1、本科毕业论文外文翻译译文标题美国房地产的宏观调控资料来源金融房地产研究,2005作者史蒂芬伯尔二十世纪三十年代的世界经济危机之后,凯恩斯主义应运而生,资本主义国家进入了政府与市场有机结合的现代化市场经济时期。美国罗斯福“新政”的历史性胜利,使“国家干预经济”在美国、进而在整个资本主义世界被当作一项基本国策确定下来。二十世纪六七十年代的,以“滞涨”为特征的新一轮经济危机的爆发之后,取而代之的“混合经济”理论开始独占鳌头,八十年代初,经济法体系的重心开始发生转移,逐渐实现了自以反垄断法为代表的“市场规制法”向“宏观调控法”的转变。直至二十世纪九十年代,才出现了“现代主流经济学新综合”的趋向。反观发
2、展历程,从“政治国”、“经济国”进而到“法治国”,从消极片面的“夜警国家”到全面干预的“国家之手”,从“弥补市场缺陷”的国家干预经济到“塑造国家的未来”的现代宏观调控,法律,尤其是经济法在规制国家行为过程中扮演着愈发重要的角色。现代法治国家,宏观调控法已经或者正在成为各国经济法的核心内容。从体系架构上讲,各国现行宏观调控法律体系主要包括三种类型第一,现代意义上的计划法;第二,政治意义上的经济决策法;第三,各种作为调节手段的法律,可以细分为财税、金融、土地、外汇管理、信贷等方面。在制定法律、构建体系的过程中,不同国家之间有所相通,但也各有不同。德国市场经济采取的是社会市场模式,形成了以金融决策及
3、其立法为主导的宏观调控法律体系;日本市场经济采取的是政府主导型模式,形成了以计划法、产业决策法为核心的宏观调控法律体系;英国与美国市场经济采取的是消费者导向型模式,形成了以财政与货币决策主导的宏观调控法律体系。在经济发展的任何一个阶段,政府都会或多或少地干预市场的运作,差别在于这种干预的力度与方式不同。罗斯福新政之后,美国政府将传统意义上的宏观调控方式赋予了明确的法律效力,将财税、金融、外汇等法律化、制度化,进而打破了先期“放羊式”的消极管理模式,相继颁布了一系列宏观调控法律法规,二战后进一步完善,形成了一套日趋完备的宏观调控法律体系,“宏观调控立法”逐渐成为经济法律体系中最为重要、起主导作用
4、的组成部分。在房地产领域,美国政府同样采取了许多积极的调控措施,集中表现在1、美国房地产宏观调控立法美国没有中国意义上的宏观调控概念,严格的说,应该从美国宪法规定的国会调控权来理解有关宏观调控的理论与实践。在美国,房地产宏观调控职能的生成依据是联邦宪法第一条第八款第三项的“贸易条款”。从联邦法律来看,美国宪法有关贸易的条款经过最高法院的逐步解释,使联邦的经济管理决策权已经涉及到越来越多的重要领域,房地产领域就是一个典型。在房地产财税立法方面,美国非常重视对房地产保有的征税,并以之作为调控房地产业运行的重要手段和地方财政收入的重要来源。从征收环节来看,大多数国家主要集中在房地产保有环节征税,而在
5、房地产经营环节征税相对较少。一方面,极大地鼓励了不动产的流动,刺激了土地的有效供给。另一方面,高额的房地产保有税率避免了业主控制或低效率使用房地产,刺激了交易活动,这既促进了房地产市场繁荣,又推动了房地产市场各种生产要素的优化配置。在金融方面,为了保障货币政策的实施,实行市场经济体制的国家倾向于制定一系列与金融决策相适应的金融法规。1913年,美国颁布了美国联邦储备法(即中央银行法);20世纪30年代起,美国政府开始从金融领域着手大规模地干预房地产市场;1934年,住宅法的出台以法律的形式预设了房地产业的发展趋向。在土地方面,20世纪60年代,联邦政府与州政府共同通过环境保护立法的方式部分规定
6、了“土地利用规划”问题;州政府也颁布了一系列调控地方社会经济关系的法律规范,比如加利福尼亚州有关“促进海岸开发”的法规,又如州政府通过颁布建筑、划区、环保等法规加强其在城市规划、环境保护方面的管理权;州政府还会通过法定的房地产税征收权、房屋征用权强化对土地的管理。2、美国房地产宏观调控决策美国享有宏观调控职权的组织、机构有白宫办公厅,财政部,商务部,决策发展办公室,经济顾问委员会以及行政管理和预算局等,在性质上属于联邦政府的职能部门,但是并未排除了地方政府宏观调控的合法性。美国政府相继建立了预先批准制度,加强了对进入房地产经纪业的限制;同时又采取一系列住房优惠决策,对购房消费者提供了更多的保护
7、;颁布、实施各种与土地利用相关的城市规划和管理法规,加强了政府对土地的控制;通过设立土地使用价值税、土地填空税收优惠、选址地价税等房地产税收决策,限制房地产商的投资、开发行为;通过提供政府补贴住房等优惠决策,保障低收入群体的住房利益;此外,收集、管理房地产的基础数据也是美国联邦政府的一项基本职责。外文文献翻译原文TITLEUNITEDSTATESREALESTATEMACROCONTROLREALESTATEFINANCE,2005BYSTEPHENIBURRTHEWORLDECONOMICCRISISOFTHE1930S,AFTERTHEKEYNESIANARISESATTHEHISTORI
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