1、普通生态学一、Please explain the following terms (3 points each, 18 points totally). （1） IntroductionEcologyhabitat（2） autoecologyniche（生态位） fundamental niche（基础生态位）competitive exlusion principle（竞争排斥原理）fitness（适合度）environment（环境）Liebigs law of minimum（利比希最小因子定律）Shelfords law of tolerance （谢尔福德的“耐受性定律” ） e
2、cological valence or amplitude（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）law of limiting factor（限制因子定律）Vant Hoffs law（范霍夫定律或 Q10 定律） developmental threshold temperature（发育起点温度）law of effective temperature（有效积温法则）（3）population ecologyPopulation（种群）ecological invasion（生态入侵）innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increas
3、e)内禀增长率density dependence（密度制约）density independence（非密度制约）age structure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）Survivorship curve（存活曲线） ecological natality（生态出生率）ecological mortality（生态死亡率）maximum natality（最大出生率）minimum mortality（最低死亡率）ecological strategy（生态对策）（4）community ecologypioneer species（先锋物种）climax （顶级群落）biotic commun
4、ity（生物群落）community succession（群落演替）growth form（生长型）life form（生活型）ectone（群落交错区）：edge effect（边缘效应）：species diversity（物种多样性）：dominant species（优势种）functional group(guild)（同资源种团或功能团）：（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）primary production（初级生产）biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循环）ecosystem（生态系统）：biosphere（生物圈）：ecological pyra
5、mid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）food chain（食物链）food web（食物网）trophic level（营养级）. Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful. 填空题（1）introduction Human being are confronted with the five crisis such as , food, , , environment.Divided by the organization levels, the ecol
6、ogy include molecular ecology, autoecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, global ecology.Divided by the habitat, ecology include terrestrial ecology, ecology, estuary ecology, ecology, etc.Divided by the organisms, ecology include ecology, ecology, and microorganism ecology.Classic ecology inc
7、lude autoecology, , , , and ecosystem ecology.（2）autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are , ,.The spatial distribution patterns of a population (种群的空间分布格局) include even distribution (均匀分布), distribution, and distribution.（3）population ecologyThe types of natural selection in
8、clude , directional selection, .The drives of evolution include and .The self-regulation schools include , , and .The processes of speciation are , , and . The three ways of speciation are , , .According to the shape of age pyramid, it can be classified into three types, that is, , , and .The inter-
9、specific relationship between lion and deer is . The interaction between penicillin and bacterium is . Walnut quinone secreted by walnut can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to .（4）community ecologyThe three model to
10、explain the succession mechanism include , , .（5）ecosystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include , , .There types of biogeochemical cycles are , , .The two main types of food chains are and ., , and are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The maximal ecosystem in globe is .The f
11、igure below is a simplified sketch map (示意图) of food web (食物网) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answer for the six questions below according to this sketch map.（1）The number of food chain (食物链) in this food web is .（2）The number of trophic level (营养级) of hawk is .（3）The inter-specific relatio
12、nship between hawk and fox is .（4）The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is . The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk, the efficient food chain is .（5）If we use DDT to control the pest insect (害虫) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the l
13、ife form with the highest concentration (浓度) of DDT is _.（6）If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is .15. 种间关系包括（举例说明是什么关系）16. 他感、异种抑制、抗生17. 趋同进化等18. 生态型、生活型（举例）19. 演替 True or false. 是非题（1）introduction( ) 32. Populatio
14、n ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology.( ) 35. Molecular ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology.( ) 36. Modern ecology include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.（2）autoecolog
15、y( ) 4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant.( ) 4. Water is the resource for one plant at any time. ( ) 17. For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次数) by a 10 rise in temperature is two to three.( ) 22. If the ecological niche of two sp
16、ecies are the same, it is sure that one species among the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (灭绝).( ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone（热带）are able to tolerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone（温带）and Frigid Zone（寒带）, so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广
17、温生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone are stenotherms (狭温生物).（3）population ecology( ) 1. Most animals belong to unitary organism (单体生物 ).( ) 1. The most plants belong to modular organism (构件生物 ).( ) 2. One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other one when they compete each other for resou
18、rces.( ) 2. In the broad sense (广义上说), parasitism is one kind of predation.( ) 3. Time-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 3. Age-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained t
19、hrough observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 15. Self regulation school belongs to endogenous regulation theory.( ) 16. According to Hardy-Winbergs law, the gene and genotype frequency in each generations will retain constant in a small population.( ) 19. Ecological factors (生态因子) can be divided into density
20、-dependent (密度制约) and density-independent (非密度制约 ) factors, light and temperature are density-independent factors, while food is density-dependent.( ) 20. Parasites and their host are in co-evolution (协同进化 ) .( ) 23. Realized (ecological) natality is not only determined by actual ecological conditio
21、ns, but also restrained (限制) by physiological conditions.( ) 24. The result of static life table are more reliable (可靠的) than that of dynamic table life.( ) 25. There are more specialists in stable conditions than generalists in capricious (变化无常的) conditions.( ) 27. Antibiosis belongs to amensalism.
