1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献原文THERISEOFTHENONPRFITSECTORAGLOBAL“ASSOCIATIONALREVOLUTION”ASTRIKINGUPSURGEISUNDERWAYAROUNDTHEGLOBEINORGANIZEDVOLUNTARYACTIVITYANDTHECREATIONOFPRIVATE,NONPROFITORNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONSFROMTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESOFNORTHAMERICA,EUROPEANDASIATOTHEDEVELOPINGSOCIETIESOFAFRICA,LATINAMER
2、ICAANDTHEFORMERSOVIETBLOC,PEOPLEAREFORMINGASSOCIATIONS,FOUNDATIONSANDSIMILARINSTITUTIONSTODELIVERHUMANSERVICES,PROMOTEGRASSROOTSECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,PREVENTENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATION,PROTECTCIVILRIGHTSANDPURSUEATHOUSANDOTHEROBJECTIVESFORMERLYUNATTENDEDORLEFTTOTHESTATETHESCOPEANDSCALEOFTHISPHENOMENONARE
3、IMMENSEINDEED,WEAREINTHEMIDSTOFAGLOBAL“ASSOCIATIONALREVOLUTION“THATMAYPROVETOBEASSIGNIFICANTTOTHELATTERTWENTIETHCENTURYASTHERISEOFTHENATIONSTATEWASTOTHELATTERNINETEENTHTHEUPSHOTISAGLOBALTHIRDSECTORAMASSIVEARRAYOFSELFGOVERNINGPRIVATEORGANIZATIONS,NOTDEDICATEDTODISTRIBUTINGPROFITSTOSHAREHOLDERSORDIREC
4、TORS,PURSUINGPUBLICPURPOSESOUTSIDETHEFORMALAPPARATUSOFTHESTATETHEPROLIFERATIONOFTHESEGROUPSMAYBEPERMANENTLYALTERINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTATESANDCITIZENS,WITHANIMPACTEXTENDINGFARBEYONDTHEMATERIALSERVICESTHEYPROVIDEVIRTUALLYALLOFAMERICASMAJORSOCIALMOVEMENTS,FOREXAMPLE,WHETHERCIVILRIGHTS,ENVIRONMENTA
5、L,CONSUMER,WOMENSORCONSERVATIVE,HAVEHADTHEIRROOTSINTHENONPROFITSECTORTHEGROWTHOFTHISPHENOMENONISALLTHEMORESTRIKINGGIVENTHESIMULTANEOUSDECLINEINTHEMORETRADITIONALFORMSOFPOLITICALPARTICIPATION,SUCHASVOTING,PARTYAFFILIATIONANDUNIONMEMBERSHIPTHERISEOFTHETHIRDSECTORSPRINGSFROMAVARIETYOFPRESSURESFROMINDIV
6、IDUALCITIZENS,OUTSIDEINSTITUTIONSANDGOVERNMENTSTHEMSELVESITREFLECTSADISTINCTSETOFSOCIALANDTECHNOLOGICALCHANGES,ASWELLASALONGSIMMERINGCRISISOFCONFIDENCEINTHECAPABILITYOFTHESTATEBROADHISTORICALCHANGESHAVETHUSOPENEDTHEWAYFORALTERNATIVEINSTITUTIONSTHATCANRESPONDMOREEFFECTIVELYTOHUMANNEEDSWITHTHEIRSMALLS
7、CALE,FLEXIBILITYANDCAPACITYTOENGAGEGRASSROOTSENERGIES,PRIVATENONPROFITORGANIZATIONSHAVEBEENIDEALLYSUITEDTOFILLTHERESULTINGGAPTHECONSEQUENCEISASWEEPINGPROCESSOFCHANGETHATCLOSELYRESEMBLESTHE“THIRDWAVE“OFDEMOCRATICPOLITICALREVOLUTIONSIDENTIFIEDBYSAMUELHUNTINGTON,BUTTHATGOESWELLBEYONDIT,2AFFECTINGDEMOCR
