1、L11.They tend to acknowledge the more recent immigrants only in retrospect. The immigrants have to wait until they have proved themselves by working, raising a respectable family, achieving citizenship, and maybe even winning a Nobel Prize. 2.The present wave of Hispanic immigration and European wav
2、es are similar in roots. But there are two important differences: the European waves were legal whereas the current wave is illegal. The numbers are also different. The current wave is much larger in scale.3.The evidence shows that the new immigrants behave in positive ways similar to their predeces
3、sors. They are family oriented, they value education, and their children are learning English. Overtime, they are intermarrying among growing numbers of other ethnic groups. They are people of faith. They are energetic, looking to move up in life through better jobsthey work hard and for long hours.
4、4.They often take jobs many Americans simply no longer wish to do. By and large the most recent surge of immigrants is made up of people who are young and mobile, and who work in the least desired sectors of the U.S. economy such as agriculture and service industries for relatively low pay. Today, o
5、nly about 10 percent of white males leave high school, and high school graduates wont take the menial jobs that many immigrants are happy to take on. So for the most part, the new immigrants and native Americans are not competing for the same jobs. Even when they do compete more directly with low-sk
6、illed U.S.-born workers, the job preference is different. Immigrants find work in agriculture, while less educated natives often end up in manufacturing.5.Immigrants at both the low end and the high end of the skill sets are needed. More immigrants are needed because the retirement of the 80 million
7、 baby boomers will increase the burden of supporting the non-working seniors and more immigrants will help reduce the burden.6.Family reunification should be supported to the extent of holding the nuclear family together. Keeping spouses and children together makes humanitarian sense. However, the c
8、hain immigration of extended family relatives should be controlled. The random“visa lottery”program should be eliminated.7.No, it does not mean an amnesty for them. It spells out a long route to legality and citizenship. Illegal immigrants could apply for a green card only after the 4 million famili
9、es who are now in line for immigration visas have been cleared through the system; the process would take an estimated 8 years. So they would not have an advantage over those who have played by the rules. They would also have to pay fines and demonstrate that they have clean records. In a sense, the
10、y would be allowed to earn citizenship over time.8.The bill wins conservative support for the position by calling for substantially stepped-up security to be in place before more immigrants are admitted.9.The Republicans are willing to provide illegal immigrants the path to citizenship in return for
11、 getting a more secure border and eliminating the much-abused extended chain of family relatives.L51.She talked about a lecture he had attended. The thesis was that the human body has changed irrevocably over the last quarter of a century and that the physical environment will gradually adapt to acc
12、ommodate the new shape.2.According to Greg Critser, the reason for Americansoverweight was that the population was growing more slowly than the food supply and as a result fast food, invented as an affordable way of getting families to eat together, became a means of selling surplus fat and sugar to
13、 the masses.3.David Blaines starvation stunt was a spectacle to the British. Families turned out en masse at weekends to see how his hunger strike was going. Some normal-size people turned up to mock, throwing eggs, cooking food and even trying to cut off the water supply to the hungry American. The
14、 reason for such behavior is that the notion of somebody giving up food for 44 days is unthinkable for the British and there are so few starving Americans in the world, which makes his self-imposed ordeal appear ludicrously self-indulgent. Whats more, the stunt highlighted the disordered relation to
15、 eating which has become habitual in the western society.4.The impact of fast food on Mexicans is obvious. Obesity has increased by 158 per cent in Mexico in a decade, since fast food outlets began to replace the traditional diet.5.As fast food developed, cooking has become a spectator sport, someth
16、ing to watch famous people do on telly, as the populations of affluent countries rely increasingly on supermarket meals and takeaways.6.People in western societies, in order to slim down are endlessly trying Atkins and other fashionable diets such as the cabbage soup diet or modified Atkins. 7.The t
17、raditional working class diet was plain food while present-day working class diet is superficially much more cosmopolitancurries, pizzas, the ubiquitous Chinese takeawaybut adapted to satisfy the British appetite for saturated fat, salt and sugar.8.The result of westerners reversal of eating habits
