1、自主学习 5Part I Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices
2、. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please write the corresponding letter for each item in the blank. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.Reading is an important skill that needs to be developed in children
3、. Not only is it necessary for 1)_ in the world of schools and later on universities, but in adult life as well. The ability to learn about new subjects and find helpful information on anything from health problems and consumer protection to more 2)_ research into science or the arts depends on the
4、ability to read.the more children read, the better they become at reading. Its as simple as that. The more enjoyable the things they read are, the more theyll 3)_ with them and develop the reading skills that theyll need for full 4)_ to information in their adult lives. Reading should be viewed as a
5、 pleasurable activity - as a source of 5)_ tales and useful and interesting factual information.The more young children are to read, the greater their interest in mastering reading. Reading out loud 6)_ children to proper grammar and phrasing. It 7)_ the development of their spoken language skills,
6、their ability to express themselves verbally(口头上 ).Reading, by way of books, magazines or websites, exposes kids to new vocabulary. Even when they dont understand every new word, they absorb something from the 8)_ that may deepen their understanding of it the next time the word is 9)_. When parents
7、read aloud to children, the children also hear correct pronunciation as they see the words on the page, even if they cant yet read the words 10)_.A) academic F) context K) exposesB) access G) enables L) independentlyC) accompany H) encountered M) specificD) clearly I) enhances N) stickE) comprehensi
8、onJ) entertaining O) survival1-5 OANBJ 6-10 KIFHLSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose
9、a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by writing the corresponding letter in the blank.Googles Google ProblemGoogle is killing Google Reader. Use of Google Reader, a tool, by the way, for reading online content via RSS was concentrated among a small
10、 group of relatively intense users. As it happens, that small group includes quite a lot of people who write for or as part of their living And so Google Reader has been mourned over, angrily at times, a bit more than the many other Google services that have come and gone.It isnt that hard to imagin
11、e what Google was thinking when it made this decision. Its a big company, but even big companies have finite resources, and devoting those precious resources to something that isnt making money and isnt judged to have much in the way of development potential is not an attractive option. Dropping Rea
12、der isnt going to hurt the companys business.Yet this little contretemps(令人尴尬的事 ) may suggest bigger trouble ahead for Google and big changes for the internet. One immediate effect is relatively easy to anticipate. John Hempton makes a nice point here: Google is in the process of abandoning its miss
13、ion. Googles stated mission is to organize all the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful. Google no longer cares. It seems what they care about is mass-markets.Google has asked us to build our lives around it: to use its e-mail system, its search engines, its maps, its cal
14、endars, its cloud-based apps and storage services, its video- and photo- hosting services, and on and on and on. Google wants us to use its services in ways that provide it with interesting and valuable information, and eyeballs. If a particular Google experiment isnt cutting it in that category, th
15、en Google may feel justified in axing it.But that makes it increasingly difficult for Google to have success with new services. Why commit to using and coming to rely on something new if it might be pulled away at some future date? This is especially problematic for “social“ apps that rely on networ
16、k effects. Even a bad social service may thrive if it obtains a critical mass. Yanking away services beloved by early adopters almost guarantees that critical masses cant be obtained: not, at any rate, without the provision of an incentive or commitment mechanism to protect the would-be users from t
17、he risk of losing a vital service.There may be bigger implications still, however. As I said, Google has asked us to build our lives around it, and we have responded. This response entails(需要 ) a powerful self-reinforcement mechanism: Both providers and users of information and other services change
18、 their behavior as a result of the availability of a Google product. You can see this on a small scale with Reader. People design their websites and content based on the assumption that others, via an RSS reader, will come across and read that content in a certain way. And readers structure their re
19、ading habits, and ultimately their mental models of what information is available and where, based on the existence of this tool. If you then pull away the product at the heart of that system, you end up causing significant disruption(混乱 ), assuming there arent good alternatives available.The issue
20、becomes a bit more obvious when you think about something like search. Many of us now operate under the assumption that if we want to find something we will be able to do so quickly and easily via Google search. If I want an idea for a unique gift for someone, I can put in related search terms and f
21、eel pretty confident that Ill get back store websites and blogs and Pinterest pages and newspaper stories and pictures all providing possible matches. If Im a researcher, I know I can quickly find relevant academic papers, data, newspaper accounts, expert analysis, and who knows what else related to
22、 an enormous range of topics. Once we all become comfortable with that state of affairs we quickly begin optimizing(优化 ) the physical and digital resources around us. And once we all become comfortable with that, we begin rearranging our mental architecture. We stop memorizing key data points and st
23、art learning how to ask the right questions. We begin to think differently. We stop keeping a mental model of the physical geography of the world around us, because why bother? We can call up an incredibly detailed and accurate map of the world, complete with satellite and street-level images, whene
24、ver we want. The bottom line is that the more we all participate in this world, the more we come to depend on it.What Google has actually done is create a powerful infrastructure(基础设施 ). The shape of that infrastructure influences everything that goes online. And it influences the allocation of ment
25、al resources of everyone who interacts with the online world. But there isnt much to the real human world that isnt shaped by the mental activity of the people in it! Thats a lot of power to put in the hands of a company that now seems interested, mostly, in identifying core mass-market services it
26、can use to maximize its return on investment. Now in the short run, that may mostly be a problem for all of us. To the extent that we become worried about this phenomenon, we may go out and find back-up services or other alternatives. This will be less convenient and more costly, in terms of time an
27、d money, but those sufficiently foresighted(预见的 ) might feel its a better option than opening up gmail one day to read that the email service, and the 10-years worth of communication it holds, will soon be gone.But in the long run thats a problem for Google. Because we tend not to entrust(委托 ) this
28、sort of critical public infrastructure to the private sector. Network externalities are all fine and good to ignore so long as they mainly apply to the sharing of news and pictures from a weekend trip with college friends. Once they concern large amount of economic output and the cognitive activity
29、of millions of people, it is difficult to keep the government out. Maybe that obstacle will be sufficient to keep Google providing its most heavily used products. But maybe not.I find myself thinking again of the brave new world of the industrial city, when new patterns of interaction led to enormou
30、s changes in economic activity, in culture and personal behavior, and in the way we think. We upgraded ourselves, in terms of education and social norms, to maximize the return to urban life. I think we, meaning users of the web and the companies that provide its blood and bones, are only beginning
31、to deal with the implications of a world awash(充斥的 ) in information.11. Once we become comfortable with optimizing the physical and digital resources around us, we will start rearranging our mental architecture.12. A bad social service may become successful provided that it gets a critical mass.13.
