1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题工业园区内产业集群和区域品牌效应分析资料来源WWWSSCWISCEDU作者科普菲尔JH一、产业集群发展特点与趋势产业集群是指在有限地域的特定产业或产品生产中通常以一个主导产业为核心，大量企业及其相关支撑机构包括供应商、生产商、顾客、地方政府、中介组织、知识生产机构等，依靠比较稳定的分工协作和纵横交错的网络关系形成有利于产业组织协调的空间集聚体，代表着介于市场和等级制之间的一种新的空间经济组织形式。一个真正意义的产业集群至少包括以下三大特征一是产业相关性。产业集群内的企业和其他机构往往都与某一产业领域相关，这是产业集群形成的基础。二是地域集中性。表现为特定领
2、域中相关企业和相应支持机构的“扎堆”现象。这种产业地理集中能够产生广泛的集聚经济效益。三是专业化分工与社会化协作。集群内各个企业立足自身资源，选择产品生产价值链中最能发挥自身优势的生产环节，大中小企业形成细密的分工协作网络。产业集群一旦形成，便会带来很多经济、政治、社会、文化的作用和影响，主要包括集聚效应、共生效应、协同效应、区位效应、结构效应等。（1）从动力机制看，地方产业集群既是全球化发展的结果，又是应对全球化挑战的回应。在过去几十年里，随着生产和贸易全球化的不断深入，世界价值创造体系在全球范围内出现了前所未有的垂直分离和重构，反映在全球生产方面就是生产组织的片段化或分散化，全球的生产要素
3、和资源越来越集聚于那些富有特色的产业集聚区。换句话说，全球价值链的地理分布特征就是“大区域离散小地域集聚”。正是各个价值环节的地理集聚特性使得很多地方产业集群就成了全球产业价值链条中的一个从属部分。（2）从经营战略看，产业集群日益全球化，基于产业链或商品链的跨区、跨国要素整合成为一种发展常态。一方面，经济全球化的重要载体跨国公司通过内部以及彼此之间的资金、劳动力、技术、信息的全球性流动使集群区域的发展并不是一个孤立的过程，另一方面，地方产业集群为了适应全球化竞争的挑战，必须用全球化的视角来看待集群的区域化发展，学会从全球范围整合资源为我所用，关注集群区域2之间的接轨与互动，而不能局限于地方资源
4、的综合利用。边缘地方产业集群需要在加强与核心产业群的联系中获取信息、捕捉机会。（3）从发展方向看，高新技术集群的控制力日益提高，产业集群向技术集群化方向演进。以高新技术为特征的产业集群是高层次的产业集群，对于高新技术产业集群而言，技术创新是最重要的竞争手段。一般意义上的产业集群是为了充分利用区域内的有利资源，追逐集群所产生的经济效益，生产过程往往由若干企业根据不同产品情况灵活构成，多以弹性组成的企业生产网络形式出现。但随着经济全球化和网络技术的发展，生产方式更加灵活多样，供应链延伸和专业化协作普遍实行，物质资源的作用不断弱化，以技术创新制胜的作用逐渐占据主导地位，必然导致高新技术集群的控制力日
5、益提高，技术集群往往会对各国产业产生全球性的联动和影响，从而成为产业集群演进的方向。二、产业集群的区域品牌效应我们对一个地区的认识和记忆，常常与当地最有名的特产有关。比如，说到时装，就立即联想到巴黎和意大利的米兰；说到手表，立即联想到瑞士；这些品牌是企业无形的资产，更是区域的品牌名片。品牌，能有效地提高市场占有率。单个企业要建立自己的品牌，需要庞大的资金投入，然而企业通过集群，集群内企业的整体力量，加大广告宣传的投入力度，利用群体效应，容易形成“区域品牌”，从而使每个企业都受益。区域品牌包括3个要素1区域特性。产业区域是区域品牌的重要组成要素。区域本质上是一种行政区划和地理的概念，一般带有很强
6、的地域特色，如地理特征、资源优势或人文历史渊源、自然风貌等。2品牌内涵。一个成功的品牌代表着一种特定的产品属性、利益、价值观念、个性、文化、顾客群体等。3产业实力。产业实力构成了区域品牌的基本内容。区域内特定产业、产品所具有的生产规模、市场占有率、技术和质量水平、产业内部分工合作程度等，其所体现的实力水平与区域品牌的影响力成正相关。三、产业集群与区域品牌效应的关系区域品牌与产业集群间存在着相互促进、相互影响的关系。一方面，区域品牌的形成有着明显的集群依赖特征，是集群发展的重要成果之一。区域品牌的形成是随着产业集群的产生、成长而逐步形成的。这是因为，大量相互关联的企业及机构通过专业化分工和协作而
7、结成本地化网络，这既克服了单个企业参与市场交易的分散性和不确定性风险，又可避免层级制企业的低效率。同时，这些企业采取弹性专精的生产方3式，通过竞争和合作，相互协作和补充，形成学习和创新机制，共同推动区域的发展和企业的持续创新。正是产业集群这种集聚、竞争、合作、学习和创新的内在机制和弹性专精的生产方式，创造了产业集群的营销优势，从而促成了区域品牌的形成。另一方面，作为产业集群的重要无形资产，区域品牌一经形成，对产业集群的进一步发展具有明显的推动作用。区域品牌一旦形成，其影响力将促使与区域产业相关的更多企业向区域内聚集，同时大量的资金、丰裕劳动力、先进的技术、及时的市场信息等要素也会源源不断涌人区
8、域，这些条件为产业集群的规模扩张与技术升级提供了强有力的支持。区域品牌效应可以从以下两方面提高产业集群的竞争力一方面，可以提升集群的整体形象。建立区域品牌相当于为区域内的企业建立了一个区域形象平台，随着区域品牌的发展，区域内的产品和服务的品牌形象价值也可以得到相应的提升，使区域内的所有企业都从中受益，起到传播信息、创造市场需求、树立消费者信心以及排斥竞争对手的作用。另一方面，能够获得持续的品牌效应。区域品牌是众多企业品牌精华的浓缩和提炼，与单个企业单个产品的品牌效应相比，一个地区的品牌效应更形象、更直接，影响力更大，具有更小的风险系数，更高的价值，更广泛、持续的品牌效应。区域品牌作为产业集群的
9、重要无形资产，在产业集群发展与转型升级中均发挥着不可替代的重要作用，作为产业集群发展主体的企业与产业集群推动力量的地方政府应在明晰区域品牌效应的基础上，积极探索区域品牌管理的思路与对策，以便更有效地发挥区域品牌在产业集群可持续发展中的积极效应。总之，产业集群形成的产业规模、产业集中度、市场占有率是区域品牌最初形成的基础，没有产品的优势和垄断地位，区域品牌不可能形成；同时区域品牌形成后，它是否能不断和持久地扩大影响力，更依赖于其有形资产区域产业集群的进一步发展与壮大。因此产业集群作为区域品牌的有形资产主体，它的发展直接制约着区域品牌作用的发挥。4外文文献原文TITLETHEANALYSISONR
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