8、ATICANDAUTHORITARIANREGIMES,DEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESALIKETHEPRESSURESTOGETINVOLVEDHOWCANWEEXPLAINTHEEXTRAORDINARYGROWTHANDPERVASIVENESSOFTHISPHENOMENONPRESSURESTOEXPANDTHEVOLUNTARYSECTORSEEMTOBECOMINGFROMATLEASTTHREEDIFFERENTSOURCESFROM“BELOW“INTHEFORMOFSPONTANEOUSGRASSROOTSENERGIES,FROMTHE“O
9、UTSIDE“THROUGHTHEACTIONSOFVARIOUSPUBLICANDPRIVATEINSTITUTIONS,ANDFROM“ABOVE“INTHEFORMOFGOVERNMENTPOLICIESTHEMOSTBASICFORCEISTHATOFORDINARYPEOPLEWHODECIDETOTAKEMATTERSINTOTHEIROWNHANDSANDORGANIZETOIMPROVETHEIRCONDITIONSORSEEKBASICRIGHTSTHISFACTORISMOSTCLEARLYATWORKINTHEFORMERSOVIETUNIONANDEASTERNEURO
10、PEACTIVISTSTHEREDESCRIBETHEIREFFORTSASCREATINGA“CIVILSOCIETY,“ONEINWHICHINDIVIDUALSHAVETHERIGHTNOTONLYTOSPEAKOUTBUTALSOTOORGANIZETOGETHERTHEINTRICATENETWORKSOFMUTUALASSISTANCETHATDEVELOPEDUNDERCOMMUNISMHAVESINCEPROVIDEDTHEPATHWAYSFORTHISNEWDEMOCRATICFERVORASANDRASBIRO,AHUNGARIANACTIVIST,HASPUTIT“WEA
11、REWITNESSINGANESCAPEFROMTHEENFORCEDIMMATURITYOFTHESOCIALISTSYSTEMFORTHEFIRSTTIMEIN40YEARSWEARERECLAIMINGRESPONSIBILITYFOROURLIVES“SIMILARPRESSURESHAVEBEENATWORKINTHETHIRDWORLDNEIGHBORHOODIMPROVEMENTASSOCIATIONSHAVEREPORTEDLYTAKENROOTINASIZABLEPORTIONOFLATINAMERICAS20,000ORSOSQUATTERSETTLEMENTSELSEWH
12、ERE,COOPERATIVES,WOMENSGROUPS,CRAFTANDHOUSINGASSOCIATIONSANDMUTUALAIDGROUPSHAVEGROWNRAPIDLYOVERTHEPASTTWODECADESFOREXAMPLE,ONEINDIANENVIRONMENTALMOVEMENT,CHIPKO,EMERGEDFROMTHESPONTANEOUSEFFORTSOFRURALRESIDENTSTOSAVETHEIRDYINGFORESTBYLITERALLYLINKINGTHEIRARMSAROUNDTHETREESTHEGENERALFEDERATIONOFIRAQIW
13、OMEN,CREATEDIN1968,TOOKADVANTAGEOFTHERULINGPARTYSSTATEDIDEOLOGYEMPHASIZINGWOMENSEQUALITYINORDERTOORGANIZEFARMINGCOOPERATIVESANDOTHERECONOMICINITIATIVESINAFRICAASWELL,A“NEWWIND“OFPOPULARDEMOCRATICPROTESTHASSTIMULATEDTHEFORMATIONOFPRIVATESELFHELPGROUPSTOIMPROVELOCALLIVINGCONDITIONSNUMEROUSNORTHERNPRIV
14、ATEVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONSHAVEALSOCONTRIBUTEDTOTHEGROWTHOFTHETHIRDSECTORINTHEDEVELOPINGWORLDBEGINNINGINTHE1960SAND1970S,MANYSUCHORGANIZATIONSFROMAMERICAANDESPECIALLYCANADAANDEUROPESHIFTEDFROMTHEIRTRADITIONALEMPHASISONHUMANITARIANRELIEFTOANEWFOCUSON“EMPOWERMENT“TRADITIONALUSORGANIZATIONSSUCHASCHURCHWO
15、RLDSERVICEANDLUTHERANWORLDRELIEF,NEWERORGANIZATIONSSUCHASOXFAM3AMERICAANDCOORDINATIONINDEVELOPMENT,ANDLARGERFOUNDATIONSSUCHASROCKEFELLER,FORDANDAGAKHANINCREASINGLYTOOKUPTHISAPPROACHBESIDESDELIVERING47BILLIONOFASSISTANCEBYTHEMID1980S,THESENORTHERNGROUPSPROVIDEDTHEMORALSUPPORTFORATHICKENINGNETWORKOFSO
16、ME20,000INDIGENOUSNONPROFITORGANIZATIONSINTHETHIRDWORLDSIMILARGROUPSMADECOMPARABLECONTRIBUTIONSTOTHIRDSECTORDEVELOPMENTINEASTERNEUROPEOFFICIALAIDAGENCIESHAVESUPPLEMENTEDAND,TOACONSIDERABLEDEGREE,SUBSIDIZEDTHESEPRIVATEINITIATIVESSINCETHEMID1960S,CONGRESSIONALCRITICSOFUSFOREIGNASSISTANCEPROGRAMSHAVEPL
17、ACEDINCREASINGEMPHASISONINVOLVINGTHETHIRDWORLDPOORINDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESANDONAIDINGINDIGENOUSORGANIZATIONSANDTHEUSBASEDGROUPSWORKINGWITHTHEMTHEORGANIZATIONOFECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTASSISTANCECOMMITTEEHASADOPTED“PARTICIPATORYDEVELOPMENT“ASITSSTRATEGYFORTHE1990SEVENTHEWORLDBANK,W
18、HICHHADTRADITIONALLYGIVENONLYSPORADICSUPPORTTOPRIVATEVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONS,RECENTLYACKNOWLEDGEDTHE“EXPLOSIVEEMERGENCEOFNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONSASAMAJORCOLLECTIVEACTORINDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIES“ANDFORMEDAVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONADVISORYCOMMITTEEWITHEXTENSIVETHIRDWORLDINVOLVEMENTWHENTHESTATEFAILSWHYHAS
19、THISFLOURISHINGOFTHIRDSECTORACTIVITYOCCURREDNOWFOURCRISESANDTWOREVOLUTIONARYCHANGESHAVECONVERGEDBOTHTODIMINISHTHEHOLDOFTHESTATEANDTOOPENTHEWAYFORTHISINCREASEINORGANIZEDVOLUNTARYACTIONTHEFIRSTOFTHESEIMPULSESISTHEPERCEIVEDCRISISOFTHEMODERNWELFARESTATEOVERTHEPASTDECADEORSOTHESYSTEMOFGOVERNMENTALPROTECT
20、IONAGAINSTOLDAGEANDECONOMICMISFORTUNETHATHADTAKENSHAPEBYTHE1950SINTHEDEVELOPEDWESTNOLONGERAPPEAREDTOBEWORKINGREDUCEDGLOBALECONOMICGROWTHINTHE1970SHELPEDGIVERISETOTHEBELIEFTHATSOCIALWELFARESPENDING,WHICHHADGROWNSUBSTANTIALLYINPREVIOUSDECADES,WASCROWDINGOUTPRIVATEINVESTMENTTHECONVICTIONCOALESCEDTHATAN
21、OVERLOADEDANDOVERBUREAUCRATIZEDGOVERNMENTWASINCAPABLEOFPERFORMINGTHEEXPANDEDTASKSBEINGASSIGNEDTOITTHEPOLITICSOFTHEWELFARESTATE,MOREOVER,REGULARLYGENERATEDPRESSURESFOREXPANDEDGOVERNMENTSERVICESTHATEXCEEDEDTHEWILLINGNESSOFTHEPUBLICTOPAYFORTHEMFARFROMSIMPLYPROTECTINGINDIVIDUALSAGAINSTUNREASONABLERISK,T
