1、Treaties and other sources of IL impose so many restrictions on use of force that it is generally illegal國際法條約和其他 法律淵源 對於使用武力設立了很多限制 , 在一般情況下使用武力 是不合法的Most armed conflicts are now civil and not international wars大部分武裝衝突是國內而不是國際 戰爭The Use of Force武力運用1St. Augustine (4th C.) set out doctrine of just w
2、ars聖奧斯丁 四世紀 主張 正義戰爭論1. Just war waged against party that has caused injury and refuses to make amends正義戰爭 反擊 造成了 傷害和拒絕改正的 一方2. Just war is to only be punitive; when wrong is righted, war must end正義戰爭只是懲罰性的，當錯誤 得到 糾正，戰爭必須停止St. Thomas Acquinas (13th C.) held that is wrongdoer, not wrongdoing that is t
3、o punished托马斯 阿奎那 十三世紀 認為受到懲罰 的應該是 錯者而不是 錯行 本身2War could go on after wrong is righted, until wrongdoer repents戰爭可在錯誤糾正之後繼續， 直至 錯者悔改Just war is waged by sovereign, punishes the wrongdoer and is motivated by good intentions正義戰爭由主權出於善意 而 發動 ， 用於 懲罰錯者 In Renaissance, thinkers urged that negotiations pre
4、cede resort to force在文藝復興時期，思想家 要求訴諸武力 之前要進行談判Vitoria argued that not every wrong is sufficient cause for war維多利亞認為並不是每個錯誤都是發動戰爭的充分原因 3Suarez held that wronged state must first demand reparatationsSuarez說受犯國必須首先要求賠償Innocent parties should be immune from attack無辜者應該免受攻擊Only proportionate force should
5、 be used只可酌量使用武力4Grotius said just wars involve格老秀斯 說正義戰爭包括1. self-defense自衛2. protection of property財產保護3.punishment for those who have harmed other states citizens懲罰那些傷害其他國家公民 的人Neutrality to be determined not by states morality, but by whether there was actual state of war中立不是決定於國家的 德性 ，而是是否真正 存在
6、 戰爭 狀態5Later, states adopted some other means to show displeasure, e.g.後來，國家採納了一些其他方法來表示不快 例如1. suspension of diplomatic relations外交關係的中止2. withdrawal from treaty撤銷 條約3. cancellation of membership in international organization取消國際組織的成員身份4. economic boycott經濟制裁6After World War I, disputes were suppos
7、ed to be submitted to arbitration, judicial settlement or inquiry by League第一次世界大戰後，認為爭議 應當通過 仲裁 、 司法或 國際聯盟 調查 等途徑來處理States were supposed to refrain from war for three months after arbitration, settlement or report 國家在仲裁、司法或 調查 報告 之後 三個月 内 應當克制 戰爭1928 General Treaty for the Renunciation of War (Kell
8、ogg-Briand Pact)1928年非戰公約 ( 白裏安 -凱洛哥公約 )7Article 2(4) of United Nations Charter: states are to refrain from threat or use of force against territorial integrity or independence of other states聯合國憲章 第 2條第 4項規定 ：國家 不應當運用武力或以武力相威脅 ， 破壞 其它國家的領土完整 或 獨立Still many question of when force can be legally used
9、武力何時可以合法地使用 存在很多 爭議For example, is “economic force” lawful?舉例，經濟 武力 是否合法What is force used against “territorial integrity, etc.“?什麼是 破壞 領土完整的武力等8There are some lawful uses of force有一些合法的武力運用Retortion: retaliation for a noxious act by a noxious act, for example反報 ：例如 以惡治惡1. severing of diplomatic rel
10、ationsas retaliation終止外交關係以作報復2. restrictions on movements with State A of citizens of State B限制國家乙國民在國家甲的活動3.suspension of foreign aid as retaliation for nationalizations停止外國援助以報復國有化94.non-economic boycotts, e.g. Olympic boycotts of 1980, 1984 非 經濟制裁 ，例如 1980年和 1984年的奧林匹克 聯合抵制5. trade restrictions by A, following trade restrictions by B國家甲的 貿易 限制引發國家乙的 貿易 限制Reprisal: normally illegal act of State B, when done in retaliation for illegal act of State A, becomes legal報復 ：一般來說，國家乙以不法行為回應國家甲的不法行為，便會視為合法10
