1、R. GLENNHUBBARDANTHONY PATRICKOBRIENFIFTH EDITION 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Outline andLearning Objectives7.1 The Improving Health of People in the United States7.2 Health Care around the World7.3 Information Problems and Externalities in the Market for Healt
2、h Care7.4 The Debate over Health Care Policy in the United StatesCHAPTER7 The Economicsof Health Care3 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Health Care in the United StatesHealth care expenditure in the United States is higher than anywhere else in the world.Why is this the case? Ideas: High quality of healt
3、h care System of payment for health care Higher demand for health careIn this chapter, we will address some of the elements of health care that make it a rich field of study for economists.LEARNING OBJECTIVE4 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.The Improving Health of People in the United States7.1Discuss t
4、rends in U.S. health over time.5 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Health Outcomes in the United StatesThe last couple of centuries have brought incredible advances in health outcomes for Americans.Explanations: Improvements in nutrition Public health movement (late 19th, early 20th century) Improvements
5、in sanitation, food distribution, etc. Feedback from better health to higher incomes to better healthHealth in the United States, 1850 and 2013Table 7.1Variable 1850 2013Life expectancy at birth38.3 years 78.7 yearsAverage height (adult males)57” 59”Infant mortality (death of a child aged 1 year or
6、less)228.9 per 1,000 live births5.9 per 1,000 live births6 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.The Improving Health of the U.S. PopulationThe most dramatic gains in health have occurred in the 20th century. (Mostly) steady increases in life expectancy. Corresponding decreases in the death rate (adjusted for
7、 life expectancy). The improving health of the U.S. population: life expectancy at birth and the death rate per 100,000 people in the United StatesFigure 7.1a7 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Why Is the Death Rate Falling?Medical advances in prevention and treatment are reducing the death rate.Notice in
8、 particular the fall in the death rate from cardio-vascular disease.However deaths due to some obesity-related illnesses have risen.The improving health of the U.S. population: mortality ratesFigure 7.1bLEARNING OBJECTIVE8 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Health Care around the World7.2Compare the health
9、 care systems and health care outcomes in the United States and other countries.9 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Sources of Health InsuranceMost health care services in the United States are provided by private firms.Payment to those firms generally comes through health insurance.Health insurance: a co
10、ntract under which a buyer agrees to make payments, or premiums, in exchange for the provider agreeing to pay some or all of the buyers medical bills.Sources of health insurance in the United States, March 2012; note some people have more than one type of health insurance.Figure 7.210 2015 Pearson E
11、ducation, Inc.Sources of Health Insurancecont.About 36% have government provided health insurance.Insurance payments can take the form of fee-for-service, where doctors and hospitals receive a payment for each service they provide; or Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), where doctors receive a flat fee per patient. Sources of health insurance in the United States, March 2012; note some people have more than one type of health insurance.Figure 7.2
