1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题电子商务在纺织服装供应链中的应用资料来源DEPARTMENTOFTEXTILES,UMISTVOLUME2,ISSUE2,SPRING2005作者LUCYDALYANDPROFESSORMARGARETBRUCE1简介电子商务是一种能令人振奋和能吸引很多人的新技术。它有可能从根本上改变公司做生意的方式,从而产生深刻影响的供应链管理。电子商务方面将会讨论整个产业与电子商务结合后对行业的影响,以及企业对消费者(B2C),企业对企业(B2B)的电子商务。海因斯(2004)认为,电子革命是企业对商业市场的相互作用而产生的转型变化。发生这种变化的原因不仅是因为科技的
2、进步,还有如全球化架构重组,企业组织结构调整,注重信息和通信技术,成本分化和消费价格升高等因素。2企业对企业的电子商务活动MCGUFFOG和瓦兹利(1999)认为,电子商务设置联系比较密切,是大多数企业开展业务和行政程序的关键。公司可以利用协同事件管理、构建和主数据的同步和共享客户资料等的活动。个人网络公司只能在广告、销售、订阅服务中拿到很少的利润,使用B2B的电子商务甚至比使用B2C的电子商务更有前景(BARNESVIERYAANDCLAYCOMB,2001)。据预计,到2006年,将会有超过所有的企业对企业采购的四分之一都在网上进行(KUECHLER等,2001)。电子商务虽然可能不能直接
3、增加企业的交易数量,但是可以加强企业的信息交流,帮助企业通过沟通和协调来打破贸易壁垒(RATNASINGAM,2004)。MCGAUGHEY(1999)强调了通过因特网和内联网技术可以提高内部供应链和机构之间的互动合作。这样一来公司间可以更轻松地沟通以及分享知识和经验,从而促进长期合作关系的建立(WAN等,2003)。在供应链之间互动与合作可以帮助企业优化性能和生产高质量产品(DESBARATS,1999)。互联网促进了各方之间的通讯,被称为“商业互动常用媒介”(PREISS;MCGAUGHEY,1999)。内联网是用来促进公2司内部的通信,有助于公司与世界各地进行沟通、互动。有人将电子商务B
4、2B交易中使用值添加到供应链,授权给买家一个更大的选择、更好地控制和日益激烈的竞争。不过,供应商还能看到好处的更多的市场机会,消除导致更紧密的联系,与客户、中间商的形式提高市场营销能力和动态交易能力(MEEKER等,1999)。3电子商务的供应链互联网对供应链管理和使得供应链变得更加紧密联系有很大的影响,为使供应链连接更加紧密,则需要更好的协调供应链管理方面的时间和资源(ANGELESANDNATH,2000)。此外,流量的力量已经扭转,现在客户通过条款及条件来决定供应商。不过,有关供应链的电子商务应用也有问题。例如,获取的信息系统公司之间的工作是一个挑战,因为在未经各方同意之前,系统不能添加
5、,更改或删除的任何信息(FALCIONI,1999)。4电子商务主持间的供应链关系吉尔伯特等人(1999)表明,现在世界各地大公司的60和30的中小型公司现在使用互联网进行市场营销和业务活动。他们认为,对公司来说,建立一个可以提供公平竞争的网站是很容易的(BERTHON等,1996)。从营销的角度出发,网络允许更广泛的交互性,可以让游客只选择和检索某些信息,从而对供应商保存一些兴趣。而LOUGHLIN(1999)认为,在一个供应链中,买家和供应商之间必须发生关系时,供应商应该积极主动。供应商之间的关系必须从对立改变为更多的合作。换句话说,供应商必须培养供应商,而不是施加压力不断降低价格进行恶性
6、循环(LOUGHLIN,1999)。在发展B2B电子商务业务的时候,尤其重要的是结成伙伴合作的关系(洛杉矶和纳特,2000)。然而,尽管这听起来简单,但显示中可能要复杂的很多。合伙企业可能进入新市场,推出新产品和克服贸易障碍。建立伙伴关系的关键是信任与承诺,而这些需要时间实现。此外,伙伴关系并非就是没有问题,比如无法满足合作各方的期望,并减少了相关的控制权。5纺织供应链纺织制品业供应链是很复杂的与很多不同的政党一样,并可能大大不同于此处显示的供应链。时装及纺织是一个不稳定的行业,在适当的时间在适当的位置获取正确的产品可能会很难实现(FERNIE,1994)。3它常见的做法是零售商集中采购及针对
7、价格,质量和交货时间与制造商谈判BRUCEANDMOGER,1999。不过,POPP(2000)指出,许多链中有是中介常导入或导出代理作为一个重要人物链内行事,中介机构增加已作为业内日益全球化的结果。纺织和服装供应链目前越来越全球化,许多企业选择从海外采购零部件,或转移到劳动力成本较低的国家进行制造。这导致了英国制造业减少,无法进行写作,对抗性链条增加,无法平等合作。为了提高管理水平的纺织品和服装供应链中雇用了一些战略,其中包括快速反应和精确的响应(CHANDRAANDKUMAR,2000)。快速反应是通过技术合作和改善来提高企业竞争力,并允许提高产品市场的速度,是使它们得以迅速通过生产和交付
