1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题网络社区的真正价值资料来源人力资源管理国际杂志作者ARTHURARMSTRONG和JOHNHAGELIII自互联网成立伊始,社群一直是其核心概念。多年来科学家一直利用互联网共享数据,合作研究,分享信息。本质上科学家在互联网上实现了只有在同一个实体校园内才能够实现的共同研究。在近几年内,世界各地数百万人开始上网并开拓了网上商业服务如神通、美国在线。受人们沟通,信息分享,娱乐需求的影响许多社交网络应运而生,而许多人往往同时加入了不只一个的社交网站。其中最老的虚拟社交网站是“WELL”,它是在1985年由一群热衷于高科技的人在最初在旧金山成立(详见注释“访问一个
2、电子社区”)。过去的十几年中,成千上万的电脑用户通过“WELL”实现沟通并且逐渐在实际生活中建立了深厚的关系。商业公司互联网上的相对的新人逐渐懂得了利用社交网站独特的媒介功能。通常在线商业和广告没有太大的区别,他们将商品放到万维网上希望有人能够购买。比如说,鲜花批发商,书商,酿酒公司,耐用商品制造商都会在网上建立自己的网址,访问网址的人就可以了解到公司的产品的信息并向其发送电子邮件。更高级的网站允许访问者在线玩游戏和订购产品。但是很少有网站鼓励和访问者的互动。(另外,很多的社交网站如“WELL”都不是商业性质的,事实上很多人反对网上的商业活动)然而,通过适应网络文化以及让消费者实现彼此以及与公
3、司间和互动,企业们可以建立一种新的更深刻的关系。我们相信能够在在线商业上取得成功的公司是那些能够组织起电子社区并满足多样的社会和商业需求的公司。通过建立牢固的网上社区,网上商业可以获得一批消费者他们对产品的忠实度在今天是难以想象的并带来巨大的经济回报。消费者对于网络社区的需求电子社区满足消费者四种需求2网上社区交易首要的作用是便捷了商品买卖和服务,并能更好的传递交易信息。他们不是传统社会意义上的社区。为了进行一宗由其他社区成员提供的具体的网上交易活动,参与者要与他人充分互动。“虚拟葡萄园”,一个网上葡萄酒销售公司,就是一个利用社区交易模式。“虚拟葡萄园”网站为访问者提供关于葡萄酒的信息,列出交
4、易价格极具吸引力的产品。大部分的列出的葡萄酒来自小型的葡萄园通常很难获得。游客可以在线直接从虚拟葡萄园购买葡萄酒,也可以电话服务购买。虽然游客可以给网站营运商发EMAIL(和葡萄酒新手可以张贴问题),但是他们不能相互交易。添加这种能力可能给访问者增加更多价值,使其成为真正的社区。社区交易的组织者并不需要是一个供应商。社区组织者只需要将大量特定类型的买家和卖家组织到一起。例如,一个社区组织者可能提供电子分类广告,或提供“市场空间”在那里从二手工程机械到金融投资产品和服务可以买入和卖出。兴趣社区带来在具体话题上可以深入交往的参与者。这些社区人际沟通的程度比起社区交易的要高。园艺网是一个兴趣社群,游
5、客可以在其论坛上和其他园丁分享想法,在花园交易处发布种子和其他物品需求的帖子;在电子公告板上发布问题。园艺网还提供了其它园艺资源网站的直接链接,包括有关园艺的网站目录。参与者彼此进行沟通和交易。彼此,但他们的交易仅限于园艺。他们不讨论如有关汽车护理或育儿的主题,讨论这些主题的人汇聚在其它社群网站中。他们也不分享详细的个人信息。现在很多网民参与到一个幻想的社区,在那里他们创造了新的环境,拥有不同的个性或者故事。在美国在线上,一个参与者可以假装成灾红龙酒店的中世纪男爵。在这个幻想的区域,访问者发挥他们的想象力并参与到(通过打字,电子聊天)旅馆生活的创造中来。在一个运动爱好者组成的名叫ESPNET的
6、网站上,参加者可以尽情沉浸在自己的幻想,通过创建自己的球队(运用真实运动员的名字)来与别人创建的球队相互比赛。获胜者是根据本赛季真正球员的表现。参加者的真实身份并不重要,在许多这样的社区中,与他人的互动是关键。最后,一群有特定生活经历的人觉得有必要形成一个社群,并有可能形成深厚的人脉关系。在这种关系社群中,人们往往是了解对方的真实身份除非是一个由上瘾者组成的社群(甚至有上网成瘾者组成的社群)其参与者可能更喜欢匿名。在校园服务上的癌症论坛上,例如,为癌症患者和他的家庭提供支持。参加者谈论他们3是如何处理疾病并并在医学研究,止痛药,测试结果和治疗方案上交流意见。论坛图书馆主要以癌症文献为主,并可供
7、参与者下载。然而这类社区的主要价值在于它让人们有机会走到一起并分享经验。其它的关系社区还有由关注于离婚,丧偶和不孕不育的人组成。显然,这四种社群并不是相互排斥的。当一个消费者购买商品之前往往要向别人征求意见这实际上就是交易社群与兴趣社区的混合。但是,目前大多数的社群只以一个四种需求之一的一个需求为目标。这样他们失去了充分发挥网络媒介的机会。设想有一家在线玩具商店,它只允许访问者进入,买玩具,再退出而不给他们相互交流的机会,而这样的机会也许会让他们成为回头客。现在,让我们以一个为家长打造的名为“PARENTSPLACE”的社群为例。家长往往向社群中的人咨询婴儿是否应该有吃饭和睡眠时间表等事情。P
8、ARENTSPLACES同样还有一个配有商品目录,商店和诸如在线尿布订购的服务的商业中心。假设价格和选择都一样,那么家长很有可能在PARENTSPLACE消费而不是与之相竞争的只有购物功能的网站。组织者如果同时满足四项需求就可以为参加者提供最大范围的服务。实践中,这也许也不太可能实现,但是社群组织者应该努力实现四项需求中越多需求越好。通过这样,他们可以和参加者建立更新更深刻的关系。例如,一个旅行社群可以让访问者搜索关于,比如说伦敦的博物馆或者一些特别的事物,甚至是在线购买机票,酒店预订(交易社群)。这个网站同样还可以提供公告板,上面写有最近去过伦敦旅游的人意见;它同样还可以提供和旅游专家和伦敦
9、居民和其他人聊天的机会(兴趣社群)旅行者可能被邀请加入由一个特设经营的航空公司主办的游戏(幻想社群)。该网站甚至可能为单身旅客如老人,寡妇,鳏夫提供聊天的机会,或者还为他们找到伦敦之行的伴侣(关系社群)。通过加深相同兴趣者的关系,扩大他们的人数,组织者可以使他们的社群有高度的竞争力。先行者可以先发展一批有潜力的用户,让新来的客户不至于流失。当苹果电脑推出了其在线服务EWORLD,欲与美国在线,COMPUSERVE,PRODIGY竞争,媒体和业界评论普遍认为,这是一个有吸引力的环境,并且易于使用。但是EWORLD并不受消费者喜爱。消费者受挫的发现,当他们进入聊天室时,他们不能找到人聊天;当他们进
10、入布告栏,却发现没几个帖子。一个半空的房间留给访问者非常不愉快的经历。用户加入一个社群的价值在于可以快速便捷接触到一系列的人和资源。在社群中创造价值4电子社群经济价值的可能来源是什么今天大多数投资英特网公司都比较谨慎,因为他们对不明朗回报如何。权威人士指出,目前在互联网上赚钱的企业只有那些销售产品和服务,使公司建立自己的网站。当然,即使在最好的情况下,电子社群需要10年增长时间才能达到为一家大公司的盈利做重要贡献的规模然而,从短期来看,企业创建既能满足社交和购物需求的社区能够享受客户更加忠诚带来大的,增加对其本质的理解及满足基于客户的需求。在长远来看,电子社区,有可能在四个方面都创造价值。首先
11、,社区可以收取使用费。第二,社群可以向使用者收取获得一定内容的费用如网站图书馆下载一定的文章或者图片或者获得其它一些材料。第三,社区可以从交易和广告中收取费用。最后,一些电子社区可能会在其业务的分支上占有协作优势。社区根据其满足的不同需求采用这四种模式创造价值的方式会有所不同。再以满足多种需求的旅游社区为例,这个社区可能大部分的收入来源于交易和广告,但它也可能会收取入网费。一个针对瘾君子的社区,其收入主要或者完全来源于入网费,因为这些人更多的是为了寻找相互支持而不是为了购买产品或服务。5外文文献原文TITLETHEREALVALUEOFCOMMUNITIESMATERIALSOURCEHTTP
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40、THEYFOUNDFEWPOSTINGSACOMMUNITYFULLOFHALFEMPTYROOMSOFFERSVISITORSAVERYUNSATISFACTORYEXPERIENCETHEVALUEOFPARTICIPATINGINAEOMMUNITYLIESINUSERSABILITYTOACCESSABROADRANGEOFPEOPLEANDRESOURCESQUICKLYANDEASILYCREATINGVALUEINCOMMUNITIESWHATWILLBETHELIKELYSOURCESOFECONOMICVALUEINELECTRONICCOMMUNITIESMOSTEOMPA
41、NIESINVESTINGINANINTERNETPRESENCETODAYAREDOINGSOCAUTIOUSLYBECAUSETHEYAREUNEERTAINABOUTTHEPAYOFFPUNDITSPOINTOUTTHATTHEONLYBUSINESSESCURRENTLYMAKINGMONEYONTHEINTERNETARETHOSESELLINGPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTOENABLECOMPANIESTODEVELOPTHEIROWNSITESCERTAINLY,EVENUNDERTHEBESTOFCIRCUMSTANCES,ELECTRONICCOMMUNITIES
42、MAYTAKEADECADETOGROWTOSUFFICIENTSCALETOBESIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTORSTOTHEOVERALLPROFITABILITYOFALARGECOMPANYINTHESHORTRUN,HOWEVER,BUSINESSESTHATCREATECOMMUNITIESTHATSATISFYBTJTHRELATIONALANDTRANSACTIONALNEEDSWILLREAPTHEBENEFITSOFGREATERCUSTOMERLOYALTYANDMAYGAINIMPORTANTINSIGHTSINTOTHENATUREANDNEEDSOFTHE
43、IRCUSTOMERBASEINTHELONGRUN,ELECTRONICCOMMUNITIESARELIKELYTOEREATTVALUEINFOURDIFFERENTWAYSFIRST,EOMMUNITIESEANCHARGEUSAGEFEESSECOND,COMMUNITIESCANCHARGEUSERSCONTENTFEESFORDOWNLOADINGANARTICLEORAPICTUREFROMTHESERVIEESLIBRARYORFOROBTAININGACCESSTOMATERIALTHIRD,COMMUNITIESCANDRAWREVENUESFROMTRANSACTIONS
44、ANDADVERTISINGADVERTISINGISALREADYASIGNIFICANTSOURCEOFREVENUEFORMANYPOPULARINTERNETSITESFINALLY,SOMEELECTRONICCOMMUNITIESMAYBEINAPOSITIONTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFSYNERGIESWITHOTHERPARTSOFTHEIRBUSINESSFORASOFTWARECOMPANYSUCHASMICROSOFTCORPORATION,THATCOULDMEANSAVINGTHEEOSTOFPHYSICALLYDISTRIBUTINGNEWSOFTWAREO
45、R10SOFTWAREUPGRADESFORSOMECOMPANIES,ITMAYMEANREDUCINGCUSTOMERSERVICEFEDERALEXPRESSCORPORATIONCOMPETITION,ORGANIZERSMUSTALLOWSEUSTOMERSTOTRACKAPACKAGEONLINETHISISEONVENIENTFORTHEREALIZETHATSOMECOMMUNITIESCUSTOMERANDSAVESMONEYFORFEDERALEXPRESSBECAUSEITREDUCESTHEMAYHAVE“NATURALOWNERS“NUMBEROFEXPENSIVEC
46、ALLSTOCUSJTOMERSERVICEREPRESENTATIVESCOMPANIESCANBENEFITBYFOLLOWINGTHISMODELANDMOVINGACTIVITIESFROMTHEPHYSICALWORLDTOTHEELEETRONICWORLDSEE“EXPLOITINGTHEVIRTUALVALUECHAIN,“BYJEFFREYFRAYPORTANDJOHNJSVIOKLA,HBRNOVEMBERDECEMBER1995HOWCOMMUNITIESADOPTTHESEFOURMODELSOFVALUEEREATIONWILLVARY,DEPENDINGONTHEB
47、LENDOFNEEDSTHECOMMUNITYADDRESSESCONSIDERAGAINTHETRAVELCOMMUNITYTHATMEETSMULTIPLENEEDSTHISCOMMUNITYWILLPROBABLYDERIVEMOSTOFITSVALUEFROMTRANSACTIONSANDADVERTISING,BUTITALSOMAYCHARGEANACCESSFEEACOMMUNITYFORSUBSTANCEABUSERS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,WILLPROBABLYHAVETODERIVEITSVALUEPRIMARILYOREVENENTIRELYFROMFEES,GIVENTHATITSMEMBERSAREINTERESTEDINAMUTUALSUPPORTNETWORKRATHERTHANINBUYINGGOODSORSERVIEES