1、2019 年高考英语语法必考考点（ 7）：动词时态和语态含解析 李仕才 【考点解读】 一、动词的时态 1一般现在时 (1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等时间状语。 Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers. On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. (2)表示客观事实、普遍真理
2、或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。 “Life is like walking in the snow ， ” Granny used to say ， “because every step shows.” So what is the procedure? All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority. (3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。 My parents have promised to come to see me befo
3、re I leave for Africa. (4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等。 The flight takes off at 2： 30 every Wednesday and Friday. 2一般过去时 (1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用 (或上下文语境有暗示 )；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。 I didnt realize then, but becoming a pilo
4、t makes me a better surgeon. Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. (2)注意句型： was/were about to do . when .中 when 后从句的动词用过去式。 I was about to go to bed when the tele
5、phone rang. 3现在完成时 常用的时间状语有： so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three .times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since 等。主要用于以下几种情况： (1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa. Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it. (2)
6、表示从过去某一时间开始一 直持续到现在的动作或状态。 They have been good friends since they met at a meeting. Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years. (3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。 It is (has been)一段时间 since 从句 This (That/It) is the first (second .) time that 从句 This is the first time
7、we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family. 在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。 When shall we restart our business? Not until we have finished our plan. 4过去完成时 (1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还 可能持续下去。常与 for, since 等构成的时间状语连用。 He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After al
8、l, he had had it for a very long time. We first met on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years. (2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的 有： hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think 等。 I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train
9、. (3)在特殊句式 hardly/scarcely .when .; no sooner .than .中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为 “ 一 就 ；刚 就 ” 。 Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 5将来完成时 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为 “by 将来的某个时间 ” 。 I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car. I know. By next month, he will have saved enou
10、gh for a used one. 6现在进行时 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划； go, come 等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。 You are always studying in the library. Why not have a picnic this afternoon? 7过去进行时 (1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。 Did you catch what I said? Sorry. I was answering a text message just no
11、w. Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday. (2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。 I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. Im so sorry. But I was doing my homework. 8现在完成进行时 (1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在 还在进行。 The girl h
12、as a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. (2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。 Where have you been？ We have been looking for you everywhere. 9将来进行时 将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时 间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有： at this time tom
13、orrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。 Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon? Im sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about fi ve? 二、动词的语态 英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。
14、判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。 被动语态的构成 (以 write 为例 ) 时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are written am/is/are being written has/have been written 过去 was/were written was/were being written had been written 将来 shall/will be written 1.get过去分词表被动 They got married last week. He fel
15、l and got hurt. 2主动形式表被动意义 (1)系动词 look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn 等形容词 /名 词。 The dish tastes delicious. His plan proved (to be) practical. (2)表示主语的某种属性的词： read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut 等，其主语往往是物。 What about the books? Books of this kind sell w
16、ell. The door wont open. The pen writes smoothly. (3)be worth 后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting. (4)need, want, require, deserve 等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 Most house plants require regular watering. 三、解题技巧 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占 1 2 道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时
17、间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语 作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。 考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取 “ 找标法 ”( 寻找时间标志词 )、 “ 呼应法 ”( 主从句时态呼应 )、 “ 搭配法 ”( 固定搭配 )、 “ 语境法 ” 等解题技巧。 1、识别标志词 如果题干 中有标志性的时间状语，则
18、往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。 例 More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent 解析 此题有明显的时间标志词 last year， 提示我们应该使用一般过去时 ； 句中的主语 students 是被送的对象 ， 应该使用被动语态 。 答案为 B。 动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语，请同学们熟记下列 8 种常用时态所对应的时间状语： (1)一般现在时 ： often, alw
19、ays, usually, seldom, now, every day 等 。 (2) 一 般 过 去 时 ： then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months 等 。 (3)现在进行时 ： now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days 等 。 (4)过去进行时 ： then, at that time, at this time yesterday 等 。 (5)现在完成时 ： recently, lately, up t