8、,快速的生产并交付产品,企业建立快速反应系统可以更准确反应预测、规划和生产,帮助企业得到有效的销售数据后再进行决策。不过,质疑是否确实完全可以实现目标,只是在时间或是否达到控股的一家公司所享有的减少牺牲的另一方,这是个问题。此外,信息和通信技术在促进有效的订购和追踪货物上有着很重要的作用,尤其是在供应链内的供应链全球基础上运行时扮演重要的角色。互联网是一个强大的新商业媒介,可以用于通讯,减少成本,管理供应商,简化物流和接触消费者。在B2C电子商务中,消费者都能够轻松访问信息,并搜索产品,但是网站本身的有效性是至关重要的,这是难以衡量和确定。而B2B电子商务则可以帮助企业降低采购成本,减少库存,
9、降低业务周期和营销成本。互联网已被形容为世界上最重要的网络,它可以让企业与客户、供应商建立直接的联系,而这种方式是各种大小型企业都能负担的。这对供应链管理有极大地影响,对管理的供应链实现了各方协作和数据共享。6纺织供应商供应链的客户关系琼斯(1997)表明,纺织品/服装供应链具有三个不同的层次,分别为面料生产,服装化妆和零售给消费者。佩里和骑士(1999)认为,合作范围内的链是有效地提供产品的一个重要因素。包括改善合作伙伴之间的关系,从而来提高反应,减少订单流失和延误。也有人认为,改进规划与链内的所有各方会导致准时交货(PERRYANDSOHAL,1999)。纺织品和服装的供应链关系往往可以不
10、确定。BHAMRA等(1998)强调,制造商常常可以投入大量努力与很多时间来完成一产品,而零售商却在其他地方发现并采购该商品。因此,在整个链中缺乏了一个共同的承诺,难以相互信任。POPP(2000)4认为,在纺织和服装供应链中增加一个中介,通过中介在纺织和服务链中解除交流障碍并较轻松地进行确认,但这样做是增加成本,却没有增加整个链的价值。在距离、文化、波动率的条款中可以发现成本,并了解两者的供给和需求(POPP,2000)。零售商要在供应链中保持原有的地位并建立合作伙伴关系通常是很复杂和艰难的,零售商通常需要负责上部分地区的营销、服务和成本负担,但是制造商和小公司往往无法承担这么多费用(LEW
11、IS,1997)。5外文文献原文TITLETHEUSEOFECOMMERCEINTHETEXTILEANDAPPARELSUPPLYCHAINMATERIALSOURCEDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILES,UMISTVOLUME2,ISSUE2,SPRING2005AUTHORLUCYDALYANDPROFESSORMARGARETBRUCE1INTRODUCTIONECOMMERCEISANEWANDEXCITINGTECHNOLOGY,ATTRACTINGMUCHINTERESTITHASTHEPOTENTIALOFFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGINGTHEWAYSINWHIC
12、HCOMPANIESDOBUSINESS,THUSHAVINGAPROFOUNDEFFECTONTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHESUPPLYCHAINASPECTSOFECOMMERCEWILLBEDISCUSSED,INCLUDINGTHEIMPACTONINDUSTRYASAWHOLE,DESCRIPTIONSOFASPECTSASSOCIATEDWITHECOMMERCE,BUSINESSTOCONSUMERB2CECOMMERCE,BUSINESSTOBUSINESSB2BHINES2004ARGUESTHATTHEEREVOLUTIONISTRANSFORMINGHOWBUSIN
13、ESSTOBUSINESSMARKETSAREINTERACTINGTHISCHANGEHASOCCURREDNOTONLYBECAUSEOFTECHNOLOGICALADVANCES,BUTFACTORSSUCHASGLOBALISATION,ORGANISATIONALRESTRUCTURING,INFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES,INCREASEDFOCUSONDIFFERENTIATIONOVERCOSTCUTTING,ANDTHERISEINCONSUMERISM2ECOMMERCEFORBUSINESSTOBUSINESSACTIVITI
