在线购物顾客满意度前因的调查【外文翻译】.doc

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1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题在线购物顾客满意度前因的调查来源营销发展与竞争力杂志5(1)2010作者SYEDSHAHALAMNORJAYAMOHDYASIN这个研究的目的是确定影响通过在线购物的顾客满意度的关键因素。在这个研究中在线购物的顾客满意度的四个主要范围是确定的。发现网站设计,可靠性,产品多样化和交付表现是影响顾客在线购物满意度的四个关键因素。然而,在节省时间和满意度之间是没有显著的关系。给出的以下建议可能有助于促进马来西亚在线零售业在未来的发展。导论马来西亚在线消费者和世界其他发达国家相比是最少的。来自马来西亚通讯与多媒体公司(MCMC)的2005年中期的调查,表明在前三个

2、月里只有93的互联网使用者通过网络购买产品或服务。在这些人中,机票(438)是仅次于书(156)和音乐(68)最流行的商品。花费在这些商品上的金额是少量的,然而,577的交易价值低于500元人民币。另外,马来西亚在线交易预计每年将以高速增长。很多研究一直关注于全球的在线购物顾客满意度。然而,对特殊国家的顾客满意度的仔细研究仍然是有必要的。建立的和新的,大的和小的规模企业现在使用因特网把它当做他们产品和服务销售媒介(例如DELLCOMPUTER,AMZONCOM,INTHEWORLDANDJOBSTREETCOM,BLOOMINGCOM,LELONGCOM,MUDAHMY和很多在马来西亚的其他网

3、站)。不仅在国家之间,尤其是发达和发展中国家,仍人有很大差异的研究代沟(STIGLITZ,1998SHORE,1998SPANOSETAL,2002)。这将限制从发达国家到发展中国家这个范围的研究结果的普遍化(DEWANCLARKE,2001)。对那些通过在线销售他们产品的生意,因特网使用者是他们产品和服务的主要目标顾客。他们是否能转换他们潜在的顾客成真正的顾客,很大程度上,取决于他们提供的服务和顾客感觉获得的满意度(HOHOANDWU(1999)LEEANDJOSHI(2007)这样以往的研究给出一些顾客满意度的模型。其中,OLIVER(1980)给出了把顾客满意度当作预料和期望不一致的一个

4、功能来解释的模型。这个研究实证证明满意度极大地影响顾客的态度和他们的购买意图。CHURCHILLANDSURPRENANT1982实验性的研究把不一致作为影响满意度的中间变量。然而,不一致的影响被期望和以往的表现充分地吸引。TSE和WILTON的另一个研究同意了CHURCHILL和SURPRENANT(1982)提出的结论,并研究了顾客满意度的构造。实验室的实验结果揭示施加的表现通过预期的表现和主观的不一致来产生重要影响。另外,这些研究都是基于传统的零售商店。但是这些研究结果对在线网购是否适用仍是一个疑问。根据HO和WU(1999)的观点,这些研究可能不适合在线商铺。根据LAWSON(2000

5、)和BASKERVILLE等人的观点,创新模型的罗杰扩散(1983,1995)已经被认为为对研究顾客行为、市场有深渊的影响,频繁地被使用去分析潜在的顾客有关新ICTS介绍的行为。其他重要的试图去解释使用者信仰,态度,意图之间的关系的理论模型,其实际系统使用包括可感知的创新特点(PCI)(MOORE和BENBASAT,1991),理性行为理论(TRA)(AJZEN和FISHBEIN,1985),计划行为理论(TPB)(AJZEN1991)和技术接受模型(TAM)(DAVIS,1989;DAVIS等人,1989)。TAM和TRA之间主要的不同是TAM替换了包括在TRA的两个技术接受措施里的态度措施

6、,比如,“使用的便利性”和“用处”(BAGOZZI等人,1992;DAVIS等人,1989)。TAM旨在解释感知的使用和在社会影响上的使用意图以及对认知有帮助的过程(VENKATESH和DAVIS,2000)。这些理论和模型提供了计划,执行和评估以及技术采纳的基础。3一些研究者批评这些模型,像RAU和SAMIEE(1981)认为很多这些模型从来没有作为整体在他们原始形式中进行过测试,因为他们缺乏特殊性,因此很难去操作,如果可能的话。ANCKAR等人(2003)认为TAM模型忽视感知关键利益的潜在存在和技术使用的障碍。SHETH和KRISHNAN(2005)认为尽管现在网络购物环境是复杂的,但这

