The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services Evidence from Romania【外文翻译】.doc

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1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力来自罗马尼亚的证据资料来源ADVANCESINTOURISMECONOMICS作者ANABOBIRCAANDCRISTIANACRISTUREANU121简介旅游是唯一的服务活动,可以给所有国家提供潜在的贸易机会,不论其发展水平。然而,它显然也是一个利益分配不均的部门,在很大程度上依赖于国家能力,加强他们的表现,在全球经济中反过来要求提高它们的竞争力。罗马尼亚自20世纪90年代初,经历了重大的旅游出口量,增长速度和结构的变化。这些不同的波动也都相对的影响罗马尼亚国际旅游市场的竞争地位,与在其变化旅游贸易平衡有着密切联系。与此同时,罗

2、马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力,新的和更多的异构欧洲架构也已引起显著的变化。在此背景下,本文试图建议一个框架,以评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力,竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点。为此,第一部分通过引进国际概念开始竞争力,并提出,评估和系统化的国际竞争力的复杂分析的关键问题。该文件随后认为出口实绩和国际竞争力之间的关系,以及其国际旅游的相关性。第二部分包括一个宏概述,旅游界以及特别注重其对经济的重要性。该文件的第三部分列明详细的框架计算建议竞争力的措施,并在解释这些指标提供的信息的方法时显示方法论的重要性在。近期表现,它也说明了罗马尼亚旅游业的基础上,国际贸易竞争力的综合措施。本文的结论解释

3、欧洲旅游市场和罗马尼亚的竞争地位确定研究的问题,需要进一步研究。122国际竞争力观点之间的出口实绩和国际竞争力以及国际旅游的关联关系。国际竞争力的概念,虽然争议和难以捉摸,但已经被接受,并继续吸引双方学者的关注和决策者全世界。在经济层面进行,大多数到目前为止已被认为是国际竞争力的措施,一个国家有能力生产的商品和服务,以满足国际测试市场,同时保持和扩大其公民的实际收入。2由于竞争力最终取决于一个国家的企业在国内和国际市场上成功竞争,注意力都集中在在企业层面上的竞争力,它通常被理解为参考“。公司保留,更好的是,扩大其在全球市场的能力份额,增加利润和扩大”根据传统经济理论,公司可以通过比较生产成本,

4、获得竞争优势,例如,降低劳动力成本。然而,最近的研究表明,非价格因素也同样是竞争力重要的决定因素。非价格因素的范围是多样的,包括人力资源禀赋,如技能,技术因素,如研究和开发能力和创新能力,管理和组织因素,公司内部和外部和其他公司组织通过关系与其他机构,客户,供应商,公共和私人研究机构。总之,这些因素在不断变化的技术,经济,环境和社会环境的背景下决定公司在国际市场上成功竞争的能力。以维持其市场份额的出口性能和公司的能力,仍是国际竞争力的最终指标。因此,国际理论基础竞争力广泛宣布,因为它涉及到国家经济和国际贸易的国际竞争力的理论基础已在学术文献进行分析。因此,性质,优点和局限上的国际竞争力的国家保

5、持暧昧。每当一个国家的国际竞争力是先进的,那么经济福利加强,通过贸易流量的增加,或通过修改增强国际竞争力的先进性。贸易理论断言,经济福利依赖于一个国家具有比较优势的生产商品和服务。这实际上,这意味着当生产是在同一个国家的比较优势的情况下,国际竞争力是安全的。如果国家执行以及国际竞争中出口市场取得成功,这可能是其良好的国际竞争力的标志。因此,在国际层面,竞争力可以被定义为一个经济体的能力,以吸引其出口供应需求和投资需求,都是社会规范,和改善其公民的生活标准的结果。反过来,取决于影响经济的因素生产力的宏观和微观经济政策,法规和机构生产和经营成本。回顾现有的文献和经验证据支持的国际竞争力的概念,一定

