1、 被动语态 一、被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式 , 被动语态由 be过去分词构成， be 随时态的变化而变 化。以 do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词 ) 一般现在时 例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时 例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.
2、3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例 A new cinema is being built here 4） was/were done 一般过去时 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6） was/were being done 过去进行时 例 A meet
3、ing was being held when I was there. 7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done 一般将来时 例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done/ waswere going to be done/ waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done 一般将来时 例 The news would
4、 be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. 9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） 例 The project will have been completed before July. 10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用） 例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词 be过去分词
5、。 例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当 “动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语 ”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主 语，其余不动。 例 Some
6、one caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。 例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
7、 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如 “动词介词 ”， “动词副词 ”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态 (一般时态和完成时态 ) 。 例 I dont like being laughed at in the public. 二 、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示 “据说 ”或 “相信 ”的动词如 believe, consider, ex
8、pect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型 “It be过去分词 that 从句 ”或 “主语 be过去分词 to do sth.”。有： It is said that 据说 ,It is reported that 据报道， It is believed that 大家相 信， It is hoped that大家希望， It is well known that 众所周知， It is thought that 大家认为， It is suggested that 据建议。 例 It is said that the boy has passed
9、the national exam. （ The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ） 三 、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如 break， catch， clean， drive， lock， open， sell， read， write， wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较： The door
10、wont lock （指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门 , 指 “门没有锁 ”是人的原因） 2. 表示 “发生、进行 ”的不及物动词和短语，如： happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？ 3. 系动词没有被动形式 , 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, soun
11、d, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中 常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Your reason sounds reasonable. 四 、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 1 在 need， want， require, bear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式 。 The house needs repairing（ to be repaired）这房子需要修理。 2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定 式；而 worthy后面跟动词不
12、定式的被动形式。 例 The picture-book is well worth reading（ The picture-book is very worthy to be read） 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系 , 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。 ) 试比较： Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to
13、be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。 ) 4. 在某些 “形容词不定式 ”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice， easy， fit， hard，difficult， important， impossible， pleasant， interesting 等。 例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me） . 5 在 too to 结构中，不定
14、式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例 There is no time to lose（ to be lost）（用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。） 7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动 , 被动表被动。然而 ,由于古英语的影响 ,下列动词 rent,
15、blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? 五 、介词 in, on, under 等 +名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用， 含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 1. “under +名词 ”结构，表示 “某事在进行中 ”。常见的有： under control（受控制） , under treatment（在治疗中） , under repair（在修理中） , under discussion（在讨论中） , under con
16、struction（在施工中）。 例 The building is under construction( is being constructed). 2 “beyond+名词 ”结构， “出乎 胜过 、范围、限度 ”。常见的有： beyond belief (令人难以置信 )， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及）， beyond ones control（无法控制）， beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及 。 例 The rumour is beyond belief（ =cant be believed） 3.“above+名词 ”结构 , 表示 “(品质、行
17、为、能力等 ) 超过 、高于 ” 。 例 His honest character is above all praise =His honest character cannot be praised enough 4 “for+名词 ”结构，表示 “适于 、 为着 ” 。 如： for sale(出售 ), for rent（出租）等。 例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 5 “in+名词 ”结构 ，表示 “在 过程中或范围内 ”常见的有： in print（在印刷中）， in sight(在视野范围内 )， 等。
18、 例 The book is not yet in print (=is not yet printed) 6 “on+名词 ”结构 , 表示 “在从事 中 ”。 常见的有： on sale(出售 )， on show（展出） , on trial（受审）。 例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 7 “out of+名词 ”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外 “，常见的有： out of control (控 制不了 )， out of sight （超出视线之外）， out of ones re
19、ach(够不着 ), out of fashion(不流行 )等。 例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。 8 “within+名词 ”结构， “在 内、不超过 ” 。 例 He took two days off within the teachers permission 六 、被动语态与系表结构的区别 当 “be+过去分词 ”作被动语 态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时， be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 1如果强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一
20、般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。 例 The glass is broken （系表结构） The glass was broken by the boy （被动语态） 2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。 例 The door is locked （系表结构） The door hasalready/just been locked（被动语态） 3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词 be 只有一般时态和完成时态。 例 The machine is being repaired 七 、被动语态与高考试题赏析 1 高考对谓语动词语态的考
21、查例析 1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993) A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 解析 B 因为 serve 是及物动词，其动作承受者 tea 作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。 2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002) A. killed B. is kill
22、ed C. was killed D. was killing 解析 C Ted 是 kill 的承受者，用被动语态，且 Ted 救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。 3). - Have you moved into the new house? - Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting 解析 A “house”和 “paint”应该是被动的关系，排除 B， D。后者未搬进新居的原因 是房子正在油漆，所以要用现
23、在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除 C。 4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春 2003） A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 解析 D decide 是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所 以 decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词 yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
24、 5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春2001） A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked 解析 B 句中 tickets 是 book(订票 )的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在 entered the office 这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。 2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查 当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者
25、时 , 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。 1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether the y will enjoy it. (NMET2002) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉 C、D 两项；又因 remains 的逻辑主语 it 是动词 see 说表示动作的承受者，即 “到
26、国外旅行 ”这件事，这件事有待于 “被决定 ”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。 2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海 1996） A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 解析 C cant help doing “禁不住做某事 ”，排除 A 和 D；顾客应是 “被劝说 ”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。 3） . I feel it is your hu
27、sband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海 2002） A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame 解析 A feel 的宾语从句为强调句型，在 be to do 结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如 to blame， to let 等。 【强化训练】 1. If city noises _ from increasing， people _ shout to be heard even at dinner A are not kept； wi
28、ll have to B are not kept； have C do not keep； will have to D do not keep； have to 2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 3. - _ the sports meet might be put off - Yes，
29、 it all depends on the weather A Ive been told B Ive told C Im told D I told 4. I need one more stamp before my collection _. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A.