22、( ) 28. The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳙鱼) and silver carp (鲢鱼) is mutualism.( ) 31. The interaction between termite and flagellate (鞭毛虫) in its intestine is commensalisms.( ) 34 That 1000 kg silver carps have fished per unit fishing effort stands for relative density.（4）communi
23、ty ecology( ) 18. Species diversity (物种多样性) in Tropical Zone (热带地区) is lower than in Temperate Zone (温带地区).( ) 5. The succession direction of facilitation model is predictable.( ) 5. Polyclimax hypothesis argue that the climax of a community is determined only by the climate.( ) 6. The ecologists of
24、 the organismic school argue that there are not obvious borderline between two communities.( ) 6. One of the succession viewpoint (演替观) of individualistic school is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a community.( ) 7. We can classified trees (乔木) into broad-leaved and needl
25、e-leaved in term of growth form.( ) 8. There are two communities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. Community A has two species each with 50 individuals. Community B has ten species, but the each of which has 10 individuals, respectively (分别地). So we can conclude that the species biodive
26、rsity of community A is higher than that of community B.( ) 9. After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐) , there will occur secondary succession. ( ) 14. It will not incur (招致, 引起) any negative effects on a community to remove all the redundant species (冗余种) from this community.( ) 2
27、9. Plants can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物) in terms of life growth.（5）ecosystem ecology( ) 11. The biomass of the lower of trophic level must be higher than that of the higher trophic level.( ) 12. The energy decreases with increase of
28、 trophic level. ( ) 13. Sulfur cycle (硫循环) belongs to sedimentary cycle (沉积型循环) and doesnt belong to gaseous cycle.( ) 26. The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it.( ) 10. There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp (鳙鱼) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a given time (某一时刻), so the
29、 biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.( ) 33. The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is generally less than seven to eight. To make the right choice 选择题（1）introduction8. The ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is ( ). A. Hackel B. Clements C. Tansley D. Lack33. ( ) belon
30、g(s) to the research domain of classic ecology.A. population ecology B. community ecology C. ecosystem ecology D. landscape ecology（2）autoecology 1. The auricle (外耳) of arctic fox (北极狐) is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐) in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviously shorter t
31、han that of large-ear fox (大耳狐). We can use ( ) to explain this phenomenon.A. Bergmanns rule B. Allens rule C. Shelford law of tolerance D. Jordan rule3. Whale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal, and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-like structure to a
32、dapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( ).A. convergence adaptation B. competition C. mutualism D. divergence adaptation20. When there are short of calcium (钙) in the environment, strontium (锶) can substitutes for calcium (Ca.) in the growth and development of mollusk. We
33、 can term this effect as ( ).A. Combined effect (综合作用) B. complementary effect (互补作用) C. Non-substitutable (不可替代作用) D. Definitiveness (限定性作用或阶段性作用)21. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the soil can be absorbed by a crop to produce 250 kg, 350 kg, and 500 kg of this crop, respec
34、tively (分别地), so the realized production of this crop is about ( ). A. 250 kg B. 350 kg C. 500 kg D. 1100 kg25. Among the following ecological factors, ( ) are/is probably (很可能地) the conditions (or a condition) for the plants but the resource(s) for insects.A. solar radiation B. air C. water E. temp
