1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题医疗设备电子商务采购供应资料来源医疗卫生信息管理杂志作者DONNAARBIETMAN在过去的几年里,美国已经有五十多个医疗设备公司开始使用电子商务并且在医疗供应链管理的总投资已经超过500万美元。然而,对于这些早期应用电子商务平台的医疗设备公司并没有提供对整个供应链的重组方案,来取代传统的中介机构或者至少实现可观收入的初步承诺。本文提供了一个在电子商务B2B模式（企业对企业）下解决医疗供应链管理过程中所出现的问题,并用它来分析一个医疗设备企业有效和高效率的供应链市场的功能需求问题。分析基本的B2B市场中防止早期进入者创造坚实的客户基础,并达到所需的目标流动
2、资金的复杂性。它还确定了一些技术解决方案,去解决前面所提到的问题。这些新技术创造了一个全面的和对称的,并且能够聚合订单购买,同时要求来自多个供应商的报价并沿用多个标准谈判的引擎。近年来医疗设备分析师和互联网的倡导者都提出了应用电子商务,我们预期在医疗设备用品采购过程中获得显著的成本节约。首先,有效的估计医疗设备消费者报告“医疗设备用品行业能够显著提高自身的能力向消费者提供优质的医疗设备产品和服务,消费者便可节省多达230亿美元的供应链成本”。其次,有六十多个医疗设备企业利用这次时机,利用电子商务各种方法去节省供应链中各个环节的成本。第三,年研究小组在报告中表示“目前,美国平均医院网上办理采购总
3、额达26。然而,没有一个集团采购组织GPO,分销商,医疗设备供应商开始利用电子商务去记录和维持他们低成本或是高利润的成功方法。即便这是他们的最低成本,但也比不上其他任何企业的盈利能力。因此,根据年报告小组研究“在这短短一年里,采购商负责人预测这个比例将增加到264,暗示在网上采购增加十倍。到2008年,采购商负责人预计,采购总额达到64都是通过电子商务进行,表明网上迁移是一个积极的新景象。本文为电子市集分类提供了一个方法,分析期望值和不同电子商务模型否认实2际交付能力之间的矛盾,公开客观失败原因的方法,并且在当今瞬息万变的商业环境中,为了创造一个成功的电子商务的平台需要提供一个广义模型。本文这
4、篇成功的B2B电子商务系统变复杂性之前必须解决积累市场的流动性。吸引采购人员和互联网决策使用者都在为他们的供应链需求证明一个什么是市场营销经理打破习惯的一个复杂过程,那么以便获取客户现有采购方法和采用一种新的采购经营方式,这是特别困难的。因为大部分组成的是欧洲人权法院审议庭估计节省23亿美元将不是来自贸易过程,而不是从劳动力的减少和工资储蓄,选择使用一个供应链采购主管的电子商务解决方案,从长远来看,他们需要从根本上调整的长期运行操作。然后,电子商务新奇地激励着医疗设备供应链的工业发展,并且虽然大部分采购商很乐观的看好未来的利益,他们正在犹豫,考虑到电子商务的冒险和目前正在使用医疗网站的研究。尽
5、管在医疗设备供应链向电子商务过度中存在问题,根据研究发现到2008年,大部分医院,集团采购组织GPO,制造商和医疗设备的经销商将充分领导和整合他们的订购,采购系统。对此预计这种转变是修补效率低,目前源于订购程序难解,多厂商谈判,复杂的折扣定价合同,市场分裂和昂贵的销售等周期。总之,对于一个产业广泛扩张实施电子商务的成功是目前可行的解决方案,同时使过度尽可能减少挫折。为了在医疗设备供应链行业加快获得市场的流动性,线上医疗服务提供者必须结合产品流动和价格的控制。通过与分销商和集团采购GPO团队合作,他们可以创建超出产品范围和传统企业提供服务范围的电子市场,同时大幅度消减成本和改善客户服务范围。据预
6、测,只有一个从十家B2B公司将生存的第一年。然而,亚伦迪克逊年研究小组认为,“只要他们服务经济的目的,互联网公司发展将生存下来,如果他们帮助通过更有效的采购减少供应链成本,储蓄增加引起更好的生产管理,提高库存管理,将会有一个地方为他们在市场无论全球股票市场的不确定性。”在这个极其不可预知环境非常明显,医疗电子商务供应链供应商必须体现了他们的能力,兑现承诺的医疗保健业务,大大简化,降低成本和提高底线在有利可图的本地及全球市场。另一个有利可图和不完全意识到的的收入来源到是国际销售的二手设备。国际市场供应链估计至少两倍的国内市场达到1800亿美元。使用医疗设备贸易占国际市场大约40。然而,国际销售用
7、过的医疗设备在很大程度上是对美国医疗尚未开发的资源供应链电子商务公司,而另一个有利可图的不完全实现的收入来源是国际销售3的二手设备,国际市场健康的电子商务公司供应链。一个成功的市场也适合复杂的交易,一个理想的电子商务市集必须做到一下几点1识别反复出现的用户；2支持复杂的谈判；3支持产品的复杂外形结构；4相匹配的产品和服务要求自动化；5估算和应用谈判实现多级折扣；6支持安排配套服务（例如检查,交货,维护和信用条款）；7要及时执行对这些服务在线对称交换通过实施一对一谈判取代传统的、单维度拍卖,对称交换模式允许谈判协商、多级折扣。所谓折扣能够很好地描述和要求一些相关时间安排。随后的相比较检查折扣计划
8、,以确定适用于特定项目的总折扣,并将添加到正在运行的出售中,来提高贴现率。应用广义对称交换技术提高医疗设备服务供应链尺度的能力、制造商和分销商GPOS提供更好的补给品、设备、服务更好的价格向其会员。具体地说,一个对称的交流是加速订单定制制造、折扣计算复杂,集团营销和谈判。全世界的客户包括医疗设备和用品制造商、分销商的医疗设备和用品、GPOS、医院、医疗服务供应者、融资和租赁公司、托运人、检查人员、保险公司、包装企业、服务、承包商和服务提供商的专家咨询、质量检验、和电子转换。利用一个广义对称交流、GPOS更好的折扣谈判从制造商,增加社员人数的代价,提高采购集团GPO订单量,通过增加会员提供更好的