7、些模型仍然保持相同的模式。在响应不断变化的决策环境的顾客做决策,这一不断发展的性质,使得切合现在这些模型的现在决策的环境越来越难了。(ERASMUS等人,2001)在本次研究中我们采用五个因素,他们是,网站设计,可靠性,节省时间,产品多样性和交付性能。ALAM等人(2008)发现网站设计是影响在线购物环境的特征之一。SHERGILL和CHEN(2005)把网站设计特征定义为影响顾客在线购物感觉的主要因素。HO和WU(1999)研究证实主页感觉和可靠性是对在线购物有最大影响的重要因素。这可以被认为在线购物者想要获得高质量和在规定时间内通过电子零售商提供的他们订购的大量的商品。顾客也希望电子零售商

8、能正确地开账单(JUN等人,2004)。产品多样性被包括在这次研究中是因为当马来西亚的年轻人通常几乎每周末去光顾购物中心的时候,他们喜欢搜索各种各样的产品。像AHN等人(2004);SZYMANKI和HISE(2000)和ATHANASSOPOULOS等人(2001)的研究发现产品多样性是影响电子满意度的重要因素。时间和成本的节省是在线购物最主要的优点。根据DEVARAJ等人(2002)的研究,时间和店铺的效率分别反映在时间成本和价格的节省上。这些是满意度的决定因素。LEE和JOSHI(2004);AHN等人2004;HO(2004);GREWAL等人(2004)和SHIH(2004)的研究发

9、现交付性能在顾客满意度上有重要的影响。研究模型基于不同国家在这个领域的大量研究,尤其是来自于最终消费者的在线购物看法,在本次研究中实证检验的研究模型保持了文献支持的结构(根据图1)。模型测试了影响在线购物满意度的因素。在线购物满意度交付性能节省时间产品多样性可靠性网站设计4图1研究模型的概要图在线购物满意度在本次为了找到问题的答案或解决方法而被分析的研究中,是独立的变量。同时,独立变量有网站设计,可靠性,节省时间,产品多样性和交付性能。独立变量被认为是在积极态度中和因变量(在线购物满意度)有关的变量。假设一系列从被提出的研究模型而来的可检验的假设,正如下面所展示的假设1网站设计和在线购物满意度

10、有重要的积极关系。假设2可靠性和在线购物满意度有重要的积极关系。假设3节省时间和在线购物满意度有重要的积极关系。假设4产品多样性和在线购物满意度有重要的积极关系。假设5交付性能和在线购物满意度有重要的积极关系。研究方法样本和数据收集本次研究的数据是在2009年五月,采用原始数据收集方法,通过对在最近六个月内从网上至少购买一件商品的本科生的消费调查管理中收集来的。回答者是在马来西亚的两个大学被收集数据的。总共有300份问题被发放但只有230是有效地。回答者大多是女性(578),超过年龄在20到25岁之间的一半(555)。中国组是所有回答者中最多的(513),第二多的组是马来人(316)。措施此次

11、问卷调查使用可接受的选项,从在线购物文献里(LEESHORE,1998SPANOSETAL,2002THISWILLLIMITTHEGENERALIZATIONOFRESEARCHRESULTSFROMDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESTOTHATOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRY9CONTEXTSDEWANCLARKE,2001FORTHOSEBUSINESSESTHATARESELLINGTHEIRPRODUCTSTHROUGHONLINE,INTERNETUSERSARETHEIRMAINTARGETCUSTOMERSFORTHEIRPRODUCTSANDSERVICESWHETH