22、HEWELFARESTATE,MANYBELIEVED,WASINSTEADSTIFLINGINITIATIVE,ABSOLVINGPEOPLEOFPERSONALRESPONSIBILITYANDENCOURAGINGDEPENDENCE4ACCOMPANYINGTHECRISISOFTHEWELFARESTATEHASBEENACRISISOFDEVELOPMENTTHEOILSHOCKSOFTHE1970SANDTHERECESSIONOFTHEEARLY1980SDRAMATICALLYCHANGEDTHEOUTLOOKFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINSUBSAHARA
23、NAFRICA,WESTERNASIAANDPARTSOFLATINAMERICAAVERAGEPERCAPITAINCOMESBEGANTOFALLINDEED,ECONOMICPERFORMANCEINTHELEASTDEVELOPEDPARTSOFTHESEREGIONSDROPPEDSOPRECIPITOUSLYTHAT,GIVENTHEIRHIGHRATESOFPOPULATIONGROWTH,AVERAGEOUTPUTPERPERSONBY1990WASSOMEFIVEPERCENTLOWERTHANITHADBEENTWODECADESBEFOREALTHOUGHPROGRESS
24、HASBEENMADEINSOMEPLACESMOSTNOTABLYTHEPACIFICRIMANDPARTSOFLATINAMERICATHEPROBLEMSOFDEVELOPMENTHAVEGROWNSOSEVERETHATTODAYEVERYFIFTHPERSONONTHEGLOBELIVESINABSOLUTEPOVERTYTHESEDISCOURAGINGREALITIESSTIMULATEDCONSIDERABLERETHINKINGABOUTTHEREQUIREMENTSFORECONOMICPROGRESSONERESULTHASBEENANEWFOUNDINTERESTIN“
25、ASSISTEDSELFRELIANCE“OR“PARTICIPATORYDEVELOPMENT,“ANAIDSTRATEGYTHATSTRESSESTHEENGAGEMENTOFGRASSROOTSENERGIESANDENTHUSIASMSTHROUGHAVARIETYOFNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONSBYMAKINGTHEPOORACTIVEPARTICIPANTSINDEVELOPMENTPROJECTS,THISAPPROACHHASSCOREDSIGNIFICANTPRODUCTIVITYGAINSWHILECIRCUMVENTINGWHATINMANYP
26、LACESAREWEAKSTATEINSTITUTIONSTHERESULTISAGROWINGCONSENSUSABOUTTHELIMITATIONSOFTHESTATEASANAGENTOFDEVELOPMENTANDTHEADVANTAGESOFENGAGINGTHIRDSECTORINSTITUTIONSASWELLAGLOBALENVIRONMENTALCRISISHASALSOSTIMULATEDGREATERPRIVATEINITIATIVETHECONTINUINGPOVERTYOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHASLEDTHEPOORTODEGRADETHEIRIM
27、MEDIATESURROUNDINGSINORDERTOSURVIVEALONGWITHWASTEFULPRACTICESANDINATTENTIONONTHEPARTOFTHEWEALTHY,THISHASLEDTOSERIOUSENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONBETWEEN1950AND1983,38PERCENTOFCENTRALAMERICASAND24PERCENTOFAFRICASFORESTSDISAPPEARED,ANDTHEPACEOFTHISDECLINEACCELERATEDINTHEEARLY1980SOVERUSENOWTHREATENSTOTURNT
28、ODESERTTWOFIFTHSOFAFRICASNONDESERTLAND,ONETHIRDOFASIASANDONEFIFTHOFLATINAMERICASINSOMEAREAS,SUCHASCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE,ACIDRAINANDRELATEDAIRANDWATERPOLLUTIONHAVEENDANGEREDFOODSUPPLIESANDSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEDLIFEEXPECTANCYASTHESEANDOTHERASPECTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALCRISISHAVEBECOMEAPPARENT,CITIZENSHAVE