6、程度上由一个国家的出口能力可以解释。其实,出口业绩和国际竞争力之间的的一个经常性的关系。出口是第一层次的国际竞争力的肯定。出口业绩的改善,导致一个国家的竞争力增加。这种效果是企业的技能,知识,倾向创新和使用新技术,能够利用在技术机会成功的商业方式等等。另一方面,努力实现在竞争激烈的全球市场上成功出口,一个国家被迫提高竞争力。一个国家更具竞争力,经济更强大。因此,它在全球市场上竞争能力更强,吸引更高层次的人知识,技能,购买新技术等,并提高其出口表现,以及实现更好的出口3业绩。这反过来,可以有利于额外创新和引发的竞争力的提高。因此,出口业绩和竞争力不应该被视为孤立的,它们是相互依存的。然而,竞争力

7、不应该等同于一个国家的出口能力。出口市场份额的演变也是一个贸易的重要组成部分竞争力,而后者仅仅是一个名族的定义竞争力的一个组成部分,欧洲的里斯本宣言“其居住者的生活提供更多,更高质量的就业的标准,一个更大的社会凝聚力。”世界市场份额的收益或损失个别国家往往被认为是作为其贸易竞争力指数。然而,市场份额的增长还取决于结构性因素。由于需求的变化,一个国家的地域和部门在一个时期开始的专业化,是塑造未来的市场份额增长的一个重要因素。同样,该国的能力,以适应其这种变化的出口也将影响到最终的的结果。此外,旅游服务的国际竞争力的概念还包括定性因素,还包括难以量化的定性因素服务的专业化程度,技术创新能力,人力资

8、源的质量的因素可能影响一个国家的旅游贸易表现也毫不逊色。同样,高生产率增长速度往往是寻求加强竞争力的一种方式。但它未必如此,这一有利的结构性因素排序会产生对国外市场的销售增加。相反,他们可能显示关于通过汇率升值带来的贸易条件改善,同时使出口表现大致维持不变。正是出于这个原因,以及因为这些因素在数量上很难衡量,这里考虑是局限于一个更加具体和综合的方法确定罗马尼亚的在国际旅游业中的相对竞争地位。1外文文献原文TITLETHEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFTRADEINTOURISMSERVICESEVIDENCEFROMROMANIAMATERIALSOURCEADV

9、ANCESINTOURISMECONOMICSAUTHORANABOBIRCAANDCRISTIANACRISTUREANU121INTRODUCTIONTOURISMISTHEONLYSERVICEACTIVITYTHATCANPOTENTIALLYPROVIDETRADINGOPPORTUNITIESFORALLNATIONS,REGARDLESSOFTHEIRLEVELOFDEVELOPMENTHOWEVER,ITISALSOASECTORWHERETHEREISCLEARLYANUNEVENDISTRIBUTIONOFBENEFITSTHATISLARGELYDEPENDANTONCO

10、UNTRIESABILITYTOSTRENGTHENTHEIRPERFORMANCEINTHEGLOBALECONOMY,WHICHINTURNREQUIRESIMPROVINGTHEIRCOMPETITIVENESSSINCETHEBEGINNINGOFTHE1990S,ROMANIAHASEXPERIENCEDMAJORCHANGESINITSTOURISMEXPORTSVOLUME,GROWTHRATEANDSTRUCTURETHESEDISPARATEFLUCTUATIONSHAVEALLINFLUENCEDTHERELATIVECOMPETITIVEPOSITIONOFROMANIA

11、ONTHEINTERNATIONALTOURISMMARKETANDHAVEBEENASSOCIATEDWITHCHANGESINITSTOURISMTRADEBALANCEINTHESAMETIME,THENEWANDMOREHETEROGENEOUSEUROPEANARCHITECTUREHASINDUCEDSIGNIFICANTCHANGESINROMANIASREGIONALTOURISMCOMPETITIVENESSAGAINSTTHISBACKGROUND,THEPAPERATTEMPTSTOSUGGESTAFRAMEWORKFORASSESSINGTHEINTERNATIONAL

