1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题电子商务的逆向物流最优价格和退货政策资料来源物流及物流管理国际周刊作者SAMARKMUKHOPADHYAY,ROBERTSETOPUTRO摘要在一个网上直销的供应链里,客户直接从制造商购买产品,牺牲了对实物检查的利益。这增加了客户对产品有些不满并想退货的可能性。一个解释明确而又慷慨的退货政策,将会受到客户欢迎,并因此而提高需求。从制造商的角度来看,这将增加收入,但是也会由于退货的可能性提高而导致成本的增加。本文依据一定的市场反应参数来开发一个利润最大化的模型,获得最优的价格和退货政策。运用营销和经营战略变量去影响反映参数,获得共同的若干管理指南,以便从市场
2、获得最大的利益。文章提到了几个未来研究的可能性。1简介传统的供应链,涉及把制成品通过分销配送至仓库、批发商和一系列的零售商。从制造商的角度来看,这种间接的销售渠道是有利于零售商的经济规模、声誉和对当地市场的认识。从客户的角度来看,他们喜欢在做出购买决策之前,对产品进行实际观察和检查,有时亲身试验的益处。但对客户的最大优势之一是如果不符合他们的期望可以轻松地退还物品。在最近的一项调查中,超过70的购物者说,他们很可能在决定购买之前考虑退货政策。因此,退货政策在市场中被视为一个重要的竞争力武器,可以大大影响产品的销售。最近一次的电子商务革命,带来了从制造商到客户的一部分供应链的的替代模型。越来越多
3、的制造商正试图越过传统的经销商批发商零售商的枷锁直销给客户。这样做的动机是降低物流成本,更适应客户的要求。市场规模也大有可为。从客户的角度来看,网购是有利的,因为它大大降低了搜寻成本,而且由于商店每天24小时一周七天营业非常方便。然而,客户普遍关注的问题是网购缺乏一个适当的退货政策并且退货物流复杂。尽管越来越多的电子零售商提供退货选择权,但仍是实体零售商在带路。在本文中,我们将研究在电子商务领域的逆向物流,并专们为互联2网卖方寻求最优的退货政策连同最优的定价策略。在电子商务中实行退货政策不同于工厂和商店,并可能延伸至为保证商店信用而只有无条件退款。电子零售商所施加的限制包括,但不仅限于,短时间
4、内退退,未使用产品原包装退回和标签上有特殊指令的退回。从电子零售商的角度来看,退货政策构成一个折衷。一方面,慷慨的退货政策是一个增加客户信心的行之有效的工具,将会吸引更多的顾客购买而增加销售收入。另一方面,它将大幅增加企业的成本。在本文中,我们将研究上述问题的权衡。一个慷慨的退货政策将增加销售收入,同时会增加成本,进而影响双方的利润等式。因此,我们可以期待一个使产生的利润最大化的最佳政策存在。我们也承认这样一个事实,价格对公司来说是决策变量以及定价政策和退货政策是相关的。在本文我们将讨论的具体问题包括明确一个慷慨的退货政策,使企业利润最大化的最优退货政策和定价政策。2模型规划我们的研究不同于该
5、领域现有的定价和退货政策,而是用三种不同的方式。首先,我们检测制造商或零售商通过互联网直接销售给客户的电子商务背景下的退货政策。这种情况下客户考虑到万一产品有缺陷或不符合期望而又退货难的问题,在某种意义上是独有的(尤其重要是在这种情况下他们缺乏像在实体店那样检查实物的机会)。其次,我们研究两个重要决策变量的相互作用,即价格和退货政策。我们不把价格视作一个外生变量,而是一个与退货政策共同优化的决策变量。这种方法的优点是,我们或许可以深入了解公司为提供更慷慨的退货政策而可能收取更高价格的情况。第三,我们不只是考虑不退还和全额退还这两种极端的退货政策。我们的决策变量是公司向客户返回的金额,是连续可变
6、的。此外,我们对退货数量不设任何限制。我们考虑一个简单的有两部分组成的供应链系统销售产品的电子零售商和购买产品的客户。我们制定如下的付款流程。一位顾客买了电子零售商的产品,并支付P美元。接收产品并尝试后,客户可能觉得不符合他/她的期望,于是决定退货。电子零售商退还R美元给顾客作为退款金额(0RP)。我们可以理解,如果R0表示电子零售商不退还,如果RP表示全额退款。此外,较高的R表示电子零售商实行更慷慨的退货政策。3我们认为电子零售商提供慷慨的退货政策会产生更高的需求。地产建设商会指出,百思买收紧他们的退货政策(降低R)发现需求也减少了。戴维斯认为,电子零售商对经营策略作轻微的调整,如一个简单的
7、的退货政策可以增加销售。同时,较高的价格被假定为对需求有负面影响。在我们的模型中,电子零售商允许客户退货并给予R美元的退款。虽然这项政策将会激励更多的需求,但也将产生更多顾客退货的情况。公司的目标是决定最优的定价和退货政策,使利润最大化。在上文,我们根据灵敏度参数,发现有关价格、退货政策以及由此产生的产品需求和退货数量的优化政策的解析表达式。计算基本上能反映对公司决策做出市场反映的参数,这样,能给出基本需求、报酬函数和最佳策略。在一个理性的市场,价格和需求都是积极的。3敏感度分析在一个客户价格敏感度较小的市场,营销者发现很难制订一个恰当的营销策略。似乎在这样一个市场,价格的提高不会产生重大的影
8、响,因此不需要采取。如果该公司使用如广告和/或提升产品质量的战略变量,那么可以收取更高的价格,并提供促使需求上升即使导致退货数量增加的慷慨的退货政策。首先,我们研究改变遵守最优价格和退货政策的价格需求敏感度所产生的影响。当顾客对价格不太敏感,电子零售商即使抬高价格也可以享受高成交量。同时退货数量也随之增加。但总体而言,利润可以保持在较高的水平,因为来自于价格抬高和销量增长的额外收入胜过由于退货数量增加而产生的成本。接下来,我们研究改变遵守最优价格和退货政策的退货政策的需求敏感性所产生的影响。我们看到,当顾客的需求对退货政策越来越敏感,提供更慷慨的退货政策将增加销售。虽然事实上提供更慷慨的退货政
9、策也将增加退货数量,但它不会降低电子零售商的利润。当顾客对退货政策越敏感,电子零售商可以收取更高的价格来抵消因提供更慷慨的退货政策而增加的成本。4结论和进一步研究退货政策对顾客的购买模式、产品的销售和卖方的利润影响还没有被广泛研究,尤其是对网络销售。据推测,一个慷慨的退货政策对公司是有利的,因为它会诱使客户从警惕“盲目购买”转变为大胆购买。我们通过假设一个需求函数来模拟购买行为,它是通过实施防备客户退货而增加退款金额的慷慨的退货政策而产生积极的4影响。与此同时,我们的模型采用了收益函数,其中慷慨的退货政策增加了回报金额。在我们的模型是在由于日益增长的需求而收入增加和由于退货量上升而成本增加之间
10、寻求平衡。我们为两个决策变量得到了封闭形式的最佳解决方案价格和退款金额。我们的研究结果是依据三个主要的市场参数得出的客户需求的价格敏感度,退货政策的需求敏感度和一个给定的退货政策的回报率敏感性。从我们的结果中,我们推导出了一个经理如何运用市场营销和经营战略变量影响这些参数,为企业的决策变量、价格和退款金额获得理想的最佳值,并对产生最佳利润得到一个良好涟漪效应的一些见解。例如,我们发现,如果企业使用广告或提高产品质量会减少需求对价格的敏感度,它可以同时收取更高的价格并提供更慷慨的退货政策,并得到更高的利润。虽然我们的模型提高了这个主题的现有文献的门槛,但我们认识到可以从多种方式丰富我们的研究。未
11、来在这个主题存在许多领域可以研究。首先,不确定性可以纳入需求函数和报酬函数。我们也可以使用一个概率报酬函数,因为客户可能决定不退货,即使他们可以。其次,我们可以使用一个随着时间的推移产品需求变化(例如产品的生命周期)的动态模型,然后我们将需要确定决策变量的值,不像本文那样仅仅作为一个静态值,而是随着时间的轨迹。第三,竞争可以明确地纳入到模型,由于需求将不仅取决于我们的价格和退货政策,同时依赖竞争对手的决策。最后,我们可以探讨承包公司退货处理和处置的第三方物流的处理程序。5外文文献原文TITLEREVERSELOGISTICSINEBUSINESSOPTIMALPRICEANDRETURNPOL
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41、EFUNDAMOUNT,ANDGETTHEBENEFITOFARIPPLEEFFECTTOINCREASETHEOPTIMUMPROFITFOREXAMPLE,WEFOUNDTHATIFTHEFIRMUSESADVERTISINGORPRODUCTQUALITYTOREDUCETHEPRICESENSITIVITYOFDEMAND,ITCANEXPERIENCEHIGHERPROFITWHILEATTHESAMETIMECHARGINGAHIGHERPRICEANDOFFERINGMOREGENEROUSRETURNPOLICYWHILEOURMODELINCREASESTHETHRESHOL
42、DOFEXISTINGLITERATUREINTHISTOPIC,WERECOGNIZEANUMBEROFWAYSOURRESEARCHCOULDBEEMBELLISHEDFUTURERESEARCHINTHISTOPICCANBEDONEINANUMBEROFAREASFIRST,UNCERTAINTYCANBEINCORPORATEDINBOTHTHEDEMANDFUNCTIONANDTHERETURNFUNCTIONWECANALSOUSEAPROBABILISTICRETURNFUNCTIONBECAUSECUSTOMERSMAYDECIDENOTTORETURNANITEMEVENI
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