29、GROWNINCREASINGLYFRUSTRATEDWITHGOVERNMENTANDEAGERTOORGANIZETHEIROWNINITIATIVESTHESTUNNINGRISEOFGREENPARTIESMWESTERNEUROPEISONESIGNOFTHISRESPONSESIMILARLY,ENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONWASONEOFTHEPRIMEMOTIVATIONSFORTHEEMERGENCEOFANEMBRYONIC5NONPROFITSECTORINEASTERNEUROPE,WITHECOLOGYCLUBSACTIVEINPOLAND,HUNG
30、ARY,RUSSIAANDTHECZECHREPUBLICFINALLY,AFOURTHCRISISTHATOFSOCIALISMHASALSOCONTRIBUTEDTOTHERISEOFTHETHIRDSECTORWHILETHEPROMISEOFSOCIALISMHADLONGBEENSUSPECT,THEREPLACEMENTOFLAGGARDECONOMICGROWTHWITHACTUALREGRESSIONINTHEMID1970SHELPEDDESTROYWHATLIMITEDLEGITIMACYTHECOMMUNISTSYSTEMHADRETAINEDTHISFAILUREUSH
31、EREDINASEARCHFORNEWWAYSTOSATISFYUNMETSOCIALANDECONOMICNEEDSWHILETHISSEARCHHELPEDLEADTOTHEFORMATIONOFMARKETORIENTEDCOOPERATIVEENTERPRISES,ITALSOSTIMULATEDEXTENSIVEEXPERIMENTATIONWITHAHOSTOFNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONSOFFERINGSERVICESANDVEHICLESFORSELFEXPRESSIONOUTSIDETHEREACHESOFANINCREASINGLYDISCRED
32、ITEDSTATEBEYONDTHESEFOURCRISES,TWOFURTHERDEVELOPMENTSALSOEXPLAINTHERECENTSURGEOFTHIRDSECTORORGANIZINGTHEFIRSTISTHEDRAMATICREVOLUTIONINCOMMUNICATIONSTHATTOOKPLACEDURINGTHE1970SAND1980STHEINVENTIONORWIDESPREADDISSEMINATIONOFTHECOMPUTER,FIBEROPTICCABLE,FAX,TELEVISIONANDSATELLITESOPENEDEVENTHEWORLDSMOST
33、REMOTEAREASTOTHEEXPANDEDCOMMUNICATIONSLINKSREQUIREDFORMASSORGANIZATIONANDCONCERTEDACTIONTHISDEVELOPMENT,MOREOVER,WASACCOMPANIEDBYASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINEDUCATIONANDLITERACYBETWEEN1970AND1985,ADULTLITERACYRATESINTHEDEVELOPINGWORLDROSETO60PERCENTFROM43PERCENTAMONGMALES,THEYREACHED71PERCENTTHECOMBINEDEX
34、PANSIONOFLITERACYANDCOMMUNICATIONSHASMADEITFAREASIERFORPEOPLETOORGANIZEANDMOBILIZECOMMUNICATIONSBETWEENCAPITALSANDHINTERLANDSTHATONCEREQUIREDDAYSNOWTAKESONLYMINUTESAUTHORITARIANREGIMESTHATHADSUCCESSFULLYCONTROLLEDTHEIROWNCOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKSHAVEGROWNPOWERLESSTOSTOPTHEFLOWOFINFORMATIONTHROUGHSATELL
35、ITEDISHESANDFAXESISOLATEDACTIVISTSCANTHEREFOREMOREEASILYSTRENGTHENTHEIRRESOLVE,EXCHANGEEXPERIENCESANDMAINTAINLINKSWITHSYMPATHETICCOLLEAGUESINTHEIROWNCOUNTRIESANDABROADTHEFINALFACTORCRITICALTOTHEGROWTHOFTHETHIRDSECTORWASTHECONSIDERABLEGLOBALECONOMICGROWTHTHATOCCURREDDURINGTHE1960SANDEARLY1970S,ANDTHE
