1、本科毕业论文外文翻译译文标题企业文化和平衡计分卡的关系资料来源SAM高级管理杂志2010年秋季作者成龙W认为,卡普兰大学巴里巴恩斯,H韦恩休伊曾加SBESAHRINA西格尔,H韦恩休伊曾加SBE平衡计分卡是由罗伯特S卡普兰和DAVIDPNORTON提出的,并在1992年出版。这是他们长达一年研究的结果。它不同于一般概念上的金融措施,随着知识成为竞争力不断上升的基础,传统的金融措施已经过时(1992年KAPLAN和NORTON)。长期平衡,体现了平衡计分卡考虑长期和短期的目标,财务和非财务指标,领导和滞后指标,外部和内部性能的观点(KAPLAN和NORTON,1996)。平衡计分卡的基础性能是绩
2、效指标的因果联系,金融和非金融的联系。它从四个不同的角度创新和学习内部业务客户财务(KAPLAN和NORTON,1992)。该系统包括四个过程1)澄清和翻译的眼光2)沟通和联系3)业务规划和设定目标4)战略反馈和学习。平衡计分卡作为一种绩效衡量系统,一个具有多种性能的措施,他涉及到不同的战略目标。同时,BSC帮助高层管理人员“优化”(KAPLAN和NORTON,1992)管理,从而避免在创建的一个战略地图实施时,一个地区的改善变化,会对另一个领域产生不利影响。迄今为止关于BSC的研究大多集中在公司的业绩关系。卡普兰和诺顿(1996年B,2001年)讨论他们的研究成果。他们的出版物援引该研究,采
3、用个案研究和一般提供证据支持的形式,说明了一个正确的设计和实施平衡计分卡可能导致组织的整体性能的提高。然而,他们没有提供实证数据来支持他们的假设。企业绩效的BSC的实证研究表明了一个混合的结果(戴维斯和奥尔布赖特,2006年)。戴维斯和奥尔布赖特断定两个可能的原因为1)结果可能缺乏表明BSC的选择措施和有针对性的财政目标之间的联系2)使用横断面分析,在研究中,前面引用,只允许性能和性能的措施比较在一个时间点。KAPLAN和NORTON(1992)认识到,BSC将不能有效地对所有的组织。他们假定,“即使是一个优秀的平衡计分卡措施并不能保证取胜。平衡记分卡可以只转化成具体可衡量的目标的“(KAPL
4、AN和NORTON,1992年)公司的战略。事实上,只有不到20应用BSC的项目公司实现整体性能的改善。他们提出,这主要是因为企业选择太多的绩效衡量指标或继续依靠历史财务数据。其他因素影响了绩效管理性能测量系统,平衡计分如卡,包括组织文化和管理风格(BITITCI,等,2004)。多达164种组织文化的定义已经在文献(DETERT,施罗德和MAURIEL,2000)提出,在20世纪80年代初,生意火爆使人们有反思意识,是超越行为的什么东西导致企业的成功。藕池(1981)Z理论解决了这一问题,他拿日本企业与美国公司相比较,公司的文化体现其价值观。藕池他断言是文化,而不是技术,成为日本和美国公司之
5、间的主要区别。丹尼森(1984年)是第一个提出调查可衡量企业文化的人员之一。研究最常用的定性,纵向,人种学研究(库克和卢梭,1988年)等方法。这些方法需要有相当大的投资,并无法核实统计其具体投资的量。同样丹尼森允许同样的方法被应用到一个用相同的方式组织的大量调查研究中。这有利于概括,但是他的缺点是有可能导致错误的结论。由于其作为一个可行的方法为学术界所接受,研究的一个强大的流已接踵而至。在该地区的许多实证研究已经解决如何来衡量文化(MARCOULIDES和HECK,1993)问题,什么样的文化类型是最有效的,以及如何改变组织文化,以更有效的类型管理企业(库克和卢梭,1988KORTE和200
6、7年CHERMACK,拉希德,SAMBASIVAN和拉赫曼,2004年,施瓦茨和戴维斯,1981年)。丹尼森(1997年)的文化性和有效性的模型是于这项最相关的调查。该模型是基于四个维度和特征,组织文化,丹尼森的一个综合相关框架的假设。第一个假说,建议鼓励成员参与,导致对组织的承诺和所有权和责任意识的发展的一致性,第二种假设,假定,当组织的文化,包括共享信念,价值观和符号,成为内在的,共识和协调更有效地实现。第三个假说,适应性强,是基于该组织承认在外部和内部环境的变化,然后作出适当的反应,以适应这些变化的需要。最后,国家使命的假设,存在一个明确的沟通,广泛的共同使命,组织认定的目的和意义,以及
7、方向。这些,反过来又有助于确定组织及其成员采取适当的行动。据丹尼森(1997)的假设,所有的文化特征正相关,有效性。丹尼森(1997)如上所述,集成到一个框架比较两个连续统假设一个对比的变化和一轴对比其他外部与内部整合的方向稳定性和方向的灵活性。丹尼森以来开发的组织文化调查仪器(OCSI)来衡量的四个文化特质内一个组织。每一个特点是进一步细分为三个指标,如在图1(法伊和丹尼森,2003年)所示。由于本研究的原始出版,丹尼森和他的同事收集了来自60多个机构超过35,000个人的调查答复。这项研究的结果,继续支持他的假设。现在的相当的文学链路表明平衡计分卡现在已经成为一种广泛使用的管理工具。卡普兰
8、和诺顿例举了37个有轶事的证据例子来支持平衡计分卡是有用的在贯穿于整个组织的交流合作策略以及方便对这个策略进行补充。以往的经验事实更证明了这一点。然而,也有许多但不是大部分平衡计分卡运用失败的例子。研究报告指出,当用绩效提高的指标来的衡量时,组织文化是成为平衡计分卡有效实施中最关键的媒介因素。单独的例子表现不能有效的说明平衡计分卡实施的成功与失败。假如主要是通过测量绩效指标导致绩效的提高,所有的公司都会成功吗文学报告说明在有合适的企业文化的基础上平衡计分卡会导致企业业绩的提高。在平衡的术语上,组织的学习和成长导致业绩的相互增长进步、技术的进步、公司业绩的提高。作为最终结果,企业文化将可能会直接
9、改变平衡计分卡的实施结果,没有对这种改变结果的特殊干预,来支持这一想法。作为最后一个想法,它可能会直接,可以改变一个组织的文化BSC的过程中,没有任何具体干预措施针对这种变化的结果。未来的研究应包括纵向研究,以追踪BSC的项目,以评估将会发生的变化,生活的组织文化和BSC的有效性。外文文献原文TITLETHERELATIONSHIPOFORGANIZATIONALCULTURETOBALANCEDSCORECARDEFFECTIVENESSMATERIALSOURCESAMADVANCEDMANAGEMENTJOURNALAUTUMN2010AUTHORJACKIEWDEEM,KAPLANUN
10、IVERSITYBARRYBARNES,HWAYNEHUIZENGASBESAHRINASEGAL,HWAYNEHUIZENGASBETHEBSCWASDEVELOPEDBYROBERTSKAPLANANDDAVIDPNORTONANDPUBLISHEDIN1992ITWASTHERESULTOFAYEARLONGSTUDYTHATAROSEOUTOFAGENERALNOTIONTHATASKNOWLEDGEBECAMEABASISFORCOMPETITION,CONVENTIONALFINANCIALMEASURESWEREBECOMINGOBSOLETEKAPLANANDNORTON199
11、2THETERMBALANCEDREFLECTSTHEBALANCEDCONSIDERATIONGIVENTOLONGANDSHORTTERMOBJECTIVES,FINANCIALANDNONFINANCIALMEASURES,LEADINGANDLAGGINGINDICATORS,ANDEXTERNALANDINTERNALPERFORMANCEPERSPECTIVESKAPLANANDNORTON,1996ATHEBASISFORTHEBSCWASTHECAUSALLINKAGEOFPERFORMANCEMEASURES,BOTHFINANCIALANDNONFINANCIAL,FROM
12、FOURDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESINNOVATIONANDLEARNINGINTERNALBUSINESSCUSTOMERANDLAST,BUTNOTLEAST,THEFINANCIALKAPLANANDNORTON,1992THESYSTEMINVOLVESFOURPROCESSES1CLARIFYINGANDTRANSLATINGTHEVISION2COMMUNICATINGANDLINKING3BUSINESSPLANNINGANDSETTINGTARGETSAND4STRATEGICFEEDBACKANDLEARNINGASAPERFORMANCEMEASUREMEN
13、TSYSTEM,THEBSCCOMBINEDAMULTITUDEOFPERFORMANCEMEASURES,RELATEDTODIFFERENTSTRATEGICOBJECTIVES,INTOASINGLEREPORTATTHESAMETIME,THEBSCHELPEDTOPMANAGEMENTAVOID“SUBOPTIMIZATION“KAPLANANDNORTON,1992,BYCREATINGAPICTUREOFHOWCHANGESIMPLEMENTEDTOPRODUCEIMPROVEMENTSINONEAREACANADVERSELYAFFECTANOTHERAREAMOSTOFTHE
14、RESEARCHTODATEREGARDINGTHEBSCCONCENTRATESONTHERELATIONSHIPTOFIRMPERFORMANCEKAPLANANDNORTON1996B,2001DISCUSSTHEIRRESEARCH,NOWSPANNING17YEARS,THROUGHOUTTHEIRPUBLICATIONSTHERESEARCHCITEDTAKESTHEFORMOFCASESTUDIESANDGENERALLYPROVIDESANECDOTALEVIDENCESUPPORTINGTHEPROPOSITIONTHATAPROPERLYDESIGNEDANDIMPLEME
15、NTEDBSCCANRESULTINOVERALLPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTFORTHEORGANIZATIONHOWEVER,THEYPROVIDENOEMPIRICALDATATOSUPPORTTHEIRHYPOTHESESEMPIRICALRESEARCHREGARDINGTHERELATIONSHIPOFTHEBSCTOFIRMPERFORMANCEHASSHOWNMIXEDRESULTSDAVISANDALBRIGHT,2004DAVISANDALBRIGHTPOSITTWOPOSSIBLEREASONSFORTHELACKOFCONSISTENTFINDINGS1
