughts The following answe
19、rs are given only for reference, and the students are encouraged to present their own understandings of or opinions on these questions. 1. Who is Nina? What has Nina been dreaming about? What is it on Ninas back that attracts her mothers attention? Nina is a dedicated ballerina with a prestigious Ne
20、w York City ballet company. The night before the audition for Swan Lake, Nina has a dream in which Rothbart casts the spell and turns her, Princess Odette, into the White Swan. Later that morning, when shes standing in front of the mirror, her mother notices the “scratches“ on Ninas back. Though Nin
21、a dismisses it as nothing but “rash“, her mom looks worried because later as she says, she knows Nina has the habit of scratching herself when under pressure. 2. Who is Thomas? Why does the ballet company want to start a new season of Swan Lake? What is the story of Swan Lake? What sort of a soloist
22、 dancer is Thomas looking for? Thomas is the companys art director of Swan Lake. Since the former soloist dancer of Swan Lake has been dancing for too long a time to keep the grip of the audience, the company plans to force her into retirement and present to the audience a new face to lead a new sea
23、son of Swan Lake. In the story of Swan Lake, an innocent princess, Odette, is trapped by Rothbart into the shape of a White Swan, and only true love from the prince can break the spell and set her free. However, when the prince is about to declare his love for Odette, her lustful twin, the Black Swa
24、n Odile, tricks and seduces the prince, and Odette, the White Swan, in her desperation jumps off the cliff and in death finds her freedom. Thomas, the director, wants to find a new Swan Queen to play the dual roles of the White and the Black Swans. 3. Who is Beth? What does Nina do after seeing Beth
25、 leaving her dressing room? Why does she do so? Beth is the former Swan Queen who is forced out of stage by the company. Nina admires Beths role as Swan Queen so much that after seeing Beth leaving the dressing room, she steps in and takes Beths lipstick. What she does is out of her strong desire to
26、 be a Swan Queen as perfect as Beth once was. 4. What does the morning audition mean to Nina? How does she feel about the failure in her Odiles coda? How does Thomas comment on her dancing? Ninas dedication and perfect technique make her one of the best dancers in the company. For all the years, she
27、s been driven by the dream to be a perfect ballet dancer, and the audition is a once-in-a-life-time chance to elevate her from an ordinary ballerina to a featured dancer. Ninas failure in the Odiles coda leaves her completely devastated. As Thomas later explains, Ninas perfect dancing technique and
28、her fearful and fragile style make her an ideal choice for the White Swan; however, due to her obsession with perfection, her strong sense of discipline and self-control, theres no chance for her to portray the destructive and seductive Black Swan. 5. What does Nina see on her way home that disturbs
29、 her so much? What does it indicate? After the audition, Nina is walking home, devastated. Then all of a sudden, she sees an attractive girl in black coming to her direction and when the girl slips by, Nina takes a glimpse and sees a face exactly like her own but with a strange wild smile, which giv
30、es her quite a start. What Nina imagines to see gives us a hint that the pressure has become so unbearable for Nina that her mind, while unable to seek a normal way out, starts to produce hallucinations. 6. How does Nina come to Thomas the next morning and ask for the part of Swan Queen? Why does Th
31、omas force a kiss on Nina? How does Nina respond to it? Loosing her hair down, wearing pretty white dress and thick lipstick, Nina comes to Thomas office. Nina pleads to Thomas for a chance to play the Swan Queen and assures Thomas that she can finish the coda, the hardest technical part for the Bla
32、ck Swan. Yet, Thomas emphases that Nina lacks the spirit of letting go for the role of Black Swan. Disappointed, Nina turns to the door. Right at that moment, Thomas forces a kiss on her. The director is making a last attempt to test her potential. Nina is shocked by the sudden attack and bites Thom
33、as, who is equally shocked by such a strong instinct. 7. Why does Thomas choose Nina for the role of Swan Queen? How does Thomas view Ninas response to his kiss? It is Ninas strong reaction to his forced kiss that changes the directors mind. Thomas sees in that bite a different Nina, wild, aggressiv