36、BOURGEOISREVOLUTIONTHATITBROUGHTWITHITDURINGTHISPERIOD,THEWORLDECONOMYGREWATTHERATEOFFIVEPERCENTPERYEAR,WITHALLREGIONSSHARINGINTHEEXPANSIONINFACT,THEGROWTHRATEOFEASTERNEUROPE,THEUSSRANDTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESACTUALLYEXCEEDEDTHATOFTHEINDUSTRIALMARKETECONOMIESTHISGROWTHNOTONLYALLOWEDFORMATERIALIMPROVEM
37、ENTANDENGENDEREDANEWSETOFPOPULAR6EXPECTATIONSBUTALSOHELPEDCREATEINLATINAMERICA,ASIAANDAFRICAASIZABLEURBANMIDDLECLASSWHOSELEADERSHIPWASCRITICALTOTHEEMERGENCEOFPRIVATENONPROFITORGANIZATIONSTHUSIFECONOMICCRISISULTIMATELYPROVOKEDTHEMIDDLECLASSTOACTION,THISPRIORECONOMICGROWTHCREATEDTHEMIDDLECLASSTHATCOUL
38、DORGANIZETORESPOND原文出处LESTERMSALAMONTHERISEOFTHENONPROFITSECTORJFOREIGNAFFAIRS，JUL/AUG94ARENONPROFITSKEEPINGUPWITHTHENEWVOLUNTEERIFYOURNONPROFITISDEVELOPINGSOMERESOLUTIONSFORTHENEWYEAR,YOUMIGHTWANTTOTAKEAGOODANDREALISTICLOOKATYOURVOLUNTEERPROGRAMAREYOUINTOUCHWITHTHE“NEW“VOLUNTEERSTHEONESWHOAREBOTHYO
39、UNGANDOLDER,WHOWANTTOVOLUNTEERASAFAMILY,WHOWANTTOCHANGETHEWORLD,WHOLOOKFORWAYSTOUSETHEIRSKILLS,WHOWANTTOUSETHENEWESTTOOLSTODOTHATWORKANDTOCOMMUNICATEABOUTITARECENTREPORTONVOLUNTEERISMINCANADAREVEALEDSURPRISINGDISCOMFORTAMONGVOLUNTEERSANARTICLEINTHEVANCOUVERSUNPROVIDESANOVERVIEWOFTHATSTUDYANDWHATITSU
40、GGESTSVOLUNTEERCOORDINATORSMIGHTDOTOMAKEVOLUNTEERINGMOREATTRACTIVEINSHORTTHESTUDYREVEALEDTHATNEARLYTWOTHIRDSOFSURVEYEDVOLUNTEERSREPORTEDATLEASTONE“NEGATIVEEXPERIENCE“WHENTRYINGTODOGOODFORTHEIRCOMMUNITYMANYVOLUNTEERSFELTTHEIRSKILLSWERENTBEINGADEQUATELYUSEDOTHERSWEREDISCOURAGEDBYORGANIZATIONALPOLITICS
41、ANDALACKOFSUPPORT,ORFELTTHEIREFFORTSWERENTMAKINGADIFFERENCETHEREARECONSIDERABLEGAPSBETWEENWHATCANADIANSARELOOKINGFORINAVOLUNTEEREXPERIENCEANDWHATINFACTORGANIZATIONSAREOFFERINGASVOLUNTEEROPPORTUNITIES,FAMILIESSURVEYEDSUGGESTEDTHERESIMPLYARENTENOUGHOPPORTUNITIESTOVOLUNTEERTOGETHERTHEYOUNGANDTECHSAVVYO
42、FTENFEELDISCRIMINATEDAGAINSTBECAUSEOFTHEIRAGEYOUNGPEOPLEAREALSOCONCERNEDBECAUSEMANYVOLUNTEEROPPORTUNITIESAREONLYAVAILABLEDURINGBUSINESSHOURS,WHILETHEYAREINSCHOOLINADDITION,TRANSPORTATIONTOANDFROMVOLUNTEERPOSITIONSCANBEPROBLEMATIC,ESPECIALLYFORTHEYOUNGVOLUNTEERJOBSAREOFTENADMINISTRATIVEINNATURE,LACKI
