1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献原文WHATISALEGITIMATEROLEFOREUROCITIZENSADEMOCRATICPERSPECTIVEONPARTICIPATIONDEMOCRATICCITIZENSHIPISANINSTITUTIONASETOFRULESANDPRACTICESTHATORGANIZESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENRULEDANDRULERS,ANDBETWEENINDIVIDUALCITIZENSANDTHEAGENTSANDINSTITUTIONSOFGOVERNANCETOWHICHTHEYARESUBJECTDEMOCRATICCITI
2、ZENSHIPPRESCRIBESPRINCIPLESANDSTANDARDSFORASSESSINGOTHERINSTITUTIONSANDTHEIRRELATIONSHIPS,FOREXAMPLE,BYSPECIFYINGLEGITIMATEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTASKS,OBJECTIVES,PROCEDURES,CITIZENSRIGHTS,FREEDOMSANDOBLIGATIONS,ASWELLASUNIVERSALHUMANRIGHTS,ECONOMICRIGHTSANDALLOCATIONSOFSUBSTANTIVEGOODSANDBURDENSONEBASICPRI
3、NCIPLEOFDEMOCRATICCITIZENSHIPISTHATTHOSEAFFECTEDBYDECISIONSSHOULDBEABLETOINFLUENCECOMMONAFFAIRSONEQUALTERMSTHEYSHOULDSEETHEMSELVESASTHEAUTHORSOFTHELAWANDALSOBETREATEDWITHEQUALRESPECTANDHAVETHEIRCONCERNSTREATEDEQUALLYWHATEDERANDGIESEN2001,267CALLTHEMODERNMYTHOFFREEANDEQUALCITIZENSISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTI
4、ONTHATALLADULTMEMBERSOFASOCIETYAREEQUALLYCOMPETENTANDAFFECTEDBYPOLITICALDECISIONSANDTHEREFORESHOULDHAVEEQUALRIGHTOFPARTICIPATIONINTHEGOVERNANCEOFCOMMONAFFAIRSHOWEVER,WHENANALYZINGTHELEGITIMATEROLEOFEUROCITIZENS,ITISIMPORTANTTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHATCITIZENSINFACTDONOTHAVEEQUALCAPABILITIESANDRESOURCES,AN
5、DTHATTHEYUSUALLYSPENDLIMITEDTIME,ENERGYANDATTENTIONONPOLITICSFOREXAMPLE,LIMITEDCITIZENINTERESTINPUBLICISSUES,LOWVOTERTURNOUTANDLOWPRESTIGEFORPOLITICIANSANDPOLITICSARECOMMONINCONTEMPORARYDEMOCRACIESTHEREFORE,AFOCUSONTHESTRUGGLEFORPARTICIPATIONSHOULDNOTBEALLOWEDTOOVERSHADOWTHEREALITYTHATPARTICIPATIONI
6、SSOMETIMESCONCEIVEDASADUTYORASUNINTERESTINGANDIRRELEVANTOLSEN,1976OBSERVINGTHATCITIZENSHAVEOTHEROBJECTIVESTHANPOLITICALPARTICIPATION,DAHL1987,203SUGGESTSTHATCITIZENSAREABLETOASSESSTHECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHSTANDARDSOFPARLIAMENTARYDEMOCRACY,MAJORITYGOVERNANCEANDTHEPRINCIPLEOFEQUALPARTICIPATIONSHOULDBEAP
7、PLIED,ANDTHECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHPUBLICAUTHORITYSHOULDBEDELEGATEDTONONMAJORITARIANINSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSBUREAUCRATS,JUDGES,SCIENTISTS,EXPERTS,REPRESENTATIVESOFORGANIZEDINTERESTSORBUSINESSLEADERSLIKEWISE,CITIZENSARESEENASABLETOASSESSTHECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHOBJECTIVESANDCONCERNSCANBEBETTERACHIEVEDBYKEEPI