9、价格。制造业者和分配器订单量增加,升级为新设备、零部件、咨询服务,降低销售和营销成本。这两位参与者都获得低成本进入电子商务领域。电子商务领域的生存建议成功提供有效的B2B电子商务解决方案,作者提出以下建议1无论在技术和设备供应链,尽快掌握市场复杂的流动性；2通过聚焦在复杂情况和两种产品的组合控制的流程和定价；3在国际和美国国内市场迅速增加建立成交量；44在世界各地的国家支持建立本地点存在的销售；5与国内GPOS合作、制造商和经销商与电子商务提供电子商务工具和基础设施,可以定做,并且打上电子商务烙印。互联网有助于简化医疗行业提供采购、更快的周转速度较小的加价,使用寿命更长时间的设备。5外文文献原
10、文TITLEECOMMERCEFORHEALTHCARESUPPLYPROCUREMENTMATERIALSOURCEMEDICALEQUIPMENTELECTRONICCOMMERCEAUTHORDONNAARBIETMANTHETOTALINVESTMENTOFTHEMORETHANFIFTYECOMMERCESTARTUPSTHATENTEREDHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINTHEPASTTHREEYEARSHASSURPASSED500MILLIONHOWEVER,NONEOFTHESEEARLYENTRANTSHASDELIVEREDONTHEIN
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14、CONSUMERREPORTESTIMATESTHAT“THEHEALTHCAREPRODUCTSINDUSTRYCOULDSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEITSABILITYTODELIVERQUALITYHEALTHCAREPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTOCONSUMERSANDSAVEASMUCHAS23BILLIONINSUPPLYCHAINCOSTS”NEXT,MORETHANSIXTYVENTURESHAVECAPITALIZEDONTHISOPPORTUNITY,OFFERINGVARIOUSECOMMERCEAPPROACHESASAWAYTOSAVETHES
15、ECOSTSTHIRD,THEMILLENNIUMRESEARCHGROUPINDICATESINITSREPORTTHAT“THEAVERAGEUSHOSPITALCURRENTLYTRANSACTS26OFTOTALPROCUREMENTONLINE”HOWEVER,NOTONEOFTHEGROUPPURCHASINGORGANIZATIONSGPOS,DISTRIBUTORS,ANDMEDICALEQUIPMENTPROVIDERSTHATHASSTARTEDUSINGECOMMERCEHASREPORTEDANYSUSTAINEDCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEIRBOTTOMLIN
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17、4OFTHEIRTOTALPROCUREMENTWILLBEDONETHROUGHECOMMERCE,INDICATINGANAGGRESSIVEDESIRETOMIGRATEONLINE”THISARTICLEOFFERSATAXONOMYFOREMARKETPLACECLASSIFICATION,ANALYZESTHEDISCREPANCYBETWEENTHEEXPECTATIONSANDTHEREALDELIVERYABILITIESOFDIFFERENTECOMMERCEMODELS,EXPOSESOBJECTIVEREASONSFORFAILINGAPPROACHES,ANDOFFE
18、RSAGENERALIZEDMODELFORDEVELOPINGASUCCESSFULECOMMERCEPLATFORMINTODAYSRAPIDLYCHANGINGBUSINESSENVIRONMENTTHETHESISOFTHISARTICLEISTHATSUCCESSFULB2BECOMMERCEMUSTADDRESSSYSTEMCOMPLEXITYBEFOREACCUMULATINGMARKETLIQUIDITYLURINGPROCUREMENTEXECUTIVESANDDECISIONMAKERSTOUSETHEINTERNETFORTHEIRSUPPLYCHAINNEEDSPROV
19、ESTOBEANINTRICATEPROCESSTHATINVOLVESWHATMARKETINGEXECUTIVESREFERTOASBREAKINGHABITS,THATIS,GETTINGCUSTOMERSTOUNLEARNEXISTINGPROCUREMENTPRACTICESANDADOPTANEWWAYOFDOINGBUSINESSTHISISESPECIALLYDIFFICULTBECAUSEMUCHOFTHEEHCRESTIMATED23BILLIONINSAVINGSWOULDCOMENOTFROMTHETRADEPROCESSBUTFROMWORKFORCEREDUCTIO
