Peter Newmark (1916 ) 交际翻译、语义翻译、关联翻译法 Approaches to Translation, 1973 A Textbook of Translation, 1988 About Translation, 1991 Paragraphs on Translation, 1993如何用意义理论来解决翻译中的实际问题如何用意义理论来解决翻译中的实际问题NewmarkNewmark把意义归纳为三种类型:把意义归纳为三种类型:(11)认知意义)认知意义(cognitive meaning)cognitive meaning);(;(22)交际意义)交际意义(communicative meaningcommunicative meaning);();(33)联想意义)联想意义(associative meaningassociative meaning)每种意义又包含更加细微的意义变体层次:(每种意义又包含更加细微的意义变体层次:(11)语)语言学意义(言学意义(linguistic meaninglinguistic meaning),包括同义词、阐),包