8、NGTHEMOFFTHEPUBLICAGENDAANDFREEOFPUBLICINTERVENTIONONEASPECTOFCITIZENSHIPTHENISPARTICIPATIONOTHERSAREPUBLICSERVICES,FREEDOMSANDIMMUNITIESTHESEASPECTSREFLECTTWOPRINCIPLESOFDEMOCRATICLEGITIMACYGOVERNMENTBYTHEPEOPLEANDGOVERNMENTFORTHEPEOPLETHEYREFLECTLEGITIMACYANDACCOUNTABILITYBYINPUTANDOUTPUT,BYPARTIC
9、IPATIONANDPROCEDUREANDBYRESULTSANDPROBLEMSOLVINGCAPACITYMAJONE,1998SCHARPF,1999SCHMITTER,2002INMODERNDEMOCRACIES,COLLECTIVEIDENTITYISASYMBOLICMARKEROFBELONGINGTOGETHEREDERANDGIESEN,2001YETMODERNSOCIETYISOFTENMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSFUNCTIONALITYANDINSTRUMENTALTASKEFFICIENCYTHANLOCALTRADITIONSANDSTABLEBEL
10、ONGINGSMARCHANDOLSEN,1995INALARGESCALE,MULTILEVEL,POLYCENTRIC,COMPLEXANDDYNAMICPOLITYSUCHASTHEEU,INDIVIDUALCITIZENSCLEARLYCANNOTRELYSOLELYONTHEIROWNDIRECTPARTICIPATIONTOINFLUENCETHEIRLIFECHANCESANDSOCIETALDEVELOPMENTSRATHERTHEYHAVETORELYONINSTITUTIONS,INTERMEDIARYORGANIZATIONSANDAGENTSTHATROUTINELYA
11、NDWITHINTEGRITYTAKECAREOFTHEIRRIGHTS,INTERESTSANDCONCERNS,WITHOUTCONTINUOUSCITIZENSPARTICIPATIONATENTATIVEHYPOTHESISISTHATTHEMOREASINGLE,SHAREDANDSTABLEOBJECTIVE,SUCHASWINNINGAWARORIMPROVINGECONOMICCOMPETITIVENESS,HASAPRIVILEGEDPOSITIONINAPOLITY,THEMORELIKELYITISTHATPROBLEMSOLVINGANDDECISIONMAKINGAR
12、ELEFTTONONMAJORITARIANGUARDIANINSTITUTIONSANDEXPERTSTHEMAINCRITERIONOFGOODGOVERNANCEISBASEDONTHEABILITYTODELIVERSERVICESINANEFFICIENTANDCOHERENTWAYLIKEWISE,INSITUATIONSWHERETHEREISAGREEMENTONSTABLERULESFORCOPINGWITHENDURINGCONFLICTS,TASKSANDCOMPETENCEARELIKELYTOBEDELEGATEDTONONMAJORITARIANINSTITUTIO
13、NSANDAGENTSHENCE,CONFLICTS,ANDEVENCRISES,AREDEALTWITHINROUTINE,PREDICTABLEANDACCEPTABLEWAYSINGENERAL,STRONGTRUSTININSTITUTIONS,ORGANIZATIONSANDAGENTSTENDSTOREDUCETHEDEMANDFORCITIZENPARTICIPATIONASACOROLLARY,THEMORETASKSANDPOWERSARETRANSFERREDTOTHEUNIONLEVEL,THELESSAGREEMENTONTASKS,OBJECTIVES,PROCEDU
14、RES,RULESANDTHELESSTRUSTININSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSTHEREIS,THEMORELIKELYAREDEMANDSFORREPRESENTATIONANDPARTICIPATION,ORFORAREDUCTIONOFTHEPUBLICAGENDAANDPROTECTIONAGAINSTPOLITICALINTERVENTIONINPARTICULAR,SUCHDEMANDSCANBEEXPECTEDINSITUATIONSWHEREPREVIOUSLYSHAREDOBJECTIVESANDEXPECTATIONSARETHREATENEDDEMOCRA