30、 cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month. A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed 7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had b
31、een broken 8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _. A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 9. That suit _ over 60 dollars. A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost 10. - L
32、ook! Everything here is under construction. - Whats the pretty small house that _ for? A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building 11.- Do you like the material? - Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 12. It is difficult for a foreigner _ Chinese A write
33、B to write C to be written D written 13. I have no more letters _ ， thank you A to type B typing C to be typed D typed 14. Take care! Dont drop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily. A. wont wash out B. wont be washed out C. isnt washed out D. isnt washing out 15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into
34、 the house because the lights happened to _. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out 16. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith. A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to 17. - What do you think of the book? -Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to b
35、e read C. reading D. being read 18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 19. This page needed _ again. A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked 20. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercises A. Havin
36、g taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching 被动语态基础练习选择题 1.Our house_, A . is getting paint B . is getting painted C . is got painted D . has got to paint 2.He arrived in Beijing,where he_his friend . A . was met by B . was met C . was meeting D . met by 3.The war_in 1937 A . was broken out
37、B . had been broken out C . has broken out D . broke out 4.The mistakes in the exercises will_the teacher. A . cross B . be crossing C . be crossed by D . cross by 5.My brother and I have _her birthday party. A . been invited B . been invited for C . invited to D . been invited to 6.It_this way A .
38、is had to do B . is had to be done C . had to be done D . has to do 7.It_this way. A used to do B . used to be done C . is used to do D . is used to doing 8._Chaplin. A . The childs name was called B . The childs name calls C . The child calls D . The child is named 9.The sports meeting_ . A . is pu
39、t off B . is to put off C . is to be put off D . puts off 10.Mary realized she_ A . was making fun of B . was made fun C . was being made fun of D . was being made fun 11._to say a thing in that way A . It is considers wrong B . It is considered wrong C . It is considered its wrong D . It is consied
40、ring wrong 12.He ordered that the books_at once. A . would be printed B . would print C . be printed D . print 13.The story_in ChinA . A . was taken place B . was happened C . took place D . has been taken place 14.The house_my parents A . is belong to B . belong to C . belongs to D . is belonged to
41、 15.He_by his teacher. A . happened to see B . was happened to see C . happened to be seen D . was happened to be seen 16.Great changes_in our province.Many tall buildings. A . have been taken place, have been set up B . have taken place, have been set up C . have been taken place, have been set up
42、D . were taken place, were set up 17.The halls_but its not yet_with lamps. A . furnished, finished B . been finished, been furnished C . being finished, being furnished D . set up, full 18.The new hall is the tallest building in this town._from here? A . Can it see B . Can it be seen C . Can it seen
43、 D . Can see 19.As soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_. A . had already taken off B . already took off C . was already taking off D . was already taken off 20. Some of the hotels in my hometown_. A . have now been rebuilding B . are now rebuilding C . are now being rebuilt D . are
44、 rebuilt now 21. If city noises _ from increasing， people _ shout to be heard even at dinner A . are not kept； will have to B . are not kept； have C . do not keep； will have to D . do not keep； have to 22. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. A . deve
45、loped B . have developed C . are being developed D . will have been developed 23. - _ the sports meet might be put off - Yes， it all depends on the weather A . Ive been told B . Ive told C . Im told D . I told 24. I need one more stamp before my collection _. A . has completed B . completes C . has
46、been completed D . is completed 25. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A . cut B . are cut C . are being cut D . had been cut 26. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month. A . has been designed B . had been designed C . wa
47、s designed D . would be designed 27.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A . breaks B . has broken C . was broken D . had been broken 28. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _. A . have been taken place; have been set up B . have taken place; have been set up C . have taken place; have set up D . were taken place; were set up 29. That suit _ over 60 dollars. A . had costed B . costed C . is costed D . cost 30. - Loo