16、THERESULTSMAYINDICATEALACKOFLINKAGEBETWEENTHEBSCMEASURESCHOSENANDTHETARGETEDFINANCIALOBJECTIVESAND2THEUSEOFCROSSSECTIONALANALYSIS,INTHESTUDIESCITEDPREVIOUSLY,ALLOWTHECOMPARISONOFPERFORMANCEANDPERFORMANCEMEASURESONLYATONEPOINTINTIMEKAPLANANDNORTON1992RECOGNIZEDTHATTHEBSCWOULDNOTBEEFFECTIVEFORALLORGAN
17、IZATIONSTHEYPOSITEDTHAT“EVENANEXCELLENTSETOFBALANCEDSCORECARDMEASURESDOESNOTGUARANTEEAWINNINGSTRATEGYTHEBALANCEDSCORECARDCANONLYTRANSLATEACOMPANYSSTRATEGYINTOSPECIFICMEASURABLEOBJECTIVES“KAPLANANDNORTON,1992INFACT,WILLIAMS2004REPORTSTHATFEWERTHAN20OFTHECOMPANIESWITHBSCPROJECTSHAVEREALIZEDOVERALLPERF
18、ORMANCEIMPROVEMENTSHESUGGESTSTHATTHISISPRIMARILYBECAUSECOMPANIESCHOOSETOOMANYPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTINDICESORCONTINUETORELYONHISTORICALDATAOTHERFACTORSAFFECTINGTHESUCCESSOFPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMS,SUCHASTHEBSC,INCLUDEORGANIZATIONALCULTUREANDMANAGEMENTSTYLESBITITCI,ETAL,2004ORGANIZATIONALCULTUREB
19、ACKGROUNDASMANYAS164DEFINITIONSOFORGANIZATIONALCULTUREHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHELITERATUREDETERT,SCHROEDER,ANDMAURIEL,2000,BUTSCHEINSDEFINITION1990ISFREQUENTLYQUOTEDAAPATTERNOFBASICASSUMPTIONS,BINVENTED,DISCOVERED,ORDEVELOPEDBYAGIVENGROUP,CASITLEARNSTOCOPEWITHITSPROBLEMSOFEXTERNALADAPTATIONANDINTERNALINT
20、EGRATION,DTHATHASWORKEDWELLENOUGHTOBECONSIDEREDVALIDAND,THEREFOREEISTOBETAUGHTTONEWMEMBERSASTHEFCORRECTWAYTOPERCEIVE,THINK,INDFEELINRELATIONTOTHOSEPROBLEMSTHESTUDYOFORGANIZATIONALCULTUREASACONCEPTISFAIRLYRECENTMOSTOFTHELITERATUREPOINTSTOTHELATE1970SANDTHEWORKOFPETTIGREWASTHEORIGINOFSUCHRESEARCHDETER
21、T,ETAL,2000INTHEEARLY1980S,THEPOPULARBUSINESSPRESSBEGANTOREFLECTANAWARENESSTHATSOMETHINGOUTTHERE,BEYONDASETOFBEHAVIORS,WOULD,IFREPEATED,WOULDLEADTOBUSINESSSUCCESSOUCHIS1981THEORYZADDRESSEDTHEISSUECOMPARINGJAPANESECOMPANIESTOAMERICANCOMPANIESACOMPANYSCULTUREREFLECTSITSVALUES,ACCORDINGTOOUCHIHEASSERTE
22、DTHATCULTUREANDNOTTECHNOLOGYWASTHEPRIMARYDIFFERENCEBETWEENJAPANESEANDAMERICANCOMPANIESDENISON1984WASONEOFTHEFIRSTTOPROPOSEMEASURINGCORPORATECULTUREBASEDONSURVEYDATAUPTOTHATPOINT,MOSTOFTHERESEARCHUSEDQUALITATIVE,LONGITUDINAL,ETHNOGRAPHICSTUDIESCOOKEANDROUSSEAU,1988THESEMETHODOLOGIESREQUIREDACONSIDERA
23、BLEINVESTMENTINTIME,ANDGENERALIZABILITYCOULDNOTBEVERIFIEDSTATISTICALLYACCORDINGTODENISON,SURVEYRESEARCHALLOWEDTHESAMEMETHODOLOGYTOBEAPPLIEDTOALARGENUMBEROFORGANIZATIONSINTHEIDENTICALMANNERTHISFACILITATESGENERALIZATION,BUT,ONTHEDOWNSIDE,COULDLEADTOFALSECONCLUSIONSSINCETHEACCEPTANCEOFSURVEYRESEARCHASA