15、TICGOVERNANCEREQUIRESDIFFICULTANDWELLKNOWNINSTITUTIONALBALANCINGACTSHOWTOGUARANTEEMAJORITYGOVERNANCEWITHOUTMAJORITYTYRANNYHOWTOACHIEVEPOLITICALEFFECTIVENESSANDSECURECONSTITUTIONALRIGHTSANDFREEDOMSHOWTOMAKEPOLITICALLEADERSRESPONSIVETOPUBLICOPINIONANDAVOIDSHALLOWPOPULISMHOWTOUSENEUTRALEXPERTSANDSECURE
16、PROFESSIONALINTEGRITYANDAVOIDTECHNOCRACYHOWTOSECURETHERULEOFLAWWITHOUTEXCESSIVEFORMALISMHOWTOENSURETHATSPECIALLYAFFECTEDINTERESTSAREHEARDWITHOUTGIVINGPRIVILEGESTOSTRONGLYORGANIZEDINTERESTSHOWTOUSEMARKETSANDPRICEMECHANISMSWITHOUTPRODUCINGSOCIALINEQUALITYANDUNRESTTHESEAREBASICPOLITICALQUESTIONSWITHOUT
17、CORRECT,OPTIMALOREXPERTANSWERSTHEUSEOFAFUNCTIONALINSTRUMENTALLANGUAGE,EMPHASIZINGGOODGOVERNANCEANDIMPROVINGEUINSTITUTIONSANDWORKINGMETHODS,ISUNLIKELYTOREMOVECONFLICTOVERTHECONTINENTSPOLITICALORGANIZATIONANDINSTITUTIONALPOWERBALANCEINDEED,SUCHLANGUAGEMAYWELLEXACERBATEDISPUTESWEARETHENBACKTOTHEOLDDEMO
18、CRATICIDEATHATBOTHPROBLEMDEFINITIONSANDANSWERSSHOULDARISEOUTOFDEMOCRATICPROCESSESANDTHATCITIZENPARTICIPATIONISTHEBESTGUARANTEEFORMAKINGRULERSADDRESSINANINFORMEDWAYTHEISSUESTHATCONCERNCITIZENSDEMOCRACIESTHUSNEEDTODEVELOPINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSTHATMAKEPARTICIPATIONEFFECTIVEASWELLASINSTITUTIONSTHATMA
19、KEDIRECTPARTICIPATIONREDUNDANTSPECIALIZEDSTRUCTURESANDAUTONOMOUSINSTITUTIONSWHAT,THEN,ARELEGITIMATECITIZENSROLESINRELATIONTOAUTONOMOUSINSTITUTIONS,THATIS,NONMAJORITARIANINSTITUTIONSPARTLYREMOVEDFROMTHEDIRECTCONTROLOFELECTEDAGENTSANDREPRESENTATIVEINSTITUTIONSAUTONOMOUSSTRUCTURESSOMETIMESHAVEANELEMENT
20、OFCITIZENREPRESENTATIONYET,AKEYDEMOCRATICCONCERNISTOENSUREINSTITUTIONALIZEDGUARANTEESFORTRANSPARENCY,SOTHATCITIZENSCANMONITORHOWINSTITUTIONSWORK,DISCUSSHOWTHEYSHOULDWORK,ANDSANCTIONDEVIATIONSFROMLEGITIMATEBEHAVIORANDMISUSEOFPUBLICPOWERRATHERTHANAFOCUSONELECTINGRULERSORINFLUENCINGSPECIFICDECISIONS,AT
21、TENTIONISFOCUSEDONISSUESOFACONSTITUTIONALNATURE,SUCHASUNDERWHATCONDITIONSVARIOUSINSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSDESERVEAUTONOMYTHATIS,CITIZENSATTENTIONISDIRECTEDTOWARDSTHELEGITIMATETASKS,OBJECTIVES,PRINCIPLES,RULES,WORKINGSANDOUTCOMESOFVARIOUSINSTITUTIONS,THEPOWERBALANCEBETWEENTHEM,ANDHOWTOPREVENTINSTITUTIONAL