18、is that as millions of ordinary people grow fat, the elite become slender.9.The author wanted to join the euro. L91. Tolstoys observation on happy and unhappy families was “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.“2. He thinks that Tolstoy was totally wrong. He b
19、elieves that unhappy families are really similar to one another and theres much more variability among happy families.3.According to the researchers, it is those other parts of relationships the positive factors - that are potent predictors of whether couples feel committed to relationships.4.They h
20、ave placed stresses on long-term relationships. Two-income couples juggling demanding jobs and professional advancement can sometimes detract from family and intimate relationships. Simultaneously, the rising number of women in the workforce has given women the economic security to leave unhappy rel
21、ationships, the sexual revolution has made sex before and outside marriage common, and the destigmatization of divorce has contributed to the phenomenon of serial monogamy.5.Huston finds that the juxtaposition of high expectations with the stress and cycles of relationships appears to be an importan
22、t reason why many relationships dont work. 6.They reported being content at the start of relationships and still contented two years later. Their feelings about relationships were not intense but they were positive.7.She found that very successful couples had something besides children that was enjo
23、yable to their relationship. It could be travel, hospice work, working on a summer place. Those things bring stability because they confer pleasure and identity in the way people live together.8. Those factors are social and family supports, socioeconomic status, government and workplace policies. T
24、hey can help and hinder relationships.L111.No, the decision to live alone is common in diverse cultures whenever it is economically feasible. Germany, France and Britain have a greater proportion of one-person households than the U.S., as does Japan. According to the author, China, India and Brazil
25、are also seeing fast growth of one-person households. 2.The dated images of living alone are anxiety, dread and loneliness. 3.After interviewing 300 single people, he finds that living alone seems to encourage more, not less social interaction. 4.Dynamic markets, flourishing cities and open communic
26、ations systems make the life of single people more appealing because they give them the capacity not only to live alone but to engage with others when and how they want to and on our own terms. 5.Her research found that single people 35 and older were more likely than those who lived with a spouse o
27、r a romantic partner to spend a social evening with neighbors or friends. 6.Those surveys find that married people with children are more likely than single people to hunker down at home. Those in large suburban homes often splinter into private homes to be alone. 7.New communication technologies ma
28、ke living alone a social experience, so being home alone does not feel involuntary or like solitary confinement. The person alone at home can digitally navigate through a world of people, information and ideas. Internet use does not seem to cut people off from real friendships and connections. 8.Kei
29、th Hampton finds that heavy web users are more likely than others to have large and diverse social networks, more likely to meet diverse people with different perspectives and beliefs. 9.Through interviews the author found that elder single people had a clear preference for living alone, which allow
30、ed them to retain their feelings of independence and integrity, and a clear aversion to moving in with friends or family or into a nursing home. 10.No. According to Deborah Carrs research, at 18 months after a spouse, only one in four elderly men and one in six elderly women say they are interested
31、in remarrying, one in three men and one in seven women are interested in dating some day; and only one in four men and one in eleven women are interested in dating immediately. 11.Pundits predicted that rates of living alone would plummet because of the challenged economy. However, thus far theres l
32、ittle evidence that this has happened. The latest census report estimates that more than 32 million Americans live alone today, up from 27.2 million in 2000 and 31 million in 2010. L121.In November, 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court issued the decision that one second past midnight on M
33、ay 17, 2004, gay marriage will become legal. The basis of the courts decision is the state constitutions promise of equal rights.2.They were full of jubilation, and congratulated each new couple on their marriage. They claimed that the ceremonies mark the biggest advance in civil rights since racial
34、 segregation was abolished.3.The rights reaction was less militant than might have been expected. Only about 50 demonstrators showed up at Bostons city hall to protest about “Marriage Destruction Day“. Even in the states less liberal towns, gay couples were treated politely, with standard New Englan
35、d reserve. The staff were following the orders of the governor, who had ruled that the law should be respected.4.The republican Governor, Mitt Romney is trying to enforce a long neglected 1913 state law that denies marriages licences to out-of-state couples whose home states would outlaw their union
36、s. 39 states have passed laws restricting marriage to heterosexual unions. In the meantime. Conservatives in Massachusetts want to push through an amendment to their state constitution.5.According to Jonathan Rauch, America no longer really has a national consensus about what marriage means. In a Lo
37、s Angeles Times poll, 24% Americans said that gays should be allowed to marry, and 34% opposed any form of legal union for same-sex couple; but the bigger number- 38% - plumped for civil unions. 6.Republicans think that the issue can be used to galvanise the conservative base this year. Various ball
38、ot initiatives are planned around the country, the idea being that they will draw to the polls the social conservatives who supposedly stayed at home.7. Because he believes that terminating a pregnancy is a fairly grisly affair and the gay marriage conflict will be less vicious than the abortion con
39、flict.L161.According to Debrahlee Lorenzana, she was fired because, dressed in pencil skirts, turtlenecks and wearing peep-toe stilettos, she was considered “too hot”. 2.She loves plastic surgery and thinks that its the best thing that ever happened. 3.Handsome men earn, on average, 5 percent more t
40、han their less-attractive counterparts. Good-looking women earn 4 percent more. Its looks, not merit, that all too often rule. 4.A couple of decades ago, it was a makeup-less Kate Moss who was considered the beauty ideal. Now, its a plastic-surgery-plumped Paris Hilton. 5.According to economist Dani
41、el Hamermesh, a good-looking man will make some $250,000 more than his least-attractive counterpart. 6.In the current economy, when employers have hiring options, looks arent just important; theyre critical. 7.57 percent of hiring managers told Newsweek that qualified but unattractive candidates are
42、 likely to have a harder time landing a job, while more than half advised spending as much time and money on “making sure they look attractive” as on perfecting a rsum. When it comes to women, apparently, 61 percent of managers said it would be an advantage for a woman to wear clothing showing off h
43、er figure at work. Looks are placed above education in order of importance. 8.According to Platos “golden proportions,” an ideal face has a width exactly two thirds of its length and a nose no longer than the distance between the eyes. 9.Studies show that unattractive women remain at a disadvantage
44、in low-level positions like secretary, while in upper-level fields that are historically male-dominated, good-looking women can suffer a so-called bimbo effect. They are viewed as too feminine, less intelligent, and, ultimately, less competent. 10.Aging is a disadvantage. There exists bias against e
45、lderly men and women. Eighty-four percent of managers told Newsweek they believe a qualified but visibly older candidate would make some employers hesitate, and while ageism affects men, too, its particularly tough for women. L191.Calcuttans live in extremely poor conditions, surviving in a shack or
46、 on the street with little access to clean water, food or health care. But they score about a 4, meaning they are slightly more happy than not. This example shows that happiness is more related to attitude than to material well-being.2. They have been evaluating what they term the Subjective Well-Be
47、ing (SWB) of people around the world by inviting them to answer questions about their moods and outlook. Their finding is that human beings, no matter where they live and almost without regard to how they live, are preset to be happy.3.He thinks of the predilection as a “gift” bestowed on people by
48、evolution that helps people adapt and flourish even in fairly trying circumstances. The other explanation is that people are “socialized” to be happy in order to facilitate smooth social functioning. 4. According to a survey of college students in the mid-1990s, the three most cheerful locales are P
49、uerto Rico, Columbia and Spain. Ed Diener thinks that the high spirits of the relatively poor Puerto Ricans and Columbians stem from a “positivity tendency” that may be rooted in cultural norms regarding the value of believing in aspects of life in general to be good.5.East Asians tend to weight the worst areas of their life when computing their life satisfaction. Shinabo Kitayama explains that it may be a reflection of a difference in cultural expectation. He believes that Asians from the beginning of life are trained to focus on the negative aspects of themsel
