1、Unit 12 Section I 1. 急救是一种在专业医疗救护到达之前对意外伤害或事故的受害者所进行的医疗救护。 2. 知道如何在紧急情况下进行急救，可能就意味着一个人的生死。 3. 一种称为心肺复苏的急救方法，简称 CPR，可以挽救心脏病、溺水和休克病人的生命。4. 在美国，CPR 训练包括使用防护布或面罩覆盖嘴巴。 5. 这有助于防止在做口对口复苏急救时传播疾病。 Section II Dialogue D A B C D C D D Passage 1. Life expectancy at birth in the United States in 1901 was 49 year
2、s while at the end of the century it increased to 77 years. 2. Psychologists found that people who entertained positive thoughts regardingthemselves and their future health lived seven years longer than those with negative attitudes. 3. We tend to regard medical disorders as the cause of poor health
3、 or shortenedlifespan, but, really, their significance is small when compared to the impactof the psychological factors on health. 4. Exercise, weight loss or non-smoking can increase the lifespan. Another avenue to rejuvenation is through creativity. 5. The US Census Bureau predicted that the USA w
4、ould eventually have 5.3 million people aged over 100 in 2100. F T T T T T F T Ex.2 1 It increased from 49 in the year 1901 to 77 at the end of the century, an increase of 57%. 2 In human history, preventing early deaths is the main cause of the increase in life expectancy. 3 We get older because of
5、 three things: aging of arteries, dysfunction of the immune system, and accidents and environmental hazards. 4 He/she could potentially feel as young as a 44-year-old. 5 The mainstream view is that life expectancy in the US will be in the mid-80s by the year 2050 (up from 77 today) and will top out
6、eventually in the low 90s.Section III Item 1: A. a serious snowstorm that hit New York City, US. 96 kilometers an hour/localized drifting/68.3 centimeters/blizzard/1869 1) The road network in many places is impassable. 2) Most of the airports in the region have been closed, with hundreds of flights
7、cancelled. 3) Passengers ontransatlantic flights heading into New York have, in some cases, found themselves diverted to alternative destinations. worked non-stop/keep streets and avenues open/people making their way down Broadway on skis Item 2: A. the evacuation of people living in villages close
8、to Volcano Merapi which isabout to erupt. B. T F F T T Item 3: A. the heavy storms and their effects in East Asia. B. landslides/several hundred houses to collapse/the worst flooding/trapped/ missing/landslides and flooding/drowned inside his car/dead in a gutter Section IV Part I: A. Saturday/100/f
9、loat/tide/senses/effect/aroma/crackling/keep/refueling B. 1) WaterFire attracts 1 million visitors each year, and brings business to downtown restaurants, hotels and entertainment venues. It brings more than 33 million dollars inbusiness to the city annually. 2) It sets a good example to other river
10、front cities. Part II Dictation: 1. A new study published in the current issue of American Journal of Public Health suggests that mens behavior may be to blame. 2. It has been reported that at every age American males have poorer health anda higher risk of mortality than females. 3. As if that weren
11、t enough, men tend to work in more dangerous settings thanwomen, and thus account for 90% of on-the-job fatalities, mostly in agriculture. 4. In low-lying flood zones, men are more likely to drive around barricades and drown in high water. 5. These reasons alone would certainly contribute to a short
12、er life span for men, but the problem may be even more profound. C A B D D B A D Unit 13 Section I 6. Avian influenza, or “bird flu”, is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. 7. While all bird species are thought to be susceptible
13、 to infection, domestic poultry flocks are especially vulnerable to infections that can rapidly reach epidemic proportions. 8. The current outbreak of bird flu is different from earlier ones in that officials have been unable to contain its spread. 9. Rapid elimination of the H5N1 virus among infect
14、ed birds and other animals is essential to preventing a major outbreak. 10. The World Health Organization recommends that infected or exposed flocks ofchickens and other birds be killed in order to help prevent further spread of the virus and reduce opportunities for human infection. 1. 禽流感是一种由病毒引起的
15、动物接触性传染病，通常只感染禽类，在少数情况下也会感染猪。 2. 尽管所有的鸟类都会受感染，但是家禽群体特别容易受感染，而且会迅速造成大规模爆发流行。 3. 目前爆发的禽流感与早些时期的禽流感不同，因为官方还无法控制它的传播。 4. 迅速杀灭受感染的禽类和其他动物体内的 H5N1 病毒对预防禽流感的大规模爆发极其重要。 5. 世界卫生组织建议捕杀所有受感染和有接触史的鸡群和其他禽类，以防止病毒的进一步传播和减少人类受感染的机会。 Section II Dialogue T F T F F T T T F F Passage 6. As the sun climbs to its noonday
16、 apex, the bearded man takes off his straw hat, wipes the sweat from his brow, and sits behind a team of mules, plowing thecornfield. 7. Soon hell head home to the farmhouse, where his wife has just hung out theweeks wash. 8. They will sit down to a simple meal: bread that his daughters have baked,
17、vegetables from the garden, perhaps some freshly made strawberry preserves. 9. Gardens are full of ripening fruits and vegetables, ready to be picked and preserved for the winter. 10. The magical workshop is a childs wonderland: a miniature wooden table andchair set, doll-sized cradles and slightly