22、EGOISM,ENCAPSULATION,CAPTUREANDMISUSEOFPUBLICAUTHORITYTHEVARYINGANDCHANGINGTRUSTININSTITUTIONS,AGENTSANDCITIZENSASSESSMENTSOFINSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSINTHEEUAREFAIRLYPREDICTABLEANDREFLECTINSTITUTIONALBELONGINGSFOREXAMPLE,SOCIALPARTNERSANDOTHERORGANIZEDINTERESTSWANTMOREPARTICIPATIONTHECOMMISSIONISARGUING
23、FORASTRONGROLEFORITSELFANDTHECOMMUNITYMETHODTHECOMMISSIONALSOWANTTODEVELOPATRANSNATIONALPUBLICSPHEREANDGIVEREGIONALANDLOCALAUTHORITIESANDCIVILSOCIETYAMOREIMPORTANTROLEINGIVINGVOICETOTHECONCERNSOFCITIZENSANDTHEDELIVERYOFSERVICESEUROPEANCOMMISSION,2001A28,40NOTSURPRISINGLY,THEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTCOMMITT
24、EEONCONSTITUTIONALAFFAIRS2001ISARGUINGFORAPARLIAMENTARIZATIONOFTHEUNION,BECAUSEONLYINSTITUTIONSWITHDEMOCRATICLEGITIMACYCANTAKEACCOUNTABLELEGISLATIVEDECISIONSCIVILSOCIETYREPRESENTATIVESCANNOTBEREGARDEDASHAVINGDEMOCRATICLEGITIMACYOFTHEIROWN,GIVENTHATTHEYARENOTELECTEDBYTHEPEOPLEANDCANNOTBEVOTEDOUTBYTHE
25、PEOPLEFURTHERMORE,THECOMMITTEEWANTSSTRICTLIMITSOFHORIZONTALDELEGATIONOFPOWERSTOAUTONOMOUSEUREGULATORYAGENCIESANDVERTICALDELEGATIONOFPOWERSANDTASKSDIRECTLYBYTHEUNIONTOREGIONALORLOCALORGANSAUTONOMOUSAGENCIESSHOULDONLYBEUSEDIFSPECIFICSCIENTIFICEXPERTISEISREQUIREDORINPURELYTECHNICALDECISIONSWITHNOPOLITI
26、CALDIMENSIONAUTONOMYSHOULDNOTREDUCEJUDICIALSCRUTINYFRAMEWORKDIRECTIVESMUSTBEACCOMPANIEDBYADEQUATEMECHANISMSFORDEMOCRATICCONTROLEUROPEANCITIZENSHAVENOTDEVELOPEDSHAREDVIEWSONTHENORMATIVEAUTHORITYOFINSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSANDTHOSEONWHICHINSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSDESERVETRUSTANDCONFIDENCETOTHEDEGREETHATTHEYHAVE
27、ANOPINIONATALL,THEYTENDTODISAGREEABOUTWHATARELEGITIMATESTANDARDSOFASSESSMENT,ASWELLASHOWWELLDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONSANDAGENTSEXPRESS,IMPLEMENT,ANDSHAPETHEWILLANDMENTALITYOFTHEPEOPLEHOW,THEN,DOEUAUTHORITIESSEETHERELATIVEIMPORTANCEOFCITIZENSPARTICIPATIONINTHEGOVERNANCEOFTHEUNIONMEASUREDBYTHEFREQUENCYOFWO
28、RDSLIKEDEMOCRACYANDACITIZENSEUROPEINSPEECHES,DEMOCRATICASPECTSARECURRENTLYGIVENHIGHPRIORITYINTHEUNIONSTILL,THECONCEPTOFEUROPEANCITIZENSHIPINTRODUCEDBYTHEMAASTRICHTTREATYONEUROPEANUNIONOF1992GAVEFEWLEGALRIGHTS,ANDITSIMPORTANCEWASBYSOMESEENTOLIEINITSSYMBOLICVALUEANDITSPOTENTIALASADYNAMICPROGRAMTOWARDS
