1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策分析资料来源斐济时报作者STEVENWPOPPER摘要绿色贸易壁垒是长期困扰中国出口企业的问题，给中国造成了极大的经济损失，使中国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。其形成原因主要有环境问题的全球化、新贸易保护主义的抬头和各国技术水平、经济实力的差异等，而解决这一难题最有效的途径是企业实行绿色营销战略。在经济全球化的进程中，贸易与全球环境关系日益密切,并对世界经济发展产生重大影响。各国纷纷出台各种环境保护的法律法规措施，然而，这些措施已造成事实上的来自于发达国家甚至发展中国家贸易壁垒挑战，使中国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。据统计，加
2、入WTO后，受绿色壁垒的影响，仅2002年我国出口贸易的损失额就高达约170亿美元。绿色贸易壁垒对中国的出口市场范围和出口贸易额出口增长速度、外贸出口行业（农产品、食品、机电产品、纺织服装产品、药品等）、出口总量、出口成本、出口效益等方面均已产生了不同程度的冲击，甚至对中国出口企业和商品信誉等方面都产生了不利影响，导致国外消费者对我国部分产品信心下降，对中国出口造成长期的不利影响。一、绿色贸易壁垒的形成原因分析首先，环境问题的全球化是绿色贸易壁垒形成的外部原因。环境可持续发展道路的选择引发了全球性的环境保护运动，正是在环境问题全球化的大背景下，世界各国通过参与国际公约、国际环保组织，制定了旨在
3、保护自然资源生态环境和人类健康的环保制度和标准。而这些制度和标准体现在贸易上即是对来自其他国家的产品及服务设置绿色障碍，限制进口，从而形成事实上的壁垒。第二，新贸易保护主义的抬头是绿色贸易壁垒的根本成因。WTO并未使贸易保护主义消失，竞争的加剧反而迫使各国政府在关税手段保护程度降低的情况下，寻找更有效的非关税壁垒以保护中国市场和产业。绿色壁垒的合理、合法及广泛性特点使其成为贸易保护主义的首选手段。发展中国家面临着两难选择要么从发达国家市场退出，2要么紧跟发达国家，生产与本国经济实力不相符合的高投入、高技术的“绿色产品”。但无论如何，发展中国家均要付出沉重代价。发达国家从中既保护了国内的产业，又
4、成为标准的制定者。这正是“绿色壁垒”作为国际贸易保护主义新形式得以迅速发展的根本原因所在。第三，各国技术水平经济实力差异是绿色贸易壁垒的客观原因。尽管人们都认同可持续发展的理念，但在如何实现上却不尽相同。发达国家由于经济发展水平和环保技术水平较高，其环保要求和标准也较高。发展中国家由于资金和技术上的限制，根本无法达到发达国家的环保要求，这在客观上造成了绿色壁垒加上由于世界商品种类繁多，生产过程和标准五花八门，制定统一的全球环保标准难度极大，各国纷纷基于国家利益的考虑制定各自的环保标准，导致绿色认证和执行体系千差万别，间接对他国产品造成了歧视，形成了新的绿色壁垒。二、以绿色营销应对绿色贸易壁垒发
5、展中国家要摆脱如上文所述的两难境况，必须生产出即符合环保标准，又能实现企业盈利的产品来。笔者认为，企业实行绿色营销战略是最行之有效的办法。绿色营销是指以促进可持续发展为目标，为实现经济利益消费者需求和环境利益的统一，企业根据科学性和规范性的原则，通过有目的、有计划地开发产品及同其他市场主体交换产品价值来满足市场需求的一种管理过程。企业实行绿色营销战略，不仅可以使产品符合环保标准，而且通过贯彻绿色营销理念可实现成本降低或提高产品附加值，从而实现企业盈利。具体来讲，企业必须抓好以下几个方面工作（1）开发绿色产品通过贯彻绿色营销理念来降低企业成本绿色营销应建立在绿色生产的基础之上。绿色产品是指生产使
6、用及处理对环境无害或危害极小，有利于资源再生和回收利用的产品。生产绿色产品首先可以直接改善生态环境，可减少对人类社会和环境的实际或潜在损害，同时对于以盈利为目的的企业来说更重要的是通过资源的回收利用可以达到降低成本的目的。绿色生产涉及绿色产品设计绿色材料使用和使用绿色包装等几个内容。在绿色设计中，在保证产品质量的前提下紧紧抓住绿色这个主题，同时充分考虑产品在制造、销售、使用及报废后回收利用等问题。设计使用具有可重复使用、可再生、可降解、易处理等特点的绿色材料；注意尽量减少材料种类，提高其再利用的可能性,并使后续处理简单化，减少废物产生，降低原材料消耗。这样不但能达到环保目的，而且还可以降低成本
7、、提高产品的价值，进而提高经济效益；同时，注重使用绿色包装绿色包3装是指节约资源，减少废弃物，用后易于回收再用或再生，又不污染环境的包装。绿色包装在发达国家已广泛流行，在我国还是刚刚起步这就要求中国企业在商品包装过程中，既要努力降低包装费用，又要考虑到包装废弃物对环境的污染程度，不断研制开发出新型的绿色包装材料。（2）开发绿色技术通过技术创新来降低成本现阶段中国绿色营销发展的一个关键问题是如何做到既经济又环保，化解这个难题的最彻底的途径是大力开发绿色技术，实行技术创新随着知识经济时代的到来，世界范围内高新技术的迅猛发展，一个生态型、绿色化的大学科群体正在崛起，以生态与环保为中心的研究热潮逐步形
8、成，这就为绿色技术的研究与开发开辟了广阔的前景，奠定了坚实的基础。生态化的技术创新将不仅使绿色产品得以迅速普及，而且还将促使生产成本大幅度下降，从而为绿色营销的迅速普及提供可能。（3）树立企业绿色品牌形象通过企业品牌的绿色内涵来提高产品附加值绿色营销中企业须注重树立企业的绿色品牌形象，通过企业品牌的绿色内涵来提高产品附加值，从而提高产品的售价。企业可以利用各种传媒宣传自己在绿色领域的所作所为，并积极参与各种与环保有关的事务，以实际行动来强化企业在公众心目中的印象。与此同时，企业还应大力宣传绿色消费时尚，告诫人们使用绿色产品，支持绿色营销，引导绿色消费需求。（4）进行绿色治理通过变废为宝来提高企
9、业的盈利能力绿色治理，是指采取有效措施根治污染这要求企业不仅要做到对废弃物中的有用资源利用开发，化害为利，还要开展企业之间的互利合作，将对方的废弃物作为自己的原材料或能源，变废为宝，从而达到提高企业盈利能力的目的。此外，企业还应积极寻求行业协会、政府外交部门和商务部门支持，通过有组织的和出口国交涉，尽可能制定切实可行的产品环保生产标准，以维护企业的正当权益。此外,企业应积极寻求行业协会,政府和商业部门支持的外交部门。通过组织出口国协商尽可能多的实际产品开发环境友好的生产质量标准体系来维护企业的合法的权利和利益。4外文文献原文TITLECAUSESANDCOUNTERMEASURESOFGREE
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