14、ESMCGUFFOGANDWADSLEY1999ARGUETHATECOMMERCEISSETTOREVOLUTIONISETHEWAYINWHICHMOSTBUSINESSESCONDUCTTHEIRBUSINESSANDADMINISTRATIVEPROCESSESCOMPANIESCANUTILISEACTIVITIESSUCHASCOLLABORATIVEEVENTMANAGEMENT,THESTRUCTURINGANDSYNCHRONISATIONOFMASTERDATA,ANDTHESHARINGOFCUSTOMERDATAALTHOUGHCONSUMERWEBBUSINESSES
15、RARELYMAKEANYPROFITFROMADVERTISING,SALESORSUBSCRIPTIONS,THEUSEOFECOMMERCEFORBUSINESSTOBUSINESSPURPOSESAPPEARSMUCHMOREPROMISING,ANDBUSINESSTOBUSINESSECOMMERCEISSETTOFAREXCEEDBUSINESSTOCONSUMERECOMMERCEFINANCIALLYBARNESVIERYAANDCLAYCOMB,2001ITISEXPECTEDTHAT,BY2006,INEXCESSOFONEFOURTHOFALLBUSINESSTOBUS
16、INESSPURCHASESWILLBECARRIEDOUTOVERTHEINTERNETKUECHLERETAL,2001EBUSINESSENABLESCOMPANIESTOENHANCEINFORMATIONEXCHANGE,BYBREAKINGDOWNCOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONBARRIERS,ALTHOUGHTHISMAYNOTACTUALLYLEADTOANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFTRANSACTIONSRATNASINGAM20046MCGAUGHEY1999HIGHLIGHTSTHEWAYSINWHICHINTERNETANDIN
17、TRANETTECHNOLOGIESCANENHANCECOOPERATIONWITHINTHESUPPLYCHAIN,ANDINTERACTIONBETWEENORGANISATIONSCOMPANIESAREABLETOCOMMUNICATEEASILYANDSHAREKNOWLEDGEANDEXPERIENCES,THUSFACILITATINGLONGTERMRELATIONSHIPBUILDINGWANGETAL,2000INTERACTIONANDPARTNERINGWITHINTHESUPPLYCHAINCANENABLECOMPANIESTOOPTIMISEPERFORMANC
18、EANDRELIABLEPRODUCTSDESBARATS1999THEINTERNETFACILITATESCOMMUNICATIONSBETWEENPARTIESANDHASBEENREFERREDTOASAUNIVERSALMEDIUMFORBUSINESSINTERACTIONPREISS;MCGAUGHEY,1999THEINTRANETISUSEDTOFACILITATECOMMUNICATIONWITHINCOMPANIES,ANDTHEINTERNETTOAIDINCOMMUNICATIONANDINTERACTIONWITHTHERESTOFTHEWORLDITISSUGGE
19、STEDTHATTHEUSEOFECOMMERCEINB2BTRANSACTIONSADDSVALUETOTHESUPPLYCHAIN,BYEMPOWERINGTHEBUYERTHROUGHABIGGERSELECTION,BETTERCONTROLANDINCREASEDCOMPETITIONHOWEVER,SUPPLIERSAREALSOABLETOSEEBENEFITSINTHEFORMOFGREATERMARKETOPPORTUNITIES,THEELIMINATIONOFTHEMIDDLEMANRESULTINGINASTRONGERLINKWITHTHECUSTOMER,IMPRO
20、VEDMARKETINGABILITIESANDDYNAMICTRADINGCAPABILITIESMEEKERETAL,19993ECOMMERCEINTHESUPPLYCHAINTHEINTERNETISLIKELYTOHAVEACONSIDERABLEIMPACTONSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENT,WITHTHESUPPLYCHAINBECOMINGMUCHMORETIGHTLYCONNECTED,ANDTHUSSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTNEEDINGGREATERCOORDINATIONINTERMSOFTIMEANDRESOURCESANGELESANDN