12、ERORNOTTHEYCANCONVERTTHEIRPOTENTIALCUSTOMERSINTOREALONESANDRETAINTHEMDEPENDS,TOVERYALARGEEXTENT,ONTHESERVICESTHEYOFFERANDTHESATISFACTIONTHATCONSUMERSPERCEIVETOGAINHOTSEANDWILTON1988OLIVER1980HOANDWU1999LEEANDJOSHI2007HAVEPRESENTEDSOMEMODELSOFCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONAMONGTHEMOLIVER1980PROPOSEDAMODELTHATE

13、XPLAINSCONSUMERSATISFACTIONASAFUNCTIONOFEXPECTATIONANDEXPECTANCYDISCONFIRMATIONTHISSTUDYPROVEDEMPIRICALLYTHATSATISFACTIONSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTSCUSTOMERSATTITUDEANDTHEIRINTENTIONTOPURCHASECHURCHILLANDSURPRENANT1982EXPERIMENTALSTUDYURGEDDISCONFIRMATIONASANINTERVENINGVARIABLEAFFECTINGSATISFACTIONHOWEVERT

14、HEEFFECTOFDISCONFIRMATIONISADEQUATELYCAPTUREDBYEXPECTATIONANDPERCEIVEDPERFORMANCEANOTHERSTUDYBYTSEAND10WILTON1988FOLLOWEDTHERESULTSPROPOSEDBYCHURCHILLANDSURPRENANT1982,ANDINVESTIGATEDCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONFORMATIONRESULTSOFALABORATORYEXPERIMENTREVEALTHATPERFORMANCEEXERTEDDIRECTSIGNIFICANTINFLUENCESFRO

15、MEXPECTEDPERFORMANCEANDSUBJECTIVEDISCONFIRMATIONMOREOVER,THESESTUDIESWEREBASEDONTRADITIONALRETAILSTORESBUTTHEREISADOUBTWHETHERTHESESTUDIESRESULTAREAPPROPRIATEFORONLINESHOPPINGPERSPECTIVEACCORDINGTOHOANDWU1999THESESTUDIESMAYNOTBERELEVANTINONLINESTOREACCORDINGTOLAWSON2000,ANDBASKERVILLEETAL2007ROGERSD

16、IFFUSIONOFINNOVATIONSMODEL1983,1995HASBEENNOTEDASHAVINGAPROFOUNDEFFECTONRESEARCHINTOCONSUMERBEHAVIOURANDMARKETINGANDFREQUENTLYUSEDTOANALYSEPOTENTIALCONSUMERBEHAVIOURRELATINGTOTHEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWICTSOTHERIMPORTANTTHEORETICALMODELSTHATATTEMPTSTOEXPLAINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENUSERBELIEFS,ATTITUDES,INTEN

17、TIONS,ANDACTUALSYSTEMUSEINCLUDEPERCEIVEDCHARACTERISTICSOFINNOVATINGPCIMOOREANDBENBASAT,1991,THETHEORYOFREASONEDACTIONTRAAJZENANDFISHBEIN,1985,THETHEORYOFPLANNEDBEHAVIORTPBAJZEN1991ANDTHETECHNOLOGYACCEPTANCEMODELTAMDAVIS,1989DAVISETAL1989KEYDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETAMANDTRAISTHATTHETAMREPLACESTHEATTITUDE

18、MEASURESINCLUDEDINTHETRAWITHTWOTECHNOLOGYACCEPTANCEMEASURES,IEEASEOFUSE,ANDUSEFULNESSBAGOZZIETAL,1992DAVISETAL,1989TAMDESIGNEDTOEXPLAINPERCEIVEDUSEFULNESSANDUSAGEINTENTIONSINTERMSOFSOCIALINFLUENCEANDCOGNITIVEINSTRUMENTALPROCESSESVENKATESHANDDAVIS,2000THESETHEORIESANDMODELSOFFERFOUNDATIONSFORPLANNING

19、,EXECUTINGANDEVALUATINGTHETECHNOLOGYADOPTIONSOMERESEARCHERCRITICIZETHESEMODELSASRAUANDSAMIEE1981ARGUETHATMANYOFTHESEMODELSHAVENEVERBEENTESTEDASAWHOLEINTHEIRORIGINALFORMBECAUSETHEYLACKSPECIFICITYANDTHUSAREDIFFICULT,IFNOTIMPOSSIBLE,TOOPERATIONALIZEANCKARETAL2003ARGUEDTHATTAMMODELIGNORESTHEPOTENTIALEXI

20、STENCEOFPERCEIVEDCRITICALBENEFITSANDBARRIERSTOTHEUSEOFTECHNOLOGYSHETHANDKRISHNAN2005ARGUETHATALTHOUGHCURRENTONLINEPURCHASINGENVIRONMENTISCOMPLEXBUTTHEMODELSARESTILLREMAINSAMETHEEVOLVINGNATUREOFCONSUMERDECISIONMAKINGINRESPONSETOTHECHANGINGDECISIONENVIRONMENTMAKESITINCREASINGLYMOREDIFFICULTTO“FIT”CURR

21、ENTDECISIONREALITYTOTHESE11MODELSERASMUSETAL,2001INTHISSTUDYWEUTILIZEFIVEFACTORSIEWEBSITEDESIGN,RELIABILITY,TIMESAVED,PRODUCTVARIETY,ANDDELIVERYPERFORMANCEALAMETAL2008FOUNDTHATWEBSITEDESIGNISONEOFTHEUNIQUEFEATURESAFFECTINGONLINESHOPPINGENVIRONMENTSHERGILLANDCHEN,2005IDENTIFIEDWEBSITEDESIGNCHARACTERI

22、STICSASTHEDOMINANTFACTORWHICHINFLUENCESCONSUMERPERCEPTIONSOFONLINEPURCHASINGHOANDWU1999STUDYCONFIRMEDHOMEPAGEPRESENTATIONANDRELIABILITYARETHEIMPORTANTFACTORSTHATHAVEMOSTINFLUENTIALEFFECTONONLINESHOPPINGITCANBEARGUEDTHATONLINESHOPPERSWANTTORECEIVETHERIGHTQUALITYANDRIGHTQUANTITYOFITEMSTHATTHEYHAVEORDE

23、REDWITHINTHESTIPULATEDTIMEOFFERBYTHEETAILERSCONSUMERSALSOEXPECTEDTOBILLPROPERLYJUNETAL,2004PRODUCTVARIETYISINCLUDEDINTHISSTUDYBECAUSEYOUNGPEOPLEINMALAYSIAARELIKETOSEARCHVARIETIESPRODUCTASTHEYNORMALLYVISITSHOPPINGMALLALMOSTEVERYWEEKENDSSTUDIESLIKEAHNETAL2004SZYMANKIANDHISE2000ANDATHANASSOPOULOSETAL20

24、01HAVEFOUNDPRODUCTVARIETYTOBEIMPORTANTFACTORINFLUENCINGESATISFACTIONTIMEANDCOSTSAVINGARETHEMAINADVANTAGESOFONLINESHOPPINGACCORDINGTODEVARAJETAL2002TIMEEFFICIENCYANDSTOREEFFICIENCYAREREFLECTEDINTIMECOSTANDPRICESAVINGSRESPECTIVELYTHESEARETHEDETERMINANTSOFSATISFACTIONLEEANDJOSHI2007AHNETAL2004HO2004GRE

25、WALETAL2004ANDSHIH2004STUDIESFOUNDTHATDELIVERYPERFORMANCEHASSIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONTHERESEARCHMODELTHERESEARCHMODELEMPIRICALLYTESTEDINTHISSTUDYCONTAINSCONSTRUCTSTHATHAVELITERATURESUPPORT,BASEDONANUMBEROFRESEARCHDONEINTHISAREAINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIES,PARTICULARLYONLINESHOPPINGFROMTHEEN

26、DUSERPERSPECTIVEREFERTOFIGURE1THEMODELEXAMINESTHEFACTORSTHATAFFECTONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTION12ONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONISTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLEINTHISRESEARCHWHICHISANALYZEDINORDERTOFINDOUTTHEANSWERSORSOLUTIONTOTHEPROBLEMMEANWHILE,THEINDEPENDENTVARIABLESAREWEBSITEDESIGN,RELIABILITY,TIMESAVED,PRODUCTVA

27、RIETYANDDELIVERYPERFORMANCETHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLESAREBELIEVEDTOBETHEVARIABLESTHATHAVEASSOCIATIONWITHTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLEONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONINAPOSITIVEMANNERHYPOTHESESASERIESOFTESTABLEHYPOTHESESWEREDEVELOPEDFROMTHEPROPOSEDRESEARCHMODEL,ASSHOWNBELOWHYPOTHESIS1THEREISASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATION

28、SHIPBETWEENWEBSITEDESIGNANDONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONHYPOTHESIS2THEREISASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENRELIABILITYANDONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONHYPOTHESIS3THEREISASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTIMESAVEDANDONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONHYPOTHESIS4THEREISASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWE

29、ENPRODUCTVARIETYANDONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONHYPOTHESIS5THEREISASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDELIVERYPERFORMANCEANDONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONRESEARCHMETHODSSAMPLEANDDATACOLLECTIONDATAFORTHISSTUDYWASGATHEREDINMAY2009BYPRIMARYDATACOLLECTIONMETHODTHROUGHCONSUMERSURVEYADMINISTEREDAMONGUNDERGRAD

30、UATESTUDENTSTHATHAVEPURCHASEDATLEASTONEITEMTHROUGHONLINEWITHINTHELASTSIXMONTHSTHERESPONDENTSWEREGATHEREDDATAFROMTWOUNIVERSITIESINMALAYSIAATOTALOF300QUESTIONNAIRESWEREDISTRIBUTEDBUTONLY230AREUSABLEMAJORITYOFTHERESPONDENTSWEREFEMALE578PERCENT,MORETHANHALF555PERCENTWEREBETWEENTHEAGEOF20AND25CHINESEGROU

31、PWASTHEHIGHESTCONTRIBUTORSOFTHETOTALRESPONDENTS513PERCENTANDTHESECONDHIGHESTGROUPISREPRESENTEDBYMALAYSWITH316PERCENTMEASURES13THEQUESTIONNAIREWASOPERATEDUSINGITEMSADOPTEDANDADAPTEDFROMTHELITERATUREONONLINESHOPPINGLEEANDIIALLVIFVALUESAREWELLBELOW10THUS,THEMEASURESSELECTEDFORASSESSINGINDEPENDENTVARIAB

32、LESINTHISSTUDYDONOTREACHLEVELSTHATINDICATEMULTICOLLINEARITYTHEACCEPTABLEDURBINWATSONRANGEISBETWEEN15AND25INTHISANALYSISDURBINWATSONVALUEOF1862,WHICHISBETWEENTHEACCEPTABLERANGES,SHOWSTHATTHEREARENOAUTOCORRELATIONPROBLEMSINTHEDATAUSEDINTHISRESEARCHTHUS,THEMEASURESSELECTEDFORASSESSINGINDEPENDENTVARIABL

33、ESINTHISSTUDYDONOTREACHLEVELSINDICATINGMULTICOLLINEARITY14HYPOTHESESTESTINGTABLE2PRESENTSRESULTSOFAMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISUSEDTOEVALUATETHESTRENGTHOFTHEPROPOSEDRELATIONSHIPFIVEHYPOTHESESWEREFORMULATEDANDALLTHEVARIABLESRETAINAFTERTESTINGTHERELIABILITYTHEINDIVIDUALHYPOTHESESWERETESTEDUSINGAMULTIPLE

34、REGRESSIONPREDICTIONMODELFOLLOWINGTHEGUIDELINESESTABLISHEDBYHAIRETAL,1998WITHONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONASTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLETHERESULTSOBTAINED,ASSHOWNINTABLEII,REVEALEDTHATH1,H2,H4ANDH5,WEREFOUNDTOBESIGNIFICANTINTHEPREDICTIONMODELTHERESULTSPROVIDESUPPORTFORHYPOTHESESH1,H2,H4ANDH5THATIS,THERELATIONS