34、e, and full of self-assurance, all of which are the demands of dancing the Black Swan. 8. How does Ninas mother celebrate her daughters winning of the new role? How does her mother respond when Nina feels reluctant to eat the big piece of cake? Why does Nina change to say that she loves the cake aga
35、in? To celebrate her winning of the audition, Ninas mom prepares a cake of vanilla flavor with strawberry filling, which she claims to be Ninas favorite. However, Nina shows obvious reluctance to try the big piece of cake, and her mom feels annoyed by the daughters ungratefulness. She claims coldly
36、that she should throw the whole cake into garbage if Nina doesnt appreciate her way of celebration. Nina, for fear of making her mom unhappy, immediately puts on a smile and assures her mom that she loves the cake as she always does. 9. Who is Lily? How is she different from Nina in terms of her per
37、sonality and appearance? What does Thomas say about her dancing? Lily is a dancer from San Francisco whos recruited by the company to play a part in Swan Lake. Her sexy make-up, seductive tattoo, care-free style and vigorous personality present a sharp contrast to the fearful, fragile, self-controll
38、ed Nina who cautiously observes all the rules of perfection. Lily follows nothing but her own passion and desire. Therefore, as Thomas says, Lily may not be able to dance like Nina with perfect techniques, but her moves are effortless, impulsive, and therefore attractive. 10. What happens to Ninas n
39、ail while Thomas is announcing Nina as a new star to the guests of the company? What does Nina find when she is trying to clean the nail in the bathroom? Why? When Nina is presented by Thomas to the companys distinguished guests as the new Swan Queen, she sees her nail bleeding. Later she goes to th
40、e bathroom trying to clean it up and peel off the bleeding skin, but to her surprise, a second later she finds her finger in perfect condition. In fact, all the blood and the pain are out of her hallucination. As Nina is more strained by the role of Swan Queen, her hallucination is escalated to such
41、 a level that it starts to arouse her sense of physical pain. The bleeding may also indicate Ninas painful transformation from a disciplined and fragile self into a dark and destructive other. 11. Why does Nina feel uneasy when meeting Lily? How does she feel when seeing Beth in the lobby? With her
42、own passion and desire being suppressed for too long a time, Nina only feels uneasy and cornered by the presence of the care-free Lily. Moreover, Thomas admires Lilys dancing and thus Nina takes Lily as her rival and thus feels more threatened by Lily. Nina shows sympathy to Beth when confronting he
43、r in the lobby. Beth viciously accuses her of seducing the director. Nina is embarrassed by the groundless accusation but shes not tough enough to defend herself. 12. Why does Thomas leave Nina the assignment of touching herself at home? How does that relate to her role of Swan Queen? The ultimate c
44、oncern for Thomas is to bend Nina and mold her into the Black Swan so that she can be a Swan Queen even more successful than Beth. To push Nina to embody the dark impulse and sexuality of the Black Swan, he asks Nina to touch herself because he believes this can help Nina arouse the lustful other se
45、lf, and thus achieve the transcendence from a White Swan to a Black Swan. As an ambitious art director, all Thomas cares is the success of the show and he uses sexual seduction as a way to manipulate the mind and emotion of his dancer so that she can be made into a perfect Swan Queen. 13. What bring
46、s her to an abrupt stop at touching herself in the morning? What is Nina afraid of? Early next morning, when Nina is touching herself as suggested by Thomas, she suddenly sees her mom sleeping on the couch right beside her bed and that brings an abrupt stop at her attempt. For all the years, Ninas m
47、om is always by her side, trying to bring her up as a perfect little girl always depending on moms care and instruction. Nina has been reduced to an infant who cannot freely grow up into her full self and as moms sweet little girl, Nina is so afraid of her moms watchful eyes and so scared by the idea of breaking the rule of perfection that she has been