43、NGREALRESPONSIBILITY,ANDPROVIDELITTLESENSEOFACTUALLYMAKINGADIFFERENCEVOLUNTEERTASKSAREMANYTIMESNOTCONNECTEDTOTHEVOLUNTEERSINTERESTSANDSKILLS7ORGANIZATIONSSHOULDGETTOKNOWTHEIRVOLUNTEERSBETTER,OFFERFLEXIBLEOPPORTUNITIES,ANDBEMORESENSITIVETOSEX,CULTURE,LANGUAGEANDAGEDIFFERENCESRECOGNITIONOFWHEREVOLUNTE
44、ERSAREINTHEIRLIFESTAGEISIMPORTANTASISTHEABILITYTOMODIFYVOLUNTEERROLESASVOLUNTEERSMOVEFROMONELIFESTAGETOANOTHERTHEREISANEEDFORMOREONLINEVOLUNTEEROPPORTUNITIESANDFORVOLUNTEERCOORDINATORSTOFOLLOWUPWITHVOLUNTEERSTOLETTHEMKNOWHOWTHEIRSUPPORTHASHELPEDALTHOUGHTHESTUDYSURVEYEDCANADIANVOLUNTEERS,THEREISLITTL
45、EDOUBTINMYMINDTHATTHERESULTSWOULDBESIMILARINTHEUSALTHOUGHWEENJOYAVERYHIGHLEVELOFVOLUNTEERISMINTHISCOUNTRY,WECANONLYWONDERHOWMUCHBETTERTHOSEEXPERIENCESCOULDBEFORBOTHVOLUNTEERSANDORGANIZATIONSWITHTHEPROPERCARE,CREATIVITY,ANDDEDICATIONTOPROVIDINGMEANINGFULEXPERIENCESFORVOLUNTEERS原文出处JOANNEFRITZARENONPR
46、OFITSKEEPINGUPWITHTHENEWVOLUNTEEREB/OLHTTP/NONPROFITABOUTCOM/OD/VOLUNTEERS/A/DOESYOURNONPROFITAPPEALTOTHENEWVOLUNTEERSHTM201112208第三域的兴起席卷全球的团体革命一场有组织的志愿运动和创建各种非赢利的及非政府的组织运动，正方兴未艾，席卷全球。从北美、欧亚的发达国家到非洲、拉美和前苏联集团的发展中社会，民众正在创建各种团体、基金会和类似组织，开展人道服务，促进基层社会经济发展，防止环境退化，保障公民权利，追求国家先前所未曾实现的或压根忽视不管的种种目标。我们正处一个全球
47、的“团体革命”（ASSOCIATIONALREVOLUSION）中，历史将证明，它对20世纪晚期的意义，也许如同民族国家的兴起对19世纪晚期意义一样重大一个遍及全球的第三域GLOBLETHIRDSECTOR，不再热衷于为其股东或老板孜孜逐利，而是致力于国家正式机制以外的公共目标。这些团体的兴盛可能长久地改变国家与公民之间的关系，其产生的影响也将超出它们提供的物质性服务本身的范围。几乎所有美国重要的社会运动，如民权运动、环境保护、消费者运动、妇女或保守派等,都扎根于非牟利的领域中。这一现象的增长确实引人注目,因为与此同时发生的是像选举、政党我们正处在一个全球的“团体革命”（ASSOCIATION
48、ALREVOLUTION）中,历史将证明，它对20世纪晚期的意义，也许如同民族国家的兴起对19世纪晚期意义一样重大。一个遍及全球的第三域GLOBLETHIRDSECTOR，不再热衷于为其股东或老板孜孜逐利，而是致力于国家正式机制以外的公共目标。这些团体的兴盛可能长久地改变国家与公民之间的关系，其产生的影响也将超出它们提供的物质性服务本身的范围。几乎所有美国重要的社会运动，如民权运动、环境保护、消费者运动、妇女或保守派等,都扎根于非牟利的领域中。这一现象的增长确实引人注目，因为与此同时发生的是像选举、政党、工会这些更加传统的政治参与形式正逐渐衰落。第三域的兴起来自各方面的压力，包括公民个人、院外
49、机构、以及政府自己。它反映了某些独特的社会变革、技术变革以及公众长久积累的对国家能力的信任危机。广泛的历史变革业已为能更有效地解决人类需要的新型机构开辟了途径。凭借其规模小、灵活，并善于从底层调动积极性，这些非牟利组织十分适合来填补现代社会产生的种种鸿沟。结果导致了一场十分接近于亨廷顿所认为的民主政治革命的“第三次浪潮”的彻底变革过程，其影响远非限于民主价值的范围，它同样也影响到发达国家和发展中国家。促进志愿参与的社会压力促进志愿领域的压力至少有3个不同来源来自基层的主动积极的热衷者（BELOVED）；来自体制外（OUTSIDE）的从事志愿活动的各种公共的和私人的机构；自上而下（ABOVE）的9政府政策。最基本的力量是决心自己动手来解决问题，自己组织起来改善境况或争取基本权益的普通民众。前苏东的情况是一佳例。那里的活动积极分子称他们的努力旨在创建一个“公民社会”。共产主义时代发展出来的庞大的互助网络，为新时代的民主热忱提供了条件。正如一位匈牙利活动家所说，“40年来我们第一次担负起对我们自己生活的责任。”同样的压力也见之于第三世界。据报道，街坊改善协会在拉美20000多个公屋居住区的大部分地区扎下根。此外，合作组织、妇女团体、行业和物业协会及互助团体在过去20年间迅速发展。例如，一个印度的环境运动，在村民的拯救濒危森林的共同努力中形成了，他们