32、In the long term, people are not inclined to put critical public infrastructure into the hands of the private sector like Google.14. Google decided to shut down Google Reader because it was not profitable or promising.15. Everything on the Internet can be influenced by the powerful infrastructure cr
33、eated by Google.16. The availability of a Google product changes the behavior of the providers and users of information and other services.17. According to John Hempton, now Google seems to be more concerned with mass-markets than its stated mission.18. Nowadays, many of us assume that if we would l
34、ike to search for something quickly and easily, we can Google it.19. The big changes in economic activity, culture, individual behavior and thinking method resulted from new patterns of interaction.20. If a service cannot offer interesting and valuable information and eyeballs, Google will think it
35、right to close it down.11-15 HEJBI 16-20 FCGKDSection CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), D). You should decide on the best choice and write the correspondin
36、g letter in the blank.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.If you are trying to do your bit for sustainability and save water by taking shorter showers, then a new report on sustainability reveals for the first time that there are more effective ways that our everyday cho
37、ices can have a positive impact on the environment. For example, the glass of juice you have for breakfast might have used the same amount of water in its production as the amount you have just saved by cutting your shower from 10 to 5 minutes. The milk on your cereal might have used even more. Bala
38、ncing Act, a world first that has been developed for the Australia economy by scientists from CSIRO (澳大利亚联邦科学月工业研究组织 ) and the University of Sydney, looks across 135 industry sectors of the Australian economy and quantifies the impacts and contributions across ten social, environmental, and financia
39、l indicators. Report co-author CSIRO scientist, Barney Foran, says that sustainability for Australia is a balancing act as we try to make decisions and trade-offs in the face of often-competing economic, social and environmental attributes.“We still need to eat and showerand it is still worth taking
40、 shorter showers to save our stressed urban water suppliesbut now consumers have a new tool to help us make more informed choices about different types of products based on a new sustainability rating,“ says Foran.Different to other studies because of its detailed observation of the full production
41、chain, this report is able to show the full effects-both direct and indirect of the production of an individual commodity or service, cappuccinos( 卡布奇诺咖啡 )or haircuts. It highlights sustainability challenges for different industries and points out areas in the production chain where a focused effort
42、 would make a significant difference.All effects are referenced back to a consumption dollar roughly the dollar spent by a consumer in everyday life. It also shows that each consumption dollar is quite different-some dollars are positive and create employment, or suck in imports or generate governme
43、nt revenue. Other consumption dollars are less positive through their high use of water or production of greenhouse gas emissions.This relatively simple presentation of highly complex issues makes this a powerful tool for people who are interested in sustainability to move beyond decisions based on
44、dollars and cents and enables them to make decisions based on a contribution to society, environment, and economy. 21. The new report on sustainability _.A) suggests that saving water by raking shorter showers is ineffectiveB) provides more effective daily ways that can protect environmentC) indicat
45、es that drinking juice wastes more water than taking long showerD) reveals that milk uses more water in its production than juice does22. According to the passage, Balancing Act _.A) is developed for 135 industry sectors of the Australian economyB) is the first environmental protection organization
46、developed by scientistsC) quantifies the environmental impact of ten social and financial indicatorsD) helps keep sustainability of Australias economy, society and environment23. What benefit does Barney Foran think consumers can get from the new report?A) It urges people to take shorter showers to
47、save water.B) It enables people to be wiser in selecting products.C) It saves the urban water supplies for people to take shower.D) It informs people of a fresh sustainability rating.24. According to the passage, what makes the new report special?A) It observes the full production chain in detail.B)
48、 It informs consumers of a new sustainability rating.C) It shows the indirect effects of an individual product.D) It stresses the challenges different industries face.25. By using “a consumption dollar”, the report authors _.A) help people make decisions based on dollars and centsB) simplify the com
49、plex issue of greenhouse gas emissionsC) discuss economys contribution to society and environmentD) show different impacts and contributions of our daily consumptionPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve the care and upbringing of children. Marriage is not necessary to have children, but it has been of enormous