20、o/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years, for+ 一段时间 , since + 一点时间等 。 (6)过去完成时 ： before, by the end of last month/years 等 。 (7)一 般将 来时 ： tomorrow, today, next week/month, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks 等 。 (8)过去将来时 ： the following month, the next week 等 。 命题角度及对策 高考测试动词时态
21、须与句中时间状语一致时 ， 常在题干中加入具体情景 ， 以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力 。 敏锐捕捉时间标志词 ， 并结合具体的语境 ，选择出正确的动词时态 ， 是解决此类问题的良策 。 2、 主从时态须呼应 如果所给题干是主从复合句 ， 可根据主从句 时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态 。 命题角度及对策 ： 近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时 ,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查 。在根据时态呼应原则解题时 ， 要把握好以下几点 : (1)在时间 、 条件等状语从句中 ， 用一般现在时表示一般将来时 ， 一般过去时表示过去将来时 ,用现在完成时表示将来完成时 。 (2)正确认定主句动
22、词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间 ， 并认真体会命题者所给出的语境 。 (3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时 ， 考生应熟知以下规则 ： 主句动词为现在时 ， 则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态 ； 主句动词为过去时 ， 则从 句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态 (表示客观真理时使用一般现在时 )。 3、 仔细体会语境 近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高 ， 大部分试题趋向情境化 、 实际化 ， 因此 ， 仔细体会所给语境 ， 根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题 。 例： Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes, we sho
23、uld, for we_ such bad luck up till now, and time_ out. A. have had; is running B. had; is running C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run 【答案解析】 A。由时间标志词 up till now 知道，动作是从过去延续到现在，所以第一空要用现在完成时 ;而根据语境可知时间快要耗光了，所以第二空要用进行时表将来。 Can you tell me the timetable of the _school bus? Well, the bus _he
24、re for the _campus at 7:00 a.m. A. will leave B. left C.is leaving D. leaves 【答案解析】 D。考查时态， “ 校班车的时间表 ” 是规定好的事情，表示一般性动作用一般现在时。 【真题分析】 一、单项选择 1. (2018 北京 卷 ) Hi, Im Peter. Are you new here? I havent seen you around? Hello, Peter. Im Bob. I just _ on Monday. A. start B. have started C. started D. had
25、started 【答案】 C 2. (2018 北京 卷 ) Susan had quit her well-paid job and _ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked 【答案】 B 【解析】考查时态。句意 : Susan 已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候 ， 她正在一个社区里做志 愿者。 Susan 辞 职发生在地当志愿者之前 ， 是过去完时态 ， 过去完时态通俗的说就是
26、 “ 过去的过 去”， 且结合时间状语 when I visited her last year 可知 ， Susan做 志愿者是过去的某个时间段发生的情况 ， 故 该空应用过去进行时态。 B 选项正确 3. (2018 北京 卷 ) China s high-speed railways _ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years. A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown 【答案】 B 4. (2018 北京 卷 ) A rescue worker ris
27、ked his life saving two tourists who _ in the mountains for two days. A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped 【答案】 D 【解析】考查语和付态。 句意：一 个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。 “who _ in the mountains for two days” 是定语从句 ， 修饰 two tourists；two tourists 和 tap 之间是被动关系 ， 该空应用 被动语态。由
28、risked 可知 ， 营救人员 救游客是过去的事情 ， 被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前 ， 即过 去的过去”， 该空应用过去完成时态。综上 ， D 选项正确 。 5. (2018 天津 卷 ) My washing machine _ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. A. was repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 【答案】 C 【解析】考查时态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修， 所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句 so I have
29、to wash my clothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选 C。 6. (2018 江苏 卷 ) Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _ more convenient electronic communication tools by then. A. have developed B. had developed C. will have developed D. developed 【答案】 C 【解析】考查时态。句意：希望在 2025 年，
30、我们不再互相发电子邮件，因为到那时候我们将开发更方便的电子通信工具。根据时间状语 in 2025，可知用将来时；再根据时间状语 by then 到那时，可知用完成时。结合两者可知用将来完成时。故选 C。 7. (2018 江苏 ) I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ in the past two years. A. had been carried out B. would be carried out C. is being carried out D. has been carrie
31、d out 【答案】 A 【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语 last month 和 in the past two years 可知用过去完成时。故选 A。 8. (2017 江苏卷 ) He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _. A. was being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed 【答案】 A 9. (2017 北京卷 ) People_ better acces
32、s to health care than they used to, and theyre living longer as a result. A. will have B. have C. had D. had had 【答案】 B 【解析】考查时态。句意：人们有着比过去更好的医疗保险，结果他们更长寿。与过去对比是现在，所以 than 前一句话是用现在的时间，而且后一句用的就是现在时态，所以前面也用现在时态，故选 B。 10. (2017 北京卷 ) In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, an
33、d wireless phones _ yet. A. havent invented B. havent been invented C. hadnt invented D. hadnt been invented 【答案】 D 【解析】考查时态语态。句意：在美国 20 世纪 50 年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除 AC，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成时，排除 B，故选 D，过去完成时的被动语态。 二、单句填空 1. (2018 新课标 I 卷 ) While running regularly can make
34、 you live forever, the review says it _ (be)more effective at lengthening life than walking ,cycling or swimming. 【答案】 is 【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：虽然经常跑步不能使你永远活着，但是评论说经常跑步在延长生命这方面比步行更有效。此处用一般现在时表示客观事实， it 是第三人称单数，故答案为 is。 2. (2018 新课标 II 卷 ) Diets have changed in China-and so too has its top crop. Since 20
35、11, the country_ (grow) more corn than rice. 【答案】 has grown 【解析】考查谓语动词的时态。由句中的时间状语 since 2011 可知用现在完成时，主语 the country 是单数，故答案为 has grown。 3. (2018 新课标 III 卷 ) True to a gorillas unaggressive nature, the huge animal _(mean)me no real harm. 【答案】 meant 【解析】 考查动词的时态。 由上下文可知此处用一般过去时，动词用过去时，故答案为meant。 4.
36、(2018 浙江卷 ) I still remember visiting a friend whod lived here for five years and I_(shock) when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time. 【答案】 was shocked 5. (2017 新课标 I 卷 ) When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something 【答案】 are removed 【解析】考查时态和语态。本文的主体时态为一般现在时，此处亦应用一般现在时；又 fat and salt 是动词 remove 的承受者，应用被动语态。所以此处填 are removed。 6. (2017 新课标 II 卷 ) Later, engineers 68 (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道 ), which became known to the tube 【答案】 managed 【解析】考查动词时态。因为 engineers 与 manage 之间为主动关系，而且是发生在过去的事情，所以填 managed。