35、HIPBETWEENWEBSITEDESIGN(235;P0001),RELIABILITYONONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTION(212;P0001),PRODUCTVARIETY(206;P0001),ANDDELIVERYPERFORMANCEONONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTION(141;P005)CONCLUSIONTHEANALYTICALRESULTSOFOURINVESTIGATIONINDICATERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSATISFACTIONOFONLINESHOPPINGANDTHEDETERMINANTSTHATIN

36、FLUENCETHEIRSATISFACTIONMORESPECIFICALLY,WEBSITEDESIGN,RELIABILITY,PRODUCTVARIETYANDDELIVERYPERFORMANCEHAVESIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPWITHONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONTHEANALYTICALRESULTSAREGENERALLYCONSISTENTWITHPREVIOUSSTUDIESWEBSITEDESIGNRECEIVEDTHEMOSTCONSISTENTSUPPORTASFACTORSTHATINFLUENCEONLINESHOPPI

37、NGSATISFACTIONLEEHOSHERGILLPHAUJARVENPAAAHNETAL,2004GREWALETAL,2004,JUNETAL,2004SHIH,2004INOTHERWORDS,FORONLINEBUYERS,THEPERCEPTIONSOFRELIABILITY,15PRODUCTVARIETYANDDELIVERYPERFORMANCEOFCONSUMERSAREBETTERPREDICTORSTHANOTHERCONSTRUCTSFROMTHERESULTOFTHISSTUDY,TIMESAVESHASFOUNDNODIRECTANDSIGNIFICANTEFF

38、ECTONSATISFACTIONHOWEVER,THEPOSITIVESIGNONTHEFIGURESHOWSTHATIFTHEREISARELATIONSHIPITWILLBEAPOSITIVEONETHISMEANSTHATTHEHIGHERTHETIMESAVEDINONLINESHOPPINGTHEHIGHERTHELEVELOFSATISFACTIONWILLHAVETHISRESULTISINCONTRADICTIONONTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESDONEBYOTHERRESEARCHERSDEVARAJETAL2002HOWEVER,THECONTRADICTINGR

39、ESULTSHEREMIGHTBEDUETOTHEFACTTHATNOTMANYPEOPLEINMALAYSIAAREBUYINGONLINEFREQUENTLYTHEYDONOTSEEITASAFACTORTHATWILLAFFECTSATISFACTIONBECAUSETHEYDONOTHAVETHEEXPERIENCEWHENTHERESPONDENTSDONOTHAVEACTUALEXPERIENCEINSHOPPINGONLINEFREQUENTLY,THEIRPERCEPTIONWILLTENDTOBEDIFFERENTFROMTHOSEWHOACTUALLYHAVEEXPERIE

40、NCESBEFOREITWOULDBEINTERESTINGTOSTUDYTHESAMEFACTORSINCONNECTIONTOONLINESHOPPINGSATISFACTIONONADIFFERENT,MOREAVERAGEINTERNETUSERPOPULATIONRESEARCHLIMITATIONSANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHLIKEOTHEREMPIRICALSTUDIES,THISSTUDYISNOTWITHOUTITSLIMITATIONSFIRSTLY,THENATUREOFSAMPLINGUNITUNDERSTUDYCANNOTBEGEN

41、ERALIZEDTOALARGERPOPULATIONASONLYSTUDENTWASEXAMINEDANDTHEUSEOFSINGLEITEMMEASUREMENTFORSATISFACTIONCONSTRUCTHASLOWRELIABILITYCHURCHILL,1979SECONDLY,THEUSEOFCROSSSECTIONALDATAINASINGLEGROUPALSOLIMITSSOMEOFTHECONCLUSIONSOBTAINEDTHESTUDYCANBESTRENGTHENEDBYINCREASINGTHESAMPLESIZEANDINCLUDINGPARTICIPANTSINOTHERGEOGRAPHICALAREASWITHANINCREASEDSAMPLESIZE,AMOREDETAILEDEMPIRICALANALYSISAMONGTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLESANDTHEVARIABLESTHATHAVEMULTIPLECATEGORIESCANBEPERFORMEDPOTENTIALCORRELATIONSBETWEENSOMEOFTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLESEGGENDER,RACE,EDUCATION,INCOMELEVELNEEDTOBEREPORTEDINAFUTURESTUDY

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