12、COMPETITIVENESSOFROMANIASTOURISMSERVICESTRADE,BYFOCUSINGONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOMPETITIVENESSANDTOURISMTRADEPERFORMANCETOTHISEND,THEFIRSTPARTSTARTSBYINTRODUCINGTHECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSANDBYPRESENTING,EVALUATINGANDSYSTEMATIZINGKEYISSUESOFTHECOMPLEXANALYSISONINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVEN

13、ESSTHEPAPERSUBSEQUENTLYCONSIDERSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXPORTPERFORMANCEANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESS,ASWELLASITSRELEVANCEFORINTERNATIONALTOURISMTHESECONDPARTINCLUDESAMACROOVERVIEWOFTHETOURISMSECTOR,FOCUSINGSPECIFICALLYONITSIMPORTANCETOTHEECONOMYTHETHIRDPARTOFTHEPAPERSETSOUTINDETAILTHEFRAMEWORKFORC

14、ALCULATINGTHEPROPOSEDMEASURESOFCOMPETITIVENESSANDSHOWSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEMETHODOLOGICALAPPROACHININTERPRETINGTHEINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYTHESEINDICATORSITALSOILLUSTRATESTHERECENTPERFORMANCEOFROMANIANTOURISM,BASEDONAN1INTEGRATEDMEASUREOFINTERNATIONALTRADECOMPETITIVENESSTHEPAPERCONCLUDESBYEXPLAININGTHECOMP

15、ETITIVEPOSITIONOFROMANIAONTHEEUROPEANTOURISMMARKETANDBYIDENTIFYINGRESEARCHISSUESTHATREQUIREFURTHERSTUDY122PERSPECTIVESONINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXPORTPERFORMANCEANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSANDITSRELEVANCEFORINTERNATIONALTOURISMTHECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESS,ALT

16、HOUGHCONTROVERSIALANDELUSIVE,HASGAINEDACCEPTANCEANDCONTINUESTOATTRACTTHEATTENTIONOFBOTHACADEMICSANDPOLICYMAKERSWORLDWIDEMOSTMEASURESOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSTHATHAVESOFARBEENCONSIDEREDWEREUNDERTAKENATTHEECONOMYWIDELEVELANDGENERALLYREFERTOTHEABILITYOFACOUNTRYTOPRODUCEGOODSANDSERVICESTHATMEETTHET

17、ESTOFINTERNATIONALMARKETS,WHILESIMULTANEOUSLYMAINTAININGANDEXPANDINGTHEREALINCOMEOFITSCITIZENSBECAUSECOMPETITIVENESSULTIMATELYDEPENDSUPONFIRMSINACOUNTRYCOMPETINGSUCCESSFULLYONTHEDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALMARKETS,ATTENTIONHASFOCUSEDONCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEFIRMLEVEL,WHEREITISGENERALLYUNDERSTOODTOREFERTO“T

18、HEABILITYOFTHEFIRMTORETAINAND,BETTERSTILL,ENLARGEITSGLOBALMARKETSHARE,INCREASEITSPROFITSANDEXPAND”ACCORDINGTOTRADITIONALECONOMICTHEORY,AFIRMCANGAINCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETHROUGHCOMPARATIVECOSTOFPRODUCTIONBY,FOREXAMPLE,REDUCINGLABORCOSTHOWEVER,RECENTRESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATNONPRICEFACTORSAREEQUALLYIMPORTANT

19、DETERMINANTSOFCOMPETITIVENESSTHERANGEOFNONPRICEFACTORSISDIVERSEANDINCLUDESHUMANRESOURCEENDOWMENT,SUCHASSKILLSTECHNICALFACTORS,SUCHASRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCAPABILITIESANDTHEABILITYTOINNOVATEMANAGERIALANDORGANIZATIONALFACTORS,BOTHINTERNALTOTHEFIRMANDEXTERNALLYORGANIZEDTHROUGHRELATIONSHIPSWITHOTHERBODI