29、ASTRONGEREUROPEANCITIZENSHIPROSASANDANTOLA,1995INTHEWHITEPAPERONTHEFUTUREOFEUROPE,CONNECTINGTHEEUROPEANUNIONTOITSCITIZENSSEEMSTOMEANIDENTIFYINGCLEARPOLICIESANDOBJECTIVESWITHINANOVERALLVISIONOFWHERETHEUNIONISGOINGPEOPLENEEDTOUNDERSTANDBETTERTHEPOLITICALPROJECTTHATUNDERPINSTHEUNIONTHEUNIONNEEDSCLEARPR
30、INCIPLESIDENTIFYINGHOWCOMPETENCEISSHAREDBETWEENTHEUNIONANDTHEMEMBERSTATESEUROPEANCOMMISSION,2001ATHECOMMISSIONDIRECTSATTENTIONMORETOWARDSDELIVERINGPOLICIESANDGOVERNMENTFORTHEPEOPLETHANCITIZENPARTICIPATIONANDGOVERNMENTBYTHEPEOPLEANEWBELIEFINTHECOMMONMANIN1942,FRIEDRICHOBSERVINGTHEHISTORICALUPSANDDOWN
31、SOFTRUSTINTHEABILITYOFORDINARYCITIZENSTOTAKEPARTINPUBLICGOVERNANCECONCLUDEDTHATTHEWARANDTHENEEDTOMOBILIZECITIZENSINTHEWAREFFORT,HADCREATEDANEWBELIEFINTHECOMMONMANFRIEDRICH,1942THEEUROPEANUNIONISNOWALABORATORYFORNEWIDEASABOUTPOLITICALORGANIZATIONANDGOVERNANCEISITTHENLIKELYTHATCITIZENPARTICIPATIONONAN
32、EQUALBASISANDMAJORITYBASEDINSTITUTIONSWILLBECOMEMORESIGNIFICANTPARTSOFEUGOVERNINGWHATLEGITIMATEROLESARETHEREFOREUROCITIZENSINTHEFUTUREUNIONTHISARTICLEHASNOTBEENANEXERCISEINNORMATIVEDEMOCRATICTHEORY,PRESCRIBINGCRITERIAFORTHELEGITIMATEROLESOFEUROCITIZENSRATHER,THEASPIRATIONHASBEENTOSUGGESTAFRAMEWORKFO
33、RTHINKINGABOUTPOSSIBLEROLESANDHOWSUCHROLESAREMEDIATEDDIFFERENTLYBYDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSITHASBEENASSUMEDTHATAKEYASPECTOFDEMOCRATICCITIZENSHIPISTHATCITIZENSARETHEAUTHORSOFTHENORMATIVECRITERIAACCORDINGTOWHICHTHEDEMOCRATICQUALITYOFEUGOVERNINGANDPARTICIPATIONISASSESSEDANDDEMOCRACYISGIVENMEAN
34、INGINTHEUNIONBEYONDTHEMEMBERSTATELEVELFORTHEDEMOCRATICOPTIMIST,ASTRENGTHENINGOFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDNATIONALPARLIAMENTS,TOGETHERWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFEUROPEANPOLITICALPARTIES,WILLPROVIDECLEARERALTERNATIVESOFEUROCITIZENSANDMAKETHEMMOREMOTIVATEDTOPARTICIPATEENLARGEMENTWILLMAKETRADITIONALBARGAININGBEH
35、INDCLOSEDDOORS,WITHAVETOFORMEMBERSTATES,LESSVIABLETHISMETHODWILLCAUSETHEUNIONSEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYTOBEREDUCEDANDOVERTIMEITWILLBECOMEOBVIOUSTHATANINCREASINGLYHETEROGENEOUSUNIONCANNOTBEBASEDSOLELYONTHEAGGREGATIONOFEXISTINGNATIONALPREFERENCESGOVERNINGTHEUNIONWILLREQUIREDEVELOPMENTFORSOMEDEGREEOFC
