1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题技术结构分类资料来源世界经济作者拉尔1、引言发展中国家出口非常多元化。它的模式因国家和地区而显著的差异随着时间的过去,而且,它们正在以不同的速率和不同的方向改变。一些国家是成功的。他们正在快速扩展他们的出口利润，提高产品的质量。转移出口结构,从低技术，低技能，大量的劳动密集型产品到高技术，高技能的产品。与此形成鲜明对比的是,许多国家在出口利润和质量方面都停滞不前。处于中间的是一些国家以合理的数量增长速率但是相对较弱的质量发展。全球化的过程是增加的过程,而不是减少发展中国家与世界经济成功整合能力。然而这样的分歧在出口业绩中是被认可的，尽管它的规模和形式也许很
2、少有人知道。认识自然、内涵和发展中国家出口模式的决定性因素的重要性不能被过分地强调。在一个自由的世界,出口成功比以前对经济绩效更为重要。它仍然是直接相关的,作为主要赚取外汇的手段除了一些国家有大量国际服务部门,获得规模经济和专业化以及新技术。它还具有重要的间接意义。这是一个工业部门效率的指标,面临更为直接的因为自由化和比以前更强烈的因为下降运输成本新的游戏竞争规则。在工业化范围内仍然是一个发展，结构调整和技术增长以及现代化的引擎,制成品出口增长是表明这台发动机在工作的标志。出口成功也越来越紧密地与吸引更多、更好的外商直接投资FDI的能力联系在一起。鉴于全球化的进程由于生产系统横跨数个国家这一现
3、象的出现和大量的跨国公司的出现联合国贸易和发展会议,1999,一些国家要更多的考虑高质量的外商直接投资来寻求经济的安全。这意味着吸引更先进的跨国公司活动,要面向国际市场,为客户提供最先进的技术,使用和创造精湛的技能,把国家经济带入国际生产的动态系统中。这篇文章提供了一个近些年出口模式的全面映像。集中关注制成品出口的技术结构（制成品的质量指标，以及数量和分配的标准）。它对发展中国家和发达国家作了比较，发展中国家中是出口的主要领域，是主导的出口商。这篇文章对发展中国家的出口制成品作了较早的分析，1988年拉尔使用最新的数据对出口产品作了技术水平的分析。分析出了主要的发展模式，提供了一个简单的出2口
4、增长主要动力的解释。2、出口技术结构我们建立了一个平台来看出口结构，我们呈现要用的出口产品的目录。鉴于出口数据，它不可能从国家的数据资料中完全反应技术升级。理想中，这些数据应该允许我们区分技术水平和技术升级，但是它没有。那么我们依据SITC来分类。然而这种分类不能很好的合计，能把在相同产品目录下的不同技术水平的产品放在一起。举个例子，通讯设备被归类为先进移动电话技术，同时，塑料的电话听筒也被归为这一类。这一分类不能区分产品的质量的不同比如高价值的服装无法与大批生产的服装区分开来。而且，这不能显示出相同产品在不同区域中生产的过程。那么，高技术产品像半导体在美国能被归为高技术产品，但在马来西亚只是
5、简单的组装一下。在我们的数据中都要显示先进的技术水平。同样地原因，这些数据不能显示产品的技术革新。这些问题在贸易数据中一直存在，很多分析都以它们为基础，除了那些使用非常详细的产品目录以及一些小公司所需要的数据。然而，在国与国之间这些结构呈现巨大的差异，但最终建议的结果是有理的，可以使用的。我们有足够的信息来粗略地对不同技术进行定量分析。对于产品目录中的质量革新信息的缺失是不幸的，我们不能在任何方式下处理这一问题。有很多方法来对产品进行分类。通常使用的方法是依据1984年帕维特的方法，来区分资源型，劳动密集型，规模密集型，科学型的产品。这一分类很难去使用，因为在分类时有大量的重叠部分。1994年
6、经济合作与发展组织建议了一个更详细的分类方法，是基于技术活动上的分类。表1出口技术分类初级产品水果、肉类、大米、可可豆、茶叶、咖啡、木材、煤、原有、汽油制成品资源型产品精致猪肉/水果、饮料、木制品、植物油其他资源型产品精矿、石油/橡胶制品、水泥、切割宝石、玻璃低技术产品纺织物、服装、帽子、鞋类、皮革3纺织品制品、旅行产品其他低技术产品陶器、金属零件、家具、珠宝、玩具、塑料制品中技术产品自动产品中技术加工工业客运车辆及零件、摩托车及零件、合成纤维、化学品、化肥、塑料、熨斗、管线续表中技术工程业发动机、汽车、工业机械、泵、开关设备、轮船、手表高技术产品电子和电子产品数据处理、通讯设备、电视机、晶管
7、体、发电设备其他高技术产品药品、航空设备、测量仪表、照相机其他电力、电影、印刷品、艺术初级产品资源型产品趋向简单和劳动密集型产品，例如简单的事物和皮革生产，但又部分用于规模和技术密集型，例如炼油、现代的加工食品。RB1以农业为基础的产品。RB2其他。低技术产品低技术产品趋向稳定，有散射的技术。这些技术都是基础的。很多贸易产品在价格上都不同。那么，劳动成本逐渐成为竞争成本的主要因素。规模经济和进入壁垒普遍较低。特别是低技术产品在高质量的领域，品牌名称、技能、设计、技术的复杂性都很重要。LH1纺织品、服装、鞋类；LH2其他低技术产品。LH1经过重新定位，从富裕的国家到贫穷的国家，重新定位已经成为出
