1、第一单元 段落简介1 1 段落段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思：或描写事物（describe something） ，或争论某事（argue about something） ，或对某事提出疑问（question something） ，或要求什么（demand something） ，或给事物下定义（ define something） ，或驳斥某观点（reject something） 。1 2 典型段落的构成一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成：（1）主题句（the topic sentence） ；（2）说明或支持主题的推展句（ supporting sentences） ；
2、（3）结论句（ the concluding sentence） （有些段落没有该部分） 。示范段落 1-1We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs In addition， it can bring about oth
3、er health problems such as heart and lung diseases It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in oursociety1 3 示范段落分析这是一个典型的段落，可概括提纲如下：主题句： We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit，because it causes health problems推展句： 1 Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer
4、of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs2 It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases结论句： It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题： What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking c
5、ause？随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题，结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。Exercise 1-1Directions： Read the following paragraphs and find out the topic sentence， the supporting details and the concluding sentence， if there is one（1 ）The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever beforeAbout a thousand species of animals ar
6、e in danger of extinction,，and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased With mammals， for instance， the rate of extinction is nowabout one species every year； from A D1 to 1800， the ratewas about one speciesevery fifty years Everywhere， men are trying o solve the problemof preserving
7、 wildlife while caring at the same time for the worlds growing populationTopic Sentence：The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever beforeDetails： 1About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction,，and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased2 With mammal
8、s， for instance， the rate of extinction is now about one species every year； from A D1 to 1800， the ratewas about one species every fifty years Concluding Sentence：Everywhere， men are trying o solve the problemof preserving wildlife while caring at the same time for the worlds growing population（2 ）
9、The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customsFor example， in both America and England， people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time Also， most English men will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman，
10、and so will most Americans Promptness is important both in England and in America That is， if a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock， the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delayTopic Sentence：The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also
11、 share a large number of social customsDetails： 1For example， in both America and England， people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time2 Also， most English men will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman， and so will most Americans3 Promptness is important both in
12、England and in America That is， if a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock， the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delayConcluding Sentence：_（3 ）Birds use many different materials to build nestsSome birds use bits of grass The tailor-bird of Africa and India uses g
13、rass to sew leaves together Other birds find twigs and pebbles usefulTopic Sentence：Birds use many different materials to build nestsDetails： 1Some birds use bits of grass2 he tailor-bird of Africa and India uses grass to sew leaves together3 Other birds find twigs and pebbles usefulConcluding Sente
14、nce：_第二单元 主题句简介2 1 主题句 作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。2 2 主题句的形式主题句通常有以下三种形式：1）肯定句（AffirmativeSentence）Example： The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before2）反诘句（RhetoricalSentence）Example： How do you think people will solve the prob
15、lem of wildlifeprotection？3）不完整句（Fragments）Example： And the workingman？初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。2 3 主题句的位置主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况：1）段首（At thebeginning）主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。2）段末（At the end）用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。3）段中（In themiddle）有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。4）隐含（Implied）有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的细节都
16、围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。Exercise 2-1Directions： Read the following paragraphs and identify the topic sentence If it is implied， summarize it yourself（1 ）But no matter what it is called， all polyester has certain good points It does not wrinkle easily It dries quickly after it is washed It holds its sha
17、pe It is strong and keeps its colors wellTopic Sentence：_Position：_（2 ）Black is the colour of mourning Red symbolizes danger，violence，or bloodshed If you are afraid， you are yellow None of these sayings is true outside the English speaking world In China and Korea， white is the color of mourning In
18、Russia red stands for beautyand life In Italy andGermany you are yellow with anger，not with fearTopic Sentence：_Position：_（3 ）Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall that collects in lakes，rivers ， and reservoirs Recently， however， we have discovered anew source， aquifers， which are rock formati
19、onscontaining waterEven underdeserts， vastaquifers may be waiting to be tappedCompanies drilling for oil in the Middle East have sometimes struckaquifers， whichprovide unexpected water supplies for arid regionsTopic Sentence：_Position：_（4 ）Suppose youre playing a game You make a silly mistake and lo
20、se Do you become angry？ Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time？ Suppose you are at a specialdinnerYouaccidentally spill some foodWhy keep worrying about how clumsy you look？Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourselfanyway？If you can， its good sign youve really grown upTopic Senten
21、ce：_Position：_（5 ）Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back for their girlfriends The girls think of the flowers asa proof of true loveMountain climbers， guides， and hunters pick edelweiss tooThey wear it on their hats To them it is a sign of courage and daringTopic Sentence：_Position：_第三单元 如何写好主题句3
22、1 关于写主题句的建议 1）要写合乎语法的句子Example 1： Two causes of the American Civil War这个句子是个不完整的句子，不合乎语法，因此不能用作主题句。Example 2： There were two causes that led to the American Civil War重写后的句子合乎语法，是个较好的主题句。2）要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组，即限制词（controllers）限制这一观点。Example 3： Air travel is more convenient than train f
23、or at least three reasons从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“air travel”（ topic） ，他将要把 “train”（ aspect）和“ air travel”作比较，并且陈述“reasons” 。由此可见，作者在“aspect” （方面）和“reason”（原因）两方面限制他的主题。3）要注意主题的可写性所定的主题不能太笼统，也不能太具体。Example 4： In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”，Krebs tellshis mother that he wants no part of Gods Kingdom这个句子太
24、具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。Example 5： In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”， Kreb is alonely， cynicalveteran这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonely，cynical” 展开段落。Example 6： Let me tell you something about overpopulation这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。Example 7： Why has the world population been increasing sorapidly in the lastdecad
25、es？这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用“the reasons foroverpopulation in the last decades”，从“原因” （cause）和“时间” （time）两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。Exercise 3-1Directions： Identify the areas which limit the topic sentences3 11 Soccer has become increasinglypopular in the U S in the last ten yearsTopic：_Limitations：_3 12 Pollution h
26、as caused three majorproblems in the last decadesTopic：_Limitations：_3 13There are two kinds of memory： short-term and long-termTopic：_Limitations：_3 14 Women are playing an increasinglyimportant part in society todayTopic：_Limitations：_3 15 Women are paid less for equalwork than men in some compani
27、esTopic：_Limitations：_Exercise 3-2Directions： Write two topic sentences for each of the topics，limiting the topic in differentways3 2 1 Topic： the study of EnglishTopic Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2：_3 22 Topic： college students todayTopic Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2：_3 23 Topic： women in ChinaTopic
28、 Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2：_3 24 Topic：crimeTopic Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2：_Exercise 3-3Directions： Read the following paragraphs and supply the missing topic sentence（1 ）_Icelands flag， for instance， stands for features of the landRed for the fire of Icelands volcanoes White is for ice Blue
29、is for the mountains On Indias flag， the blue wheel stands for peaceand progress The whitestripe behind it is for truth The black stripe on the flag of Malawi stands for the Negro peopleof that African land The red stripe represents the blood they shed to free themselvesfrom foreign rule（2 ）_The one
30、 most people are familiar with is the“desk dictionary”，sometimes refered to asgeneral-purpose dictionary Another kind is the pronouncing dictionary， which is concerned with a wordspronunciation more than with its meaning A third type is the bilingual dictionary， which lists the words in onelanguage
31、and attempts to give equivalent meaning in another language Other types include technicaldictionaries， specialpurpose dictionaries，and scholarly dictionaries第四单元 如何写推展句4 1 段落的推展在前几单元中，我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。第二个步骤将是写推展句。例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由，第一步，写出主题句：There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend BingstonUniversity next year