24、VIABLEMETHODOLOGYBYTHEACADEMICCOMMUNITY,AROBUSTSTREAMOFRESEARCHHASENSUEDMUCHOFTHEEMPIRICALRESEARCHINTHEAREAHASADDRESSEDHOWTOMEASURECULTUREMARCOULIDESANDHECK,1993,WHATCULTURETYPESAREMOSTEFFECTIVEBHASKARANANDSUKUMARAN,2007CAMERONANDOUINN,1999DENISON,1997DENISONANDMISHRA,1995KOTTERANDHESKETT,1992MAVOND
25、OANDFARRELL,2003,ANDHOWTOCHANGEORGANIZATIONALCULTURETOMOREEFFECTIVETYPESCOOKEANDROUSSEAU,1988KORTEANDCHERMACK,2007RASHID,SAMBASIVAN,ANDRAHMAN,2004SCHWARTZANDDAVIS,1981DENISONS1997CULTUREANDEFFECTIVENESSMODELISMOSTRELEVANTTOTHISSURVEYTHEMODELISBASEDONFOURHYPOTHESESRELATEDTOTHEDIMENSIONSORTRAITSOFORGA
26、NIZATIONALCULTURE,WHICHDENISONSYNTHESIZESINTOAFRAMEWORKTHEFIRSTHYPOTHESIS,INVOLVEMENT,SUGGESTSTHATWHENMEMBERSAREENCOURAGEDTOPARTICIPATE,ASENSEOFOWNERSHIPANDRESPONSIBILITYDEVELOPS,LEADINGTOCOMMITMENTTOTHEORGANIZATIONCONSISTENCY,THESECONDHYPOTHESIS,POSITSTHATWHENTHEORGANIZATIONSCULTURE,COMPRISEDOFSHAR
27、EDBELIEFS,VALUES,ANDSYMBOLS,BECOMESINTERNALIZED,CONSENSUSANDCOORDINATIONAREMOREEFFECTIVELYACHIEVEDTHETHIRDHYPOTHESIS,ADAPTABILITYISBASEDONTHENEEDFORTHEORGANIZATIONTORECOGNIZECHANGESINTHEEXTERNALANDINTERNALENVIRONMENTANDTHENMAKETHEAPPROPRIATERESPONSESTOACCOMMODATETHOSECHANGESFINALLY,THEMISSIONHYPOTHE
28、SISSTATESTHATINTHEPRESENCEOFACLEARLYCOMMUNICATED,BROADLYSHAREDMISSION,THEORGANIZATIONFINDSPURPOSEANDMEANINGASWELLASDIRECTIONTHESE,INTURN,HELPTODEFINETHEAPPROPRIATECOURSEOFACTIONFORTHEORGANIZATIONANDITSMEMBERSACCORDINGTODENISONS1997HYPOTHESES,ALLOFTHECULTURALTRAITSAREPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOEFFECTIVENESSA
29、SNOTED,DENISON1997INTEGRATESTHESEHYPOTHESESINTOAFRAMEWORKCOMPARINGTWOCONTINUUMSONECONTRASTINGCHANGEANDFLEXIBILITYWITHSTABILITYANDDIRECTIONONONEAXISANDTHEOTHERCONTRASTINGEXTERNALORIENTATIONWITHINTERNALINTEGRATIONDENISONHASSINCEDEVELOPEDANORGANIZATIONALCULTURESURVEYINSTRUMENTOCSITOMEASURETHEFOURCULTUR
30、ETRAITSWITHINANORGANIZATIONEACHTRAITISFURTHERBROKENDOWNINTOTHREEINDICESASSHOWNINFIGURE1FEYANDDENISON,2003SINCETHEORIGINALPUBLICATIONOFTHISRESEARCH,DENISONANDHISASSOCIATESHAVECOLLECTEDOVER35,000INDIVIDUALSURVEYRESPONSESFROMOVER60ORGANIZATIONSTHERESULTSOFTHISRESEARCHCONTINUETOSUPPORTHISHYPOTHESESLINKI
31、NGTHEBALANCESCORECARDANDORGANIZATIONALCULTUREBACKGROUND,ACONSIDERABLEBODYOFLITERATURELINKSPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSTOORGANIZATIONALCULTURETHISISESPECIALLYTRUEFORTHEBALANCEDSCORECARDFURTHER,THEBODYOFLITERATUREREGARDINGTHERELATIONSHIPOFORGANIZATIONALCULTURETOTHEBSCISGROWINGASTHEBSCMATURESRIGBYANDBI
32、LODEAU2007ACKNOWLEDGETHATCORPORATECULTUREDIRECTLYAFFECTSTHESUCCESSOFMANAGEMENTTOOLSUSEDTOAIDECOMPANIESINPROCESSIMPROVEMENTANDDECISIONMAKINGKAPLANANDNORTON2004REPORTTHATCOMPANIESTHATSUCCESSFULLYIMPLEMENTEDTHEBSCHADACULTUREINWHICH“PEOPLEWEREDEEPLYAWAREOFANDINTERNALIZEDTHEMISSION,VISION,ANDCOREVALUESNE
33、EDEDTOEXECUTETHECOMPANYSSTRATEGY“RESEARCHBYBITITCI,ETAL2004,2006ANDASSIRIANDEID2006SUPPORTTHEDIRECTRELATIONSHIPOFORGANIZATIONALCULTURETOSUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEBSCMETHODOLOGYINTRODUCTION,BASEDONTHELITERATUREJUSTPRESENTED,ITISAPPARENTTHATTHEBSCHASBECOMEAWIDELYUSEDMANAGEMENTTOOLKAPLANANDNORTON200
34、1LISTSOME37EXAMPLESOFANECDOTALEVIDENCETOSUPPORTTHEIDEATHATTHEBSCCANBEUSEFULINCOMMUNICATINGCORPORATESTRATEGYTHROUGHOUTTHEORGANIZATIONANDFACILITATINGTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHATSTRATEGYEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFURTHERSUPPORTSTHEPOSITIONHOWEVER,THEREISEVIDENCETHATMANY,IFNOTMOST,BSCIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECTSARENOTSUCCES
35、SFULTHELITERATUREFURTHERPOINTSTOORGANIZATIONALCULTUREASBEINGAKEYMEDIATINGFACTORINBSCEFFECTIVENESSASMEASUREDBYPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTKAPLANANDNORTON,2004RIGBYANDBILODEAU,2007BEHAVIORSALONECANNOTACCOUNTFORBSCSUCCESSORFAILUREIFMERELYMEASURINGPERFORMANCERESULTEDINPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENT,WOULDNOTALLCOMPANI
36、ESBESUCCESSFULTHELITERATURESUGGESTSTHATTHEBSCLEADSTOPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTINTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPROPRIATEORGANIZATIONALCULTUREASSIRIANDEID,2006BITITCI,ETAL,2奥廉004INBSCTERMINOLOGY,ORGANIZATIONALLEARNINGANDGROWTHLEADSTOINTERNALPROCESSIMPROVEMENT,CUSTOMERSATISFACTION,AND,ULTIMATELY,PERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENT
37、THISISILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2ASAFINALTHOUGHT,ITMAYBEPOSSIBLETHATANORGANIZATIONSCULTURECANCHANGEASADIRECTRESULTOFTHEBSCPROCESS,WITHOUTANYSPECIFICINTERVENTIONAIMEDATSUCHCHANGESFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDINCLUDELONGITUDINALSTUDIESTOTRACKORGANIZATIONALCULTUREANDBSCEFFECTIVENESSOVERTHELIFEOFTHEBSCPROJECTTOASSESSIFSUCHCHANGESOCCUR