35、erature31. The position of light compensation point (光补偿点) for sun species ( 阳地或阳性物种) is ( ) that for shade species (阴性或阴地物种).A. higher than B. lower than C. the same as D. higher than or lower than or the same as（3）population ecology6. The basic unit of species existence in nature is ( ).A. individ
36、ual B. population C. species D. community7. The main characteristics of K-selector include(s)（ ）.A. small body B. large body C. high reproduction rate D. low reproduction rate9. The spatial distribution pattern of population include ( ).A. uniform distribution B. random distribution C. clumped distr
37、ibution D. vertical distribution10. ( ) dont belong to positive interaction among the four inter-specific relationships followed.A. competition B. amensalism C. predation D. mutualism11. The dynamics of population of the algae (藻类) that insulted in red tide belongs to ( ). A. irregular fluctuation B
38、. regular fluctuation C. population outbreak D. ecological invasion12. A secondary metabolizied material (次生代谢产物) is released into environment by a plant, which can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this phenomenon ( ). A. allelopathy (他感作用) B. apparent competetion (似然竞争) C. comp
39、etetion D. territoriality (领域性)13. In Logistic growth equation dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), ( ) denotes the residual space (剩余空间) 。A. 1/K B. N/K C. 1-N/K D. N(1-N/K)14. When Tribolium castaneum (杂拟谷盗) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (锯谷盗) are cultured together, they compete for food and eat each others eggs. The
40、interaction between the two animals belong(s) to ( ). A. exploitation competition B. interference competition C. Apparent competition (似然竞争) D. amensalism15. ( ) belong(s) to modular organism.A. bracken fern（欧洲蕨） B. insect C. fish D. sheep16. ( ) belong(s) to unitary organism.A. insect B. bracken fe
41、rn（欧洲蕨） C. hydroids D. sponges17The gene of Huntingtons disease (亨廷顿舞蹈病) was often found among the Afrikaner (南非白人，布尔人) population in South African established by 20 immigrants of one shipload from Europe, and this gene was originally taken by a Dutchman (荷兰人), one of the 20 immigrants. According to
42、 the background, we can infer that Huntingtons disease is the result of ( ).A. Founder effect B. genetic drift C. genetic bottleneck D. Hardy-Winbergs law18. The population of bird will increase when food availability (可获得性) is high, which will go down when there are short of foods. According to the
43、 relationship between bird population size and food availability, we can infer boldly (大胆地) that the regulation mechanism of bird population belongs to ( ).A. biotic school B. climatic school C. endocrinal regulation theory D. genetic regulation theory19. Population growth model Nt tN0 describes ( )
44、.A. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is non-overlapped;B. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped;C. the population growth when the resource is limited and the generation is non-overlapped;D. the population growth w
45、hen the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped.23. ( ) belong(s) to r-strategist.A. locust (蝗虫) B. giant panda (大熊猫) C. white whale (白鲨) D. Chinese river dolphin (白暨豚)24. The inter-specific relationship between ant and aphid (蚜虫) is ( ).A. primitive cooperation (原始合作 ) B. mutualism (
46、互利合作) C. amenanlism (偏利共生)28. The following life form (生物 ) that doesnt belong to the modular organism（构件生物）is ( ).A. coral (珊瑚) B. hydroid (水螅) C. pine tree (松树) D. insect26. It is called ( ) for the relationship between a bee and its pollinated flower（授粉的花）. A. primitive cooperation B. predation C. parasitism D. commensalism29. The types of density dependence i