36、ONSTITUTIONALPATRIOTISM,CIVICVIRTUEANDDUTY,ANDALOGICOFAPPROPRIATENESS,ASWELLASANINCREASEDWILLINGNESSTOREDISTRIBUTERESOURCESSUCHDEVELOPMENTS,IFACHIEVABLEATALL,CANONLYOCCURTHROUGHPOLITICIZATIONANDCITIZENINVOLVEMENTAPOSSIBLECONTRIBUTIONFROMTHESOCIALSCIENCESISTOPROVIDEBETTERANALYSESOFHOWDIFFERENTINSTITU
37、TIONALARRANGEMENTSMAYHELPENSUREORHINDERPARTICIPATION,TRANSPARENCY,PUBLICDEBATE,ACCOUNTABILITYANDSOCIALLYACCEPTABLEPOLICYOUTCOMESTHATIS,HOW,ANDTOWHATDEGREE,THEYACREATEINSTITUTIONALIZEDOPTIONSFORCITIZENACCESS,INSIGHT,PARTICIPATIONANDINFLUENCEBMOTIVATECITIZENSANDMAKEPARTICIPATIONATTRACTIVECEMPOWERCITIZ
38、ENSWITHRELEVANTRESOURCESTOMAKEPARTICIPATIONPOSSIBLEDSHAPECITIZENSINTOLAWABIDINGDEMOCRATSOREMAKECONTINUOUSCITIZENPARTICIPATIONREDUNDANTSEVERALCOMPLEXBALANCINGACTSAREINVOLVEDBETWEENPARTICIPATIONANDPOLICYEFFICACY,BETWEENMAJORITYBASEDANDNONMAJORITYBASEDINSTITUTIONS,ANDBETWEENHIERARCHICAL,SPECIALIZEDANDO
39、PENSTRUCTURESINACOMPLEXPOLITYSUCHASTHEEUROPEANUNION,THEREWILLNOTBECHOICESOFANEITHERORCHARACTERADIVERSITYOFINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSANDMECHANISMSOFPARTICIPATIONANDACCOUNTABILITYHAVETOBEEXPECTEDTHECHALLENGEISTOUNDERSTANDTHEIRINTERACTIVEDYNAMICSINTHEEUROPEANUNIONASWELLASINOTHERCOMPLEXPOLITIES原文出处JOHANP
40、OLSENWHATISALEGITIMATEROLEFOREUROCITIZENSCOMPARATIVEEUROPEANPOLITICS,2003,1,91110外文文献译文何为欧洲公民的合法角色民主角度的参与民主公民是一种制度，是介于统治与统治者之间，公民个人、代理机构与机构所管理的内容之间的一套规则和惯例的关系。民主公民在评估其他机构和他们的关系时规定了原则和标准，例如，通过指定合法分布的任务、目标、程序、公民权利、自由和义务,以及普遍人权、经济权利、实质性的商品和责任的分配权利。民主公民的基本原则之一指出，那些容易受决定影响的人，应该在平等的基础上处理事务。他们不仅要将自己视为法律的制定
41、者，也应该受到法律平等的尊重，并且一视同仁地对待他们所关注的事情。EDERANDGIESEN2001,267所指的自由、平等公民的现代神话是基于社会所有的成人成员拥有同等能力和政治决策的影响力这个假设而提出的。因此，也应该拥有平等的参与治理共同事务的权利。然而,在分析欧洲公民合法的角色时，公民实际上没有拥有平等的能力和资源，这一点是很值得考虑的。因为他们通常只在政治事务方面花费有限的时间、精力和注意力。例如，很少有公民对公共事务、低投票率，以及现代民主国家中常见的低威望政治家和政治等问题感兴趣。因此，注重争取参与不应该掩盖现实，参与有时被作为一种责任，或乏味和不相关OLSEN,1976。观察比
42、较公民的政治参与与其他目标,DAHL1987,203认为,公民能够评估在遵循议会民主、多数治理和平等参与原则的情况下所应适用的条件，和在公共权利委派到非多数机构和代理所适用的条件。这些非多数机构和代理一般包括官僚、法官、科学家、专家，以及利益集团或商界领袖的代表。同样的,公民被视为能够通过远离公众议程和逃离公共干预来评估更好地实现目标和关注问题所需的条件。首先是公民身份，然后才是公民参与，其余的，比如公共服务、自由和豁免权。这些方面反映的是民主合法性的两个原则政府由人民组成和为人民服务的政府。它们通过输入与输出、参与和程序、结果和问题解决能力来反映合法性和问责制MAJONE,1998年SCHA