18、bigger ones fro their owners, and mini-farmhouses, complete with wooden animals. F T T T F T T T Ex.2 1. You will see a cheerful Amish girl behind the counter scoop huge helpings ofthe richest, creamiest ice cream into wafer cones. 2. The religious beliefs for which they left their homeland still de
19、fine their lives, from their name to their language a German dialect, and their old-fashioned ways. 3. They consider the modern 21st-century conveniences to be vulgar temptations, and they eschew any permanent physical connection to “the outside world” gas lines, electric wires, telephones, computer
20、s and televisions. 4. After that, the boys help their fathers on the farm and the girls with theirmothers at home. 5. Because there are an array of arm-fresh produce and typical Amish food.Section III Item 1: B. the serious problem of insufficient health care in developing countries, especially in A
21、frican countries. C. Statistics: 10%/24%/37%/3%/over 50%/less than 1% Analysis: 1) AIDS/tuberculosis/malaria / childhood vaccination/pregnant women 2) more doctors and nurses/higher than in Africa/a brain drain of health professionals 3) ethical recruitment policies/international investment/more sta
22、ff/4 million/ 1.3 billion Item 2: B. the WHO recommendations on the best time to start treatment for HIV. C. 1 Four million people around the world have taken anti-retroviral drugs. 2 Five million people who need the drugs have not got them yet. 3 HIV patients start taking drugs before their immune
23、systems display symptoms.4 The treatment at the newly recommended level could increase survival by nearly 70%. 5 They will significantly reduce the cost to health systems of treating opportunisticinfections, greatly improve life expectancy of HIV patients, bring hope to the families and solve the pr
24、oblems of reduced workforce. Item 3: A. Paris traffic chaos caused by one-way traffic system. B. commuters/was blocked/no entry/were bemused/converged/one side road A decision/solve the problem of heavy traffic through his borough/more vehicles/district/a one-way system/two days/return immediately/t
25、raffic disorder Section IV Part I: A. The Art of Choosing/ the impact/ choices/ over 15 years/ thinks about/ practice love marriage/ balance/ a deep respect/ limitation/ the possibilities B American students: independence, possibility, opportunity and dream/ give more weight to what they want for th
26、emselves personally Japanese students: responsibility, burden and anxiety/ place greater emphasis on how their choices will affect others C 1 Iyengar takes the global financial crisis as an example to support her view. 2 The corporations choose to sell home mortgages to people they knew could notaff
27、ord them, and their customers choose to buy homes in spite of their inability to pay forthem. 3 The above practice undoubtedly leads to putting short-term self interest ahead of long-term consequences. Part II Dictation: 6. Now times are changing and the Inuit, known as Eskimos down south, are adapt
28、ing tothe new living environment. 7. Their barren homeland became a Canadian territory, Nunavut, in 1999, and this gave them more say in their affairs. 8. To the Inuit, polar bears have special significance. This archetypal symbol of the majesty and threat of the Arctic graces the government logo an
29、d license plates of Nunavut. 9. They now are a “species of special concern” due to past over-harvesting, which rose with the introduction of snowmobiles, and environmental threats. 10. The Nunavut Wildlife Management Board sets a yearly hunting quota. It was 408 for last season, though just 385 bear
30、s were killed. Exercise 1: D B A C D A C B Exercise 2 : 1. Her advice includes : brush the snow off your caribou skin parka quickly dont push yourself too fast or hard avoid any kind of moisture, which can be deadly in the Arctic cold the pack ice must be strong enough out near the waterto support d
31、og sleds or snowmobiles dunking means death for polar bear hunters. 2. They generally go out for food at night or daybreak and sleep in the afternoon. 3. They have to scan wide expanses of ice for bears or their tracks, and then work in teams to trap them on the ice between the open water and the sh
32、ore.4. They are now a “species of special concern” because of past over-harvesting, which rose with the introduction of snowmobiles, and environmental threats such as global warming. 5. The foreign sport hunters have to pay US$20,000 or more for each polar bear they kill. Unit 14 Section I 11. 和其他西方
33、国家，如加拿大、德国的政府不同，美国政府不向其公民提供由公共财政支出的医疗保障。 12. 公民必须购买健康保险，每年人均花费需要几千美元。 13. 如果一个公民没有这种保险的话，那他必须要么支付医疗费用，要么到别的价格低廉、有时是三等医疗机构或县医院就诊。 14. 各种州政府援助计划可以涵盖一些急诊或长期治疗的费用。 15. 在美国，医疗费用是造成个人破产的最常见的原因。 Section II Dialogue 1. emergency rockets/save the lives/20 minutes/fire/unstrap/climb out/lift/get away/top/occu