21、ATH2000INADDITION,THEFLOWOFPOWERHASBEENREVERSED,ANDCUSTOMERSNOWDICTATETERMSANDCONDITIONSTOSUPPLIERSHOWEVER,THEREAREPROBLEMSTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHUSINGECOMMERCEINTHESUPPLYCHAINFOREXAMPLE,GETTINGTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTOWORKBETWEENCOMPANIESISONECHALLENGE,ASSYSTEMSMUSTENABLEEACHCOMPANYTOADD,CHANGEORDELETEANY
22、INFORMATIONWITHOUTFIRSTHAVINGTOCONTACTALLPARTIESINVOLVEDFALCIONI19994ECOMMERCEASAFACILITATOROFSUPPLYCHAINRELATIONSHIPSGILBERTETAL1999SUGGESTTHATWORLDWIDE60OFLARGECOMPANIESAND30OFMEDIUMSIZEDCOMPANIESNOWUSETHEINTERNETFORMARKETINGANDBUSINESSACTIVITIESTHEYARGUETHATSETTINGUPAWEBSITEISEASILYAFFORDABLEFORC
23、OMPANIES,ANDTHATITPROVIDESAMOREORLESSLEVELPLAYINGFIELDFORALLBERTHONETAL,1996FROMAMARKETING7PERSPECTIVE,THEWEBALLOWSGREATERINTERACTIVITY,THUSALLOWINGVISITORSTOONLYSELECTANDRETRIEVEINFORMATIONTHATHOLDSSOMEINTERESTLOUGHLIN1999HOWEVER,ARGUESTHATFORTHESUPPLIERTOBEANACTIVEPARTNERINTHESUPPLYCHAIN,ACOMPLETE
24、CHANGEOFATTITUDEAMONGSTBUYERSANDSUPPLIERSMUSTTAKEPLACERELATIONSHIPSMUSTBELESSCONFRONTATIONALANDMORECOLLABORATIVE,ANDCHANGEFROMBEINGAROTTWEILERTOASTBERNARDINOTHERWORDS,THESUPPLIERMUSTNURTURETHESUPPLIERASOPPOSEDTOAPPLYPRESSURETOCONSTANTLYLOWERPRICESLOUGHLIN1999ITISBECOMINGAPPARENTTHATITISIMPORTANTTHAT
25、ENTERINGINTOPARTNERSHIPSAREOFPARAMOUNTIMPORTANCEWHENDEVELOPINGBUSINESSTOBUSINESSECOMMERCEOPERATIONSANGELESANDNATH,2000HOWEVER,ALTHOUGHTHISMAYSOUNDSIMPLE,INREALITYITISLIKELYTOBEMUCHMORECOMPLEXRELATIONSHIPLITERATUREPOSESTHEVIEWTHATTHROUGHENTERINGINTOPARTNERSHIPSITISPOSSIBLEFORORGANISATIONSTOACCESSNEWM
26、ARKETS,INTRODUCENEWPRODUCTSANDOVERCOMETRADEBARRIERSTRUSTANDCOMMITMENTISKEYWITHINAPARTNERSHIP,ANDTHESETAKETIMETOBUILDINADDITION,PARTNERSHIPSARENOTWITHOUTTHEIRPROBLEMS,INCLUDINGANINABILITYTOMEETTHEEXPECTATIONSOFCOLLABORATINGPARTIESANDREDUCEDCONTROL5THETEXTILESSUPPLYCHAINTHESUPPLYCHAININTHETEXTILESINDU