43、RPF,1999年SCHMITTER,2002年。在现代民主国家，集体身份是一个象征性的标志EDERANDGIESEN,2001。然而现代社会往往是更倾向于功能、仪器任务效率，而不是当地的传统和稳定的财力MARCHANDOLSEN,1995。在一个大规模、多层次、多中心、复杂的、动态的政体中，如欧盟，公民个人显然不能仅仅依靠自己的直接参与来影响他们的生活和社会发展。更确切的说,他们必须依靠机构、中介机构和代理人，完整地关注他们的权利、利益和关切,而不是持续的公民参与。在政体特权地位，一个初步的假设是,一个越是单一、共享和稳定的目标,如赢得战争或提高经济竞争力,就越有可能将问题的解决和决策的制定
44、留给非多数的“监护人”机构和专家。良好治理的主要标准是基于一个以高效、连贯的方式提供服务的能力。同样的,在有稳定的规则协议下，为应对持久的冲突，任务和能力很可能被委派给非多数机构和代理人。因此,冲突,甚至是危机,通常采取常规的、可预测的和可接受的方式来处理。一般来说,值得信任的机构、组织和代理商往往会降低公民参与的需求。作为一个推论,更多的任务和权力转移到欧盟一级,任务、目标、程序、制度协议越少，对机构和代理商就越不信任，对代表性和参与的需求就越大，或者对公众议程、政治干预保护的减少。这样的要求，尤其容易在以前共同目标和期望受到威胁时被预期。民主治理需要困难和普遍体制之间的平衡行为如何保证大多
45、数治理而不是多数专制如何实现政治效益和安全的宪法权利和自由如何使政治领导人顺应民意,避免浅薄的民粹主义如何用中立的专家和安全管理良好的职业操守,以避免技术管理如何保证没有过多的形式主义法治如何确保特别受影响的利益在不给予特权给强势的组织利益前提下被听到如何在避免社会不平等和不安时，利用市场机制和价格这些基本的政治问题,是没有“正确的”、“最优”或者专家的答案。功能性工具语言的使用,强调“善治”和“改善欧盟机构和工作方法”,是不太可能消除大陆政治组织和机构力量平衡之间的冲突。实际上,这样的语言很可能会加剧纷争。我们再回到旧民主主义思想，无论是对问题的定义还是答案，都应引出的民主进程,而公民参与是
46、对统治者关心的问题的最好保证。因此，民主需要发展体制安排，使参与变得有效，同时，机构的直接参与变得多余。专业结构和自治机构那么,合法公民的角色在自治机构中的关系是什么,或者说,是从当选的代理和代表机构的直接诶控制部分中移除非多数机构吗有时，自治结构有一个公民的代表性元素。然而,民主关注的关键是保障制度化的透明度,这样市民们可以监督机构工作,讨论如何工作,并对合法行为和公共权力滥用做不同处理。而不是专注于选举或影响具体决定,注意力集中在“宪政”性质的问题上,如在什么条件下各机构和代理商应有的自主权。也就是说,公民关注的是各种机构的合法的任务、目标、原则、规定、运作和结果，以及它们之间的力量平衡和
47、如何防止公共权力机构的利己主义和滥用公权力等。不断变化着的信任机构,代理和公民在欧盟的评估机构和代理商是很能预见和反映机构财产的。例如,社会合作伙伴和其他利益集团想要获得更多的参与。委员会主张一种强大的自我角色辩称和社区的方法。委员会还希望开发一个跨国公共领域,给区域和地方政府和公民社会更重要的角色,回应公民的关注并提供服务EUROPEANCOMMISSION,2001A28,40。毫不奇怪的是,欧洲议会政制事务委员会2001主张联合议会制,“因为只有合法民主的机构可以负责立法决定”。公民社会代表不能被视为有民主合法性,因为他们不是由人民选举产生，不能由人民投票。此外,委员会还希望严格限制代表
48、团对自治区欧盟监管机构的横向权力和直接由区域或地方机关联盟的垂直权利转授。自治机构只能在掌握具体科学知识或没有政治层面的纯技术性决定的情况下使用。自治不应该减少司法审查。框架指令必须附有适当的民主控制机制。欧盟公民在对规范权威机构和代理机构以及它们是否值得信任，还没有建立共同意见。在某种程度上，他们往往不同意合法评估标准的定义，以及不同的机构和代理人表达、实施和塑造人民的意志和心态的方式。那么,欧盟当局如何看待公民参与治理的联邦的相对重要性呢通过测量“民主”和“公民”在欧洲民主方面的演讲中出现的频率,可以看出目前民主方面在欧盟中受到高度重视。尽管如此,1992年欧洲联盟条约马斯特里赫特给了一些
49、法律权利，引入了欧洲公民身份的概念,其重要性在于它作为一个为建立一个更有力的欧洲公民身份动态程序的其象征价值和潜力。ROSASANDANTOLA,1995在对欧洲未来的白皮书中指出,连接欧盟公民的是联盟的总体构想的明确的政策和目标。人们需要更好地理解和巩固政治联盟的项目。欧盟需要清晰的原则从而确定如何实现欧盟与成员国之间的能力共享EUROPEANCOMMISSION,2001A。委员会指出应将注意力更多地集中在提供政策和“执政为民”上，而不是公民参与和“人治”。“平凡人的新信仰”在1942年,FRIEDRICH通过观察历来普通公民参与公共治理中的信任起伏，认为战争和调动公民在战争努力的需求,创造了“平凡人的新信仰”FRIEDRICH,1942。欧盟现在是一个关于研究政治组织和治理新思路的实验室。公民在平等的基础上的参与和多数机构将会变成欧盟理事更加重要的组成部分吗欧洲公民将在未来的欧盟中扮演怎样的合法角色呢这篇文章还未在规范民主理论上进行行使,开出欧洲公民合法角色的标准。相反,这样的愿望已被建议建立一个思维框架，考虑到可能发挥作用的角色和这样的角色如何介导于不同的制度安排。公民的规范标准已被认为是民主公民意识的一个关键方面，并根据欧盟理事和参与的民主素质评估，而“民主”的意义超出了欧盟成员国的水平。民主乐