34、pants 2 blueness/brilliant white/brick-red/roads/darkness/lights 3 medical experiments/taking measurements/color/salt/water/vegetation 4 dangerous/launch/physically harder/a thin layer of very hot air/crushing her lungs/four and a half times/breathe/this big bump/hit the ground/parachutes 5 plant a
35、tree/launch site/flies/a good 40 feet high/the very end/cosmonauts/watered/soldiers Passage 11. Poverty trends vary significantly from country to country, but one feature is constant: figures for rural poverty are well above the level of average poverty. 12. Most of those countries that have failed
36、to embark on an agricultural revolution remain trapped in poverty, hunger and economic stagnation. 13. A main reason for the inefficiency of farming in Africa is that the crops grown on the great majority of small farms are not the high yielding varieties in common use on other continents. 14. While
37、 sustainable rural development is essential to achieve the broader development agenda, the former cannot be realized without adequate community empowerment and participation. 15. Consequently, the rural-urban education gap is increasing making the task of sustainable development even more difficult
38、and challenging. C D D A B C B A Section III Item 1: D. the impact of oil price increases on major oil producers and the consumers. E. 1 It has had a spectacular impact on the bottom line at the major oil producers. 2 They are Shell, Americas Exxon Mobil and BP. 3 Consumers are struggling with near
39、record fuel prices. Predictably this has stoked complaints of profiteering by the oil firms. 4 They have talked about tougher rules on company mergers and abuses of market power within the US oil sector. 5 They say healthy profits are needed to fund investment in finding and developing new energy so
40、urces. 6 Because investors werent impressed with Shells record results. They were expecting an even better financial performance. Item 2: D. the pensions crisis facing British firms. E. F F F T F T Item 3: A. the changeover of analogue signal to digital signal in the US. B. 1 They have been bombarde
41、d with a series of adverts, warning them that the analogue signal would be switched off on a certain day. 2 They are asked to buy set-top converter boxes. 3 The US authorities have issued coupons, worth 40 dollars each, to cover mostof thecost /have spent 2 billion dollars to support the smooth tran
42、sition. 4 There are 2.2 million households that have made no preparation for the digital changeover. 5 They are the elderly and the low income households. Section IVPart 1: A. 1 It is called “eco-school” program. 2 The elementary school principal (Oumar Sow) is the director of the program. 3 Because
43、 the once fertile village is faced with desertification. Rivers are drying up, grazing land for cattle is scarce, and the dry soil is hard to farm. 4 They are learning how to identify biodegradable garbage, how to make compost, how to plant the trees and how to water the trees in their schoolyard. 5
44、 The “show, dont tell” philosophy/ The hands-on strategy is the key to the programs success. B. F T T F T F Part 2 Dictation: 11. The multiplicity and contradictory nature of objectives which rural development was expected to achieve often deprived it of a central focus and contributed to its failur
45、e. 12. Whilst the intent of all rural development effort has always been to benefit the poor, the results have not been very promising. 13. Rural people in many countries still do not have access to basic social services such as healthcare, education, water and sanitation.14. Markets remain underdev
46、eloped, and infrastructure development has not kept pace with population growth. 15. In general, the overall rural development agenda was affected by two factors: one is that agenda itself was determined by those not living in the rural communities and the other is that national economic development
47、 efforts continue to be skewed in favor of urban areas. T F T F T T F T Unit 15 Section I 16. 欧洲文化也许更应该描述为欧洲一系列相互重叠的文化。 17. 欧洲一直是许多后来传播到世界各地的文化创新和文化运动的发祥地。 18. 对欧洲文化进行界定的主要问题之一是：欧洲始于何处，又止于何处？ 19. 绝大多数国家有着共同的历史经历，但其中出现了一些重要的断层。 20. 近几十年来，欧盟一直致力于鉴别和支持共同的欧洲价值观，但结果证明这是一个非常有争议的难题。 Section II Dialogue Nec
48、essity: 1 Natural energy resources are limited. 2 not to rely on importing fuel 3 Nuclear power production is extremely efficient and clean. Safety: 1 all kinds of automatic backup security systems 2 Nuclear reactors can automatically shut down in a real emergency. Pollution: 1 investigating suitabl
49、e sites, where theres clay or chalk, for storing the wasteunderground 2 developing methods of treating waste and sealing it for storage in blocks ofglass or rock. 3 Nuclear waste does decay and eventually turn into non-radioactive material. Alternative sources of energy: 1 Serious consideration has been given to alternative sources of energy. 2 continuing research into methods of using alternative energy sources efficiently. 3 It doesnt make economic sense to develop systems of this kind at present. Awareness of the r