20、NANDPAYROLLSAVINGSTHUS,OPTINGTOUSEASUPPLYCHAINECOMMERCESOLUTIONREQUIRESPROCUREMENTEXECUTIVESTORADICALLYRESTRUCTURETHEIROPERATIONSINTHELONGRUNNEXT,THENOVELTYOFECOMMERCESTILLDETERSTHEHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAININDUSTRY,ANDALTHOUGHMOSTPROCUREMENTMANAGERSAREOPTIMISTICABOUTFUTUREBENEFITS,THEYAREHESITANTTOTAKET
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22、GANDPURCHASINGSYSTEMSSUCHASHIFTISEXPECTEDTOMENDCURRENTINEFFICIENCIESTHATSTEMFROMTHEARCANEORDERINGPROCEDURES,MULTIVENDORNEGOTIATIONS,COMPLEXDISCOUNTPRICINGCONTRACTS,MARKETFRAGMENTATION,ANDEXPENSIVESALESCYCLESINSUMMARY,THESUCCESSOFANINDUSTRYWIDEIMPLEMENTATIONOFECOMMERCEISHINGEDONITSABILITYTOPRESENTAVI
23、ABLESOLUTIONFORCURRENTINEFFICIENCIESWHILEMAKINGTHETRANSITIONASPAINLESSASPOSSIBLE7TOGAINMARKETLIQUIDITYINTHEHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAININDUSTRYQUICKLY,ONLINEHEALTHCARESERVICEPROVIDERSMUSTCOMBINETHECONTROLOFPRODUCTFLOWANDPRICINGTHROUGHTEAMWORKWITHDISTRIBUTORSANDGPOS,THEYCANCREATEEMARKETPLACESTHATEXCEEDTHERA
24、NGEOFPRODUCTSANDSCOPEOFSERVICESOFFEREDBYTRADITIONALCOMPANIESWHILEDRAMATICALLYCUTTINGCOSTSANDIMPROVINGCUSTOMERSERVICEITISPREDICTEDTHATONLYONEOUTOFTENB2BCOMPANIESWILLSURVIVEITSFIRSTYEARHOWEVER,AARONDICKSONOFTHEMILLENNIUMRESEARCHGROUPMAINTAINSTHAT“DOTCOMSWILLSURVIVEASLONGASTHEYSERVEANECONOMICPURPOSEIFT
25、HEYHELPREDUCESUPPLYCHAINCOSTSTHROUGHMOREEFFICIENTPROCUREMENT,INCREASESAVINGSRESULTINGFROMBETTERPRODUCTIONMANAGEMENT,ANDIMPROVEINVENTORYMANAGEMENT,THEREWILLBEAPLACEFORTHEMINTHEMARKETREGARDLESSOFRECENTSTOCKMARKETUNCERTAINTY”INTHISEXTREMELYUNPREDICTABLEENVIRONMENTITISCLEARTHATHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAINECOMM
26、ERCEPROVIDERSMUSTEXEMPLIFYTHEIRABILITYTODELIVERONTHEPROMISEOFSTREAMLININGTHEHEALTHCAREBUSINESS,DRAMATICALLYCUTTINGCOSTS,ANDENHANCINGBOTTOMLINEINLUCRATIVELOCALANDGLOBALMARKETSANOTHERLUCRATIVEANDNOTFULLYREALIZEDSOURCEOFREVENUESISTHEINTERNATIONALSALESOFUSEDEQUIPMENTTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETFORHEALTHCARESU
27、PPLYCHAINISESTIMATEDTOBEATLEASTDOUBLETHE180BILLIONDOMESTICMARKETTHETRADEINUSEDMEDICALEQUIPMENTACCOUNTSFORANESTIMATED40PERCENTOFTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETNEVERTHELESS,THEINTERNATIONALSALESOFUSEDMEDICALEQUIPMENTHASLARGELYBEENANUNTAPPEDRESOURCEFORUSHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAINECOMMERCECOMPANIESANOTHERLUCRATIVEAND
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29、ATIONMATCHREQUESTSFORPRODUCTSANDSERVICESAUTOMATICALLYCOMPUTEANDAPPLYPRENEGOTIATEDMULTILEVELDISCOUNTS8SUPPORTARRANGEMENTSFORANCILLARYSERVICESFOREXAMPLE,INSPECTION,DELIVERY,MAINTENANCE,CREDITTERMSEXECUTETHESESERVICESINATIMELYMANNERONLINESYMMETRICEXCHANGEBYIMPLEMENTINGONEONONENEGOTIATIONSINSTEADOFTRADI
30、TIONAL,SINGLEDIMENSIONAUCTIONS,THESYMMETRICEXCHANGEMODELALLOWSPRENEGOTIATED,MULTILEVELDISCOUNTSADISCOUNTSCHEDULECANBEDESCRIBEDANDASSOCIATEDWITHAGROUPOFREQUESTSSUBSEQUENTMATCHESARECHECKEDAGAINSTTHEDISCOUNTSCHEDULETODETERMINETHETOTALDISCOUNTAPPLIEDTOAPARTICULARITEMTHESALEISADDEDTOARUNNINGTOTAL,INCREAS
31、INGTHEDISCOUNTRATEAPPLYINGGENERALIZEDSYMMETRICEXCHANGETECHNOLOGYTOHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAINSCALESINCREASESTHEABILITYOFGPOS,MANUFACTURERS,ANDDISTRIBUTORSTODELIVERBETTERSUPPLIES,EQUIPMENT,ANDSERVICEATBETTERPRICESTOTHEIRMEMBERSSPECIFICALLY,ASYMMETRICEXCHANGECUSTOMIZESANDEXPEDITESCOMPLEXORDERMAKING,DISCOUNT
32、COMPUTING,ANDGROUPMARKETINGANDNEGOTIATIONSITSWORLDWIDECUSTOMERSINCLUDEMEDICALEQUIPMENTANDSUPPLIESMANUFACTURERS,DISTRIBUTORSOFMEDICALEQUIPMENTANDSUPPLIES,GPOS,HOSPITALS,HEALTHCAREPROVIDERS,FINANCINGANDLEASINGCOMPANIES,SHIPPERS,INSPECTORS,REFURBISHERS,INSURANCECOMPANIES,PACKAGINGCOMPANIES,SERVICECONTR
33、ACTORS,ANDPROVIDERSOFEXPERTCONSULTATION,QUALITYINSPECTION,ANDELECTRICALCONVERSIONBYUSINGAGENERALIZEDSYMMETRICEXCHANGE,THEGPOSNEGOTIATEBETTERDISCOUNTSFROMMANUFACTURERS,INCREASEMEMBERSHIPATTHEEXPENSEOFNONPARTICIPATINGGPOS,ANDINCREASEORDERVOLUMEBYINCREASINGMEMBERSHIPANDBYOFFERINGBETTERPRICESMANUFACTURE
34、RSANDDISTRIBUTORSINCREASEORDERVOLUMEFORNEWEQUIPMENT,UPGRADES,SPAREPARTS,ANDCONSULTINGSERVICESANDREDUCESALESANDMARKETINGCOSTSBOTHPLAYERSGAINLOWCOSTENTRYTOECOMMERCESURVIVALADVICEFORSUCCESSINDELIVERINGANEFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTB2BECOMMERCESOLUTION,THEAUTHORSOFFERTHEFOLLOWINGSURVIVALADVICECOMBINEEXECUTIVEE
35、XPERTISEINBOTHTHETECHNOLOGYANDHEALTHCARESUPPLYCHAINQUICKLYGAINMARKETLIQUIDITYTHROUGHFOCUSONCOMPLEXITIESANDCOMBINEDCONTROLOFBOTHPRODUCTFLOWANDPRICINGRAPIDLYBUILDTRANSACTIONVOLUMESINBOTHTHEINTERNATIONALANDTHEUSDOMESTIC9MARKETSBUILDLOCALPOINTSOFPRESENCEFORSALESANDSUPPORTINCOUNTRIESAROUNDTHEWORLDTEAMUPWITHDOMESTICGPOS,MANUFACTURERS,ANDDISTRIBUTORSPROVIDEHEMWITHECOMMERCETOOLSANDINFRASTRUCTURETHATCANBECUSTOMIZEDANDBRANDEDTHEINTERNETWILLHELPSTREAMLINETHEHEALTHCAREPROCUREMENTINDUSTRYOFFERINGSMALLERMARKUPS,FASTERTURNAROUNDTIMES,ANDLONGERUSEFULLIFEOFEQUIPMENT