8、口增长率的引擎，尽管纺织品和服装的出口被出口配额影响。其他产品从中获益，比如玩具、运动产品、旅行品、鞋类，简单的金属制品除外。中技术产品中技术产品，包含大量的技能和规模密集型的技术，以及中间产品，是工业的中心。4它们有复杂的技术，有高水平的研究开发，先进的技术需求。把中技术产品分为三个层次MT1，自动的产品；MT2，加工工业；MT3，机械产品。高技术产品高技术产品，有着先进的和高科技技术，有高科研投资和产品的设计。最主要的先进技术要求有高技术的基础设施。把高技术产品分为两个层面，HT1，电子和电子化产品；HT2，其他高科技产品。除了电子产品，其他高科技产品（发电设备、航空器、精密仪器和药物）仍
9、然植根于高水平的技术和供应商网络。要注意的是这一分类，基于复杂的技术，不是用来显示一些类别的出口竞争力没有技术。所有的工业活动，不管技术怎么样，都需要技术升级来维持国际竞争优势。通过对外直接投资来提高技术水平。跨国公司把技术转让给发展中国家。5外文文献原文TITLETHECLASSIFICATIONOFTECHNOLOGYSTRUCTUREMATERIALSOURCEWORLDECONOMYAUTHORSANJAYALALL1INTRODUCTIONEXPORTPERFORMANCEBYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESISHIGHLYDIVERSEITSPATTERNSDIFFERSIG
10、NIFICANTLYBYCOUNTRYANDREGIONOVERTIME,MOREOVER,THEYARECHANGINGATDIFFERENTRATESANDINDIFFERENTDIRECTIONSAFEWCOUNTRIESARESUCCEEDINGTHEYARERAPIDLYEXPANDINGEXPORTEARNINGSANDRAISINTHEIRQUALITYSHIFTINGEXPORTSTRUCTURESFROMLOWTECHNOLOGY,LOWSKILL,ANDLARGELYLABOURINTENSIVEPRODUCTSTOHIGHTECHNOLOGYANDHIGHSKILLPRO
11、DUCTSBYCONTRAST,MANYCOUNTRIESARESTAGNATINGINTERMSOFBOTHEXPORTEARNINGSANDQUALITYINTHEMIDDLEARECOUNTRIESWITHREASONABLERATESOFQUANTITYGROWTHBUTRELATIVELYWEAKIMPROVEMENTSINQUALITYTHEPROCESSOFGLOBALISATIONISINCREASINGRATHERTHANREDUCINGTHEABILITYOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTOINTEGRATESUCCESSFULLYWITHTHEWORLDECON
12、OMYWHILESUCHDIVERGENCESINEXPORTPERFORMANCEAREWELLRECOGNISED,ITSDIMENSIONSANDFORMSAREPERHAPSLESSWELLKNOWNTHEIMPORTANCEOFUNDERSTANDINGTHENATURE,IMPLICATIONSANDDETERMINANTSOFDEVELOPINGWORLDEXPORTPATTERNSCANNOTBEOVERSTRESSEDINALIBERALISINGWORLD,EXPORTSUCCESSISMOREIMPORTANTTHANEVERTOECONOMICPERFORMANCEIT
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16、TINGMOREADVANCEDMNCACTIVITIES,ORIENTEDTO6INTERNATIONALMARKETS,PROVIDINGADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY,USINGANDCREATINGSOPHISTICATEDSKILLSANDTAKINGTHEHOSTECONOMYINTODYNAMICSYSTEMSOFINTERNATIONALPRODUCTIONTHISPAPERPROVIDESACOMPREHENSIVEMAPPINGOFRECENTEXPORTPATTERNS,FOCUSINGONTHETECHNOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFMANUFACTURE
17、DEXPORTSANINDICATOROFTHEIRQUALITY,ASWELLASTHEIRQUANTITYANDDISTRIBUTIONITCOMPARESDEVELOPINGWITHDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAND,WITHINTHEDEVELOPINGWORLD,THEMAINREGIONSANDTHELEADINGEXPORTERSITEXTENDSANEARLIERANALYSISOFMANUFACTUREDEXPORTSBYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESLALL,1998,USINGMORERECENTDATAUP1998ANDAREVISEDTECHNOLOG
18、ICALCATEGORISATIONOFEXPORTSITANALYSESTHEMAINIMPLICATIONSOFTHEEMERGINGPATTERNSANDPROVIDESASIMPLIFIEDANALYSISOFTHEMAINDRIVERSOFEXPORTGROWTH2TECHNOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFEXPORTSHAVINGESTABLISHEDACASEFORLOOKINGATEXPORTSTRUCTURES,LETUSPRESENTTHECATEGORISATIONUSEDHEREGIVENTHENATUREOFTHEEXPORTDATA,ITISNOTPOSSIB
19、LETOCAPTUREALLASPECTSOFTECHNOLOGICALUPGRADINGFROMNATIONALSTATISTICSIDEALLY,THEDATASHOULDALLOWUSTODISTINGUISHBETWEENTHELEVELOFTECHNOLOGYUSEDINTHEACTIVITIESINVOLVEDANDITSUPGRADINGOVERTIMEATAFAIRLYDISAGGREGATEDLEVELTHEYDONOTWHATWEHAVEONACOMPARATIVEBASISFORAREASONABLESAMPLEOFCOUNTRIESISEXPORTDATAATTHE3D
20、IGITSITCLEVELWEUSEREVISION2,WHICHISLESSDETAILEDTHANREVISION3,BUTGOESFURTHERBACKINTIMETHISLEVEL,WHILENOTHIGHLYAGGREGATED,CANPUTTOGETHERACTIVITIESATDIFFERENTLEVELSOFTECHNOLOGICALCOMPLEXITYUNDERTHESAMEPRODUCTCATEGORYFORINSTANCE,TELECOMMUNICATIONSAPPARATUSCANINCLUDEHIGHLYADVANCEDMOBILETELEPHONETECHNOLOG
21、YASWELLASSIMPLEPLASTICTELEPHONERECEIVERSITALSOCANNOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENQUALITYDIFFERENCESWITHINGIVENPRODUCTSHIGHVALUEFASHIONCLOTHINGFROMMASSPRODUCEDITEMSMOREOVER,ITCANNOTSHOWTHEPROCESSINVOLVEDINMAKINGTHESAMEPRODUCTINDIFFERENTLOCATIONSTHUS,AHIGHTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTLIKESEMICONDUCTORSCANINVOLVEGENUINELYHIG
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23、ORIESANDSMALLCOUNTRYSAMPLESNEVERTHELESS,WHATWEHAVEPROVIDESINSIGHTSINTOIMPORTANTASPECTSOFTECHNOLOGICALSTRUCTURESEVENATTHE3DIGITLEVELTHEDATAGIVECONSIDERABLETECHNOLOGICALDIFFERENTIATIONTHESTRUCTURESTHATEMERGEDIFFER7ENORMOUSLYACROSSCOUNTRIES,ANDTHEFINDINGSTHEYSUGGESTAREPLAUSIBLEANDUSEFULWEHAVEENOUGHINFO
24、RMATIONONLOCALPROCESSESTOALLOWROUGHLYFORDIFFERENCESINTECHNOLOGYCONTENTINTHEQUALITATIVEANALYSISTHELOSSOFINFORMATIONONQUALITYUPGRADINGWITHINPRODUCTCATEGORIESISUNFORTUNATE,BUTWECANNOTDEALWITHTHISINANYCONSISTENTMANNERTHEREAREMANYWAYSTOCATEGORISEPRODUCTSBYTECHNOLOGYACOMMONLYUSