1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题新的网络学习范例虚拟社区,众包,维基百科和开放资源资料来源RIGHTSLINK作者JALBORS,JCRAMOS,JLHERVAS摘要本文分析了新的学习与网络合作模式,他们的动机和现在的发展情况。这些做法的起源上溯至互联网的发展和全球化的影响。本文分析了自己优势和导致其发展的因素。从三个角度或不同点观点进行跟踪学术和科学,商业和社会。本文的目的是制定和提出这些根据有关沟通,社会互动,信息,知识产权,知识存取和价值观的变量分类。1互联网的起源互联网起源可以追溯到1969年的ARPANET(SEGALLER,1998),一个强大的网络,不仅可以沟通各种军方的电
2、脑,而且并非纯粹为高投入的电脑之间分享,又避免攻击或节点之间的连接丢失。1974年,VINCERF开发了TCP协议,这使得可以长距离传输大量数据包。1980年,以太网协议在施乐公司得到发展,为个人电脑提供网络。随着1982年TCP/IP协议发展和1990年与之相匹配的HTML语言在欧洲核子研究中心的创立之后,1993年在伊利诺伊大学对两者进行镶嵌,于是由美国网景公司建立了互联网时代,创建第一个商业浏览器。全球目前互联网用户人数估计为11170亿(WWWINTERNETWORLDSTATSCOM)。2最初的合作步骤小组讨论最初,计算机间的连接推动了大学稀缺资源和远程数据访问。因此,合作是基于分布
3、式资源共享的文章类邮件和新闻公告(HTTP/WWWISOCORG/INTERNET/HISTORY/CERFSHTML)。3万维网一项革命性的技术,即HTTP(超文本传输协议)和浏览器允许更多的没有专门的计算机技能的人在网上进行互动。万维网(约1990年开始)是一种在互联网上使2用的超文本文件系统。使用浏览器,用户可以阅读网页,它包含文字、图像和其他多媒体,而且能够利用超链接操控他们。互动作用仍然有限,主要的功能是发布静态内容,允许许多人访问。该网页没有什么功能,但逐步引入一定的互动性。在这个阶段,门户网站被介绍作为综合网站接入某一个主题信息(SEGALLER,1998)。4互联网泡沫电子商务
4、和COM时代在20世纪90年代末,一场革命在商业世界发生,它被赋予了互联网泡沫的名称。新公司采用合适战略建立了电子商务。这些网站成为了客户互动的新渠道。根据一些专家的观点,这引起了第二次全球化浪潮(FRIEDMAN,2005)。有关的事实是这个技术已经发展到能促进互联网的合作(ADAMSTHEMAINFUNCTIONWASPUBLISHINGSTATICCONTENTSINORDERTOALLOWACCESSTONUMEROUSINDIVIDUALSTHEWEBPAGESHADLITTLEFUNCTIONALITY,BUTPROGRESSIVELYACERTAININTERACTIVITYWA
5、SINTRODUCEDAFTERTHISSTAGE,PORTALSWEREINTRODUCEDASINTEGRATEDACCESSTOINFORMATIONONACERTAINTOPICSEGALLER,19984THEINTERNETBUBBLEELECTRONICCOMMERCEANDDOTCOMATTHEENDOFTHE1990S,AREVOLUTIONTOOKPLACEINTHEBUSINESSWORLD,ANDWASGIVENTHENAMEOFTHEINTERNETBUBBLENEWFIRMSWITHASUITABLESTRATEGYGENERATEDEBUSINESSTHEWEBB
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9、ANTITTOCARRYOFFERINGWORKUNDERACREATIVECOMMONSLICENSEDOESNOTMEANGIVINGUPCOPYRIGHT,BUTLIMITINGITSSCOPETHEREARESIXDIFFERENTLEVELSOFPROTECTIONUNDERTHISLABELCRAWFORD,200686SEARCHENGINESGOOGLESEARCHENGINESHAVEPLAYEDASIGNIFICANTROLEINTHEWAYUSERSWORKANDCOLLABORATEGOOGLEHASBEENONEOFTHEMAINSUCCESSESOFTHENEWEC
10、ONOMYITSTERMSANDWORKALTERNATIVESANDITSCOLLABORATIONRELATIONSHIPHASCONTRIBUTEDTOBREAKINGDOWNASTRUCTUREDANDRIGIDWAYOFUNDERSTANDINGDIRECTORIES,TAXONOMIESANDTHECLASSIFICATIONOFSHAREDINFORMATIONBATTELLE,2005VISEOREILLY,2005THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISNEWCONCEPTISTOFACILITATECOLLABORATIONANDSHARINGAMONGUSERS9RICHSI
11、TESUMMARYRSSANDBLOGSRICHSITESUMMARYISAFAMILYOFWEBFEEDFORMATSUTILIZEDTOPUBLISHFREQUENTLYUPDATEDDIGITALCONTENT,SUCHASBLOGS,NEWSFEEDSORPODCASTSABLOGSHORTFORWEBLOGISAUSERGENERATEDWEBSITEWHEREENTRIESAREMADEINJOURNALSTYLEANDDISPLAYEDINREVERSECHRONOLOGICALORDERBERNARDETAL,2006DUMCFEDRIES,200611WIKIPEDIAAGR
12、EATEXAMPLEOFAVERYPOPULARWIKIISTHECOLLABORATIVEENCYCLOPEDIA,WIKIPEDIAITSNAMECOMESFROMJOININGTHEWORDSWIKIANDENCYCLOPEDIAITIS,AGAIN,ACHALLENGINGALTERNATIVECOMINGFROMTHEUNSTRUCTUREDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTHAPPENINGALLOVERTHEWORLDFROMTHERESEARCHERSANDSCIENTIFICPOINTOFVIEW,WIKIPEDIAHASNORELIABILITYORACCURACYAN
13、YBODYCANADD,EDITANDMODIFYANYCONTENTKORFIATIS,POULOS,STEVE,2006ANOTHEREXAMPLEWASSEENINTHECASEOFPROCTERGAMBLE,WHOWEREUSINGLESSTHAN10OFINTERNALINNOVATIONINTHEIRNEWPRODUCTS,SOTHECOMPANYCHANGEDITSMINDONTHEWAYTHEYWEREINNOVATINGANDCHANGEDTHEIRPOLICYONINTELLECTUALPROPERTYIPTHEYOPENTHEPATENTTOANYOUTSIDERIFTH
14、EIDEAHASNOTBEENAPPLIEDINTHELAST3YEARSTAPSCOTTWILLIAMS,2006THEIPCOLLABORATIONLOOPWENTFURTHERWITHTHEEMERGENCEOFMARKETPLACESSUCHASYET2COM,11WHEREIDEASUNDERIPRIGHTSAREONSALELICHTENTHALER,200716THEWAYTOTHESEMANTICWEBFINALLY,ANIMPORTANTEVENTISNOWTAKINGPLACE,ANDISKNOWNASTHESEMANTICWEBITISANEVOLVINGEXTENSIO
15、NOFTHEWORLDWIDEWEBINWHICHWEBCONTENTISUNDERSTOODBYCOMPUTERS,SOTHATTHEYCANPERFORMMOREOFTHETEDIUMINVOLVEDINFINDING,SHARINGANDCOMBININGINFORMATIONONTHEWEBSHADBOLT,HALL,BERNERSLEE,2006SEMANTICPUBLISHINGWILLBENEFITGREATLYFROMTHESEMANTICWEBINPARTICULAR,THESEMANTICWEBISEXPECTEDTOREVOLUTIONIZESCIENTIFICPUBLISHING,SUCHASREALTIMEPUBLISHINGANDSHARINGOFEXPERIMENTALDATAONTHEINTERNET