27、STRYISCOMPLEX,WITHMANYDIFFERENTPARTIESBEINGINVOLVED,ANDMAYVARYCONSIDERABLYFROMTHESUPPLYCHAINTHATISSHOWNHEREFASHIONANDTEXTILESISAVOLATILEINDUSTRY,ANDGETTINGTHERIGHTPRODUCTINTHERIGHTPLACEATTHERIGHTTIMECANBEDIFFICULTTOACHIEVEFERNIE1994ITISCOMMONPRACTICEFORRETAILERSTODEALWITHMANUFACTURERS,WITHCENTRALISE
28、DBUYINGANDCONSIDERABLENEGOTIATIONONPRICES,QUALITYANDDELIVERYSCHEDULESBRUCEANDMOGER,1999HOWEVER,POPP2000SUGGESTSTHATINADDITION,INMANYCHAINSTHEREISANINTERMEDIARYOFTENANIMPORTOREXPORTAGENCYACTINGASASIGNIFICANTFIGUREWITHINTHECHAINTHEADDITIONOFTHEINTERMEDIARYHASCOMEABOUTASARESULTOFINCREASINGGLOBALISATION
29、WITHINTHEINDUSTRYTHETEXTILEANDCLOTHINGSUPPLYCHAINISCURRENTLYBECOMINGMOREGLOBAL,WITHMANYCOMPANIESEITHERSOURCINGCOMPONENTSFROMOVERSEAS,ORMOVINGMANUFACTURINGTOCOUNTRIESWITHLOWERLABOURCOSTSTHISISRESULTINGINA8DIMINISHEDUKMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY,ANDAMOREADVERSARIALCHAIN,ASCOMPANIESAREUNABLETOCOLLABORATETOTH
30、ESAMEEXTENTANUMBEROFSTRATEGIESHAVEBEENEMPLOYEDINTHETEXTILESANDCLOTHINGSUPPLYCHAININORDERTOIMPROVEMANAGEMENT,THESEINCLUDEQUICKRESPONSEANDACCURATERESPONSECHANDRAANDKUMAR,2000QUICKRESPONSEISUSEDTOIMPROVECOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHIMPROVEMENTSINCOLLABORATIVEANDTECHNOLOGICALCAPABILITIES,ANDALLOWSTHESPEEDTOMAR
31、KETOFPRODUCTSBYALLOWINGTHEMTOMOVERAPIDLYTHROUGHPRODUCTIONANDDELIVERYACCURATERESPONSEINANAPPROACHTOFORECASTING,PLANNINGANDPRODUCTION,WHICHENABLESTHECOMPANYTOBUILDINITSQUICKRESPONSECAPABILITIES,ALLOWINGCOMPANIESTOPOSTPONETHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSUNTILFORECASTSCANBEVALIDATEDBYPOINTOFSALEDATAITISIMPORTAN
32、TTOQUESTIONTHOUGH,WHETHERQUICKRESPONSEANDJUSTINTIMEAREINDEEDCOMPLETELYACHIEVABLEWITHINTHEINDUSTRY,ORWHETHERTHEREDUCTIONSINSTOCKHOLDINGENJOYEDBYONECOMPANYAREACHIEVEDATTHEEXPENSEOFANOTHERINADDITION,ICTPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLE,BYFACILITATINGEFFICIENTORDERINGANDTRACKINGOFGOODSWITHINTHESUPPLYCHAIN,PARTICULAR
33、LYWHENTHESUPPLYCHAINISOPERATINGONAGLOBALBASISTHEINTERNETISAPOWERFULNEWCOMMERCIALMEDIUM,USEDFORCOMMUNICATION,COSTREDUCTION,MANAGEMENTOFSUPPLIERS,STREAMLININGLOGISTICSANDREACHINGTHECONSUMERWITHINB2CECOMMERCE,CONSUMERSAREABLETOGAINEASYACCESSTOINFORMATION,ANDTOSEARCHFORAPRODUCTHOWEVER,THEEFFECTIVENESSOF
34、THEWEBSITEITSELFISCRUCIAL,ANDTHISCANBEDIFFICULTTOMEASUREANDDETERMINEB2BECOMMERCEISTHEFASTESTGROWINGSEGMENT,ANDALLOWSCOMPANIESTOREDUCEPURCHASINGCOSTS,REDUCEINVENTORY,LOWERCYCLETIMEANDLOWERCOSTSOFMARKETINGTHEINTERNETHASBEENDESCRIBEDASTHEWORLDSMOSTIMPORTANTNETWORK,ANDALLOWSCOMPANIESTOBUILDLINKSDIRECTLY
35、WITHCUSTOMERS,SUPPLIERSWITHINTHESUPPLYCHAIN,WHILSTATTHESAMETIMEBEINGFLEXIBLE,DYNAMICANDAFFORDABLEFORCOMPANIESOFALLSIZESTHISISHAVINGACONSIDERABLEEFFECTUPONTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHESUPPLYCHAIN,ENABLINGCOLLABORATIONANDSHARINGOFDATA6SUPPLIERCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSINTHETEXTILESSUPPLYCHAINJONES1997SUGGESTSTHATTHET
36、EXTILES/CLOTHINGSUPPLYCHAINHASTHREEDIFFERENTLEVELS,FABRICMANUFACTURE,GARMENTMAKEUPANDRETAILTOTHECONSUMER9PERRYANDSOHAL1999ARGUETHATCOOPERATIONWITHINTHECHAINISAKEYFACTORTOEFFICIENTDELIVERYOFPRODUCTSINCLUDEDWITHINTHISAREIMPROVEDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENPARTNERS,IMPROVEDRESPONSESTOORDERSANDREDUCEDPIPELINEWA
37、STAGEANDDELAYITISALSOARGUEDTHATIMPROVEDPLANNINGWITHALLPARTIESWITHINTHECHAINWOULDRESULTINANIMPROVEMENTINONTIMEDELIVERYPERRYANDSOHAL1999RELATIONSHIPSWITHINTHETEXTILESANDCLOTHINGSUPPLYCHAINCANOFTENBEUNCERTAINBHAMRAETAL1998HIGHLIGHTTHATOFTENMANUFACTURERSCANPUTSUBSTANTIALEFFORTINTOWORKINGWITHARETAILERTOT
38、HENFINDTHATTHEPRODUCTISSOURCEDELSEWHERETHISCREATESALACKOFCONGRUENCEINCOMMITMENTANDADHERENCETOCOMMONGOALSTHROUGHOUTTHECHAINPOPP2000ARGUESTHATWITHINATEXTILEANDCLOTHINGSUPPLYCHAINWITHANINTERMEDIARY,BARRIERSTOCOMMUNICATIONCANBEEASILYRECOGNISEDTHISHASTHEEFFECTTHAT,RATHERTHANADDVALUETOTHECHAIN,THEINTERMED
39、IARYISADDINGCOSTCOSTCANBEFOUNDINTERMSOFDISTANCE,CULTURE,VOLATILITY,ANDCANRELATETOBOTHSUPPLYANDDEMANDPOPP,2000OFTENRETAILERSHOLDTHEPOWERINTHESUPPLYCHAIN,ANDBUILDINGPARTNERSHIPSCANBECOMPLEXANDFRAUGHTOFTENTHERETAILERWILLPLACEACONSIDERABLEPARTOFTHEMARKETING,SERVICINGANDCOSTBURDENSONTHEMANUFACTURER,ANDSMALLCOMPANIESINPARTICULARARENOTABLETOABSORBSUCHCOSTSLEWIS,1997