20、ES,CUSTOMERS,SUPPLIERS,PUBLICANDPRIVATERESEARCHINSTITUTES,ANDOTHERFIRMSTOGETHER,THESEFACTORSDETERMINETHEABILITYOFTHEFIRMTOCOMPETESUCCESSFULLYININTERNATIONALMARKETS,ONTHEBACKGROUNDOFCHANGINGTECHNOLOGICAL,ECONOMIC,ANDSOCIALENVIRONMENTSEXPORTPERFORMANCEANDTHEABILITYOFTHEFIRMTOMAINTAINITSMARKETSHAREREMA

21、INTHEULTIMATEINDICATORSOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSCONSEQUENTLY,ALTHOUGHWIDELYPROCLAIMED,THETHEORETICALBASESOFINTERNATIONAL2COMPETITIVENESSASITRELATESTONATIONALECONOMIESANDTHEIRINTERNATIONALTRADEHAVEBEENLESSANALYZEDINACADEMICLITERATURETHUS,THENATURE,BENEFITSANDCONSTRAINTSONANATIONOFBEINGINTERNATIO

22、NALLYCOMPETITIVEREMAINAMBIGUOUSINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSISADVANCEDWHENEVERTHEECONOMICWELFAREOFANATIONISENHANCEDTHROUGHANINCREASEINTHEFLOWOFTRADEORTHROUGHANALTERATIONINTHECONDITIONSOFTRADESTARTINGFROMAPRESUMEDINITIALEQUILIBRIUMTRADETHEORYASSERTSTHATECONOMICWELFAREISDEPENDENTONTHEPRODUCTIONOFGOODSA

23、NDSERVICESTHATACOUNTRYHASCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTHIS,INEFFECT,MEANSTHATINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSISSECUREDWHENPRODUCTIONISINLINEWITHACOUNTRYSCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESITUATIONIFCOUNTRIESPERFORMWELLINTERNATIONALLYANDCOMPETESUCCESSFULLYFOREXPORTMARKETS,THISCOULDBEASIGNOFTHEIRSOUNDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVEN

24、ESSTHEREFORE,ATTHEINTERNATIONALLEVEL,COMPETITIVENESSCANBEDEFINEDASTHEABILITYOFANECONOMYTOATTRACTTHEDEMANDFORITSEXPORTSANDTHEINVESTMENTTOSUPPLYTHATDEMAND,ALLWITHINSOCIALNORMSTHATRESULTINANIMPROVEDSTANDARDOFLIVINGFORITSCITIZENSTHIS,INTURN,DEPENDSONTHEMACROANDMICROECONOMICPOLICIES,REGULATIONSANDINSTITU

25、TIONSTHATAFFECTTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFTHEECONOMYSFACTORSOFPRODUCTIONANDTHECOSTSOFDOINGBUSINESSAREVIEWOFAVAILABLELITERATUREANDEMPIRICALEVIDENCESSUPPORTSTHENOTIONTHATINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSCANBEEXPLAINED,TOSOMEEXTENT,BYACOUNTRYSABILITYTOEXPORTTHEREIS,INFACT,ASELFRECURRINGRELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXPORTPERFOR

26、MANCEANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSEXPORTSARETHEFIRSTLEVELOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSAFFIRMATIONTHEIMPROVEMENTINEXPORTPERFORMANCELEADSTOANINCREASEINACOUNTRYSCOMPETITIVENESSTHISEFFECTISARESULTOFENTERPRISESSKILLS,KNOWLEDGE,PROPENSITYTOINNOVATEANDUSENEWTECHNOLOGY,ABILITYTOEXPLOITTECHNOLOGICALOPPORT

27、UNITIESINASUCCESSFULLYCOMMERCIALWAY,ETCONTHEOTHERHAND,INSTRIVINGTOACHIEVESUCCESSFULEXPORTSINHIGHLYCOMPETITIVEGLOBALMARKETS,ACOUNTRYISFORCEDTOIMPROVEITSCOMPETITIVENESSTHEMORECOMPETITIVEACOUNTRYIS,THEMOREECONOMICALLYPOWERFULITISCONSEQUENTLY,ITISMORECAPABLETOCOMPETEONTHEGLOBALMARKET,TOATTRACTPEOPLEWITH

28、HIGHERLEVELOFKNOWLEDGE,SKILLS,TOBUYNEWTECHNOLOGIES,ETC,ANDTOIMPROVEITSEXPORTPERFORMANCE,ASWELLASTOACHIEVEBETTEREXPORTRESULTSTHISCAN,INTURN,FAVORADDITIONALINNOVATIONSANDTRIGGERANIMPROVEMENTINITS3COMPETITIVENESSCONSEQUENTLY,EXPORTPERFORMANCEANDCOMPETITIVENESSSHOULDNOTBECONSIDEREDINISOLATION,SINCETHEYA

29、REMUTUALLYINTERDEPENDENTHOWEVER,COMPETITIVENESSSHOULDNOTBEEQUATEDONLYWITHACOUNTRYSABILITYTOEXPORTTHEEVOLUTIONOFEXPORTMARKETSHARESISALSOANIMPORTANTELEMENTOFTRADECOMPETITIVENESS,WHILETHELATTERISJUSTACOMPONENTOFANATIONSCOMPETITIVENESSDEFINEDBYTHEEUROPEANDECLARATIONOFLISBONASTHECAPACITYTOIMPROVEANDRAIST

30、HESTANDARDOFLIVINGOFITSHABITANTSBYPROVIDINGMOREANDHIGHERQUALITYEMPLOYMENT,ANDAGREATERSOCIALCOHESIONTHEGAINSORLOSSESOFWORLDMARKETSHARESBYINDIVIDUALCOUNTRIESAREOFTENCONSIDEREDASANINDEXOFTHEIRTRADECOMPETITIVENESSHOWEVER,MARKETSHAREGROWTHDEPENDSALSOONSTRUCTURALFACTORSDUETOCHANGESINDEMAND,ACOUNTRYSGEOGRA

31、PHICALANDSECTORALSPECIALIZATIONATTHEBEGINNINGOFAPERIODISANIMPORTANTFACTORSHAPINGFUTUREMARKETSHAREGROWTHSIMILARLY,THECOUNTRYSABILITYTOADAPTITSEXPORTSTOSUCHCHANGESWILLALSOAFFECTTHEFINALOUTCOMEFURTHERMORE,THECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSINTOURISMSERVICESALSOENCOMPASSESQUALITATIVEFACTORS,THATARE

32、DIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYTHEQUALITYOFSERVICESINVOLVED,THEDEGREEOFSPECIALIZATION,THECAPACITYFORTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATION,THEQUALITYOFHUMANRESOURCESAREFACTORSTHATMAYINFLUENCEACOUNTRYSTOURISMTRADEPERFORMANCEFAVORABLYLIKEWISE,HIGHRATESOFPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHAREOFTENSOUGHTASAWAYOFSTRENGTHENINGCOMPETITIVENESSBUTITIS

33、NOTNECESSARILYTHECASETHATFAVORABLESTRUCTURALFACTORSOFTHISSORTWILLGIVERISETOINCREASEDSALESONFOREIGNMARKETSTHEYMAY,INSTEAD,SHOWUPASIMPROVINGTERMSOFTRADEBROUGHTABOUTTHROUGHEXCHANGERATEAPPRECIATION,WHILELEAVINGEXPORTPERFORMANCEBROADLYUNCHANGEDITISFORTHISREASON,ASWELLASBECAUSETHESEFACTORSAREHARDTOMEASUREINQUANTITATIVETERMS,THATCONSIDERATIONHEREISCONFINEDTOAMORESPECIFICANDINTEGRATEDMETHODFORDETERMININGROMANIASRELATIVECOMPETITIVEPOSITIONININTERNATIONALTOURISM

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