1、2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a st
2、udy published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .Whi
3、le 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in f
4、riends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar frien
5、ds 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The f
6、indings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also
7、 controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1. A when B why C how D what 2. 2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3. 3. A for B with C on D by 4. A compared B sought C separated D connected 5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples 6. A insignificant B
8、 unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible 7. A visit B miss C seek D know 8. A resemble B influence C favor D surpass 9. A again B also C instead D thus 10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike 12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 13. A according to B rather tha
9、n C regardless of D along with 14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier 16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 19. A political B religious C
10、 ethnic D economic 20. A see B show C prove D tellPart ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原标题：2015 年考研英语一真题答案（完整版）TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in
11、their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals
12、, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.It
13、 is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts i
14、n the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes t
15、he way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic hea
16、rt of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness m
17、akes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather
18、ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political
19、 heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainAeased his relationship with his rivals.Bused to enjoy high public support.Cwas unpopular among Euro
20、pean royals.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostlyAto give voters more public figures to look up to.Bto achieve a balance between tradition and reality.Cowing to their undoubted and respectable status.Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment.2
21、3. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?A The role of the nobility in modern democracies.B Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals have most
22、to fear because CharlesAtakes a tough line on political issues.Bfails to change his lifestyle as advised.Ctakes republicans as his potential allies.Dfails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?ACarlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedBCharles, Anxiou
23、s to Succeed to the ThroneCCharles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsDCarlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.2
24、5. D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the
25、justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The c
26、ourt would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the co
27、ntents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more
28、 like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallo
29、w Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necess
30、ity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA search for suspe
31、cts mobile phones without a warrant.B check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval
32、.D cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble toA getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatA principles are hard to be clearly
33、 expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretatio
34、n of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.26. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.27.Cdisapproval28.A getting into ones residence29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protect
35、ed30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are c
36、ontributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manut will be flagged u
37、p for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas mot
38、ivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, s
39、ays he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through
40、a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what
41、they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention
42、to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher li
43、ne，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.31. It can be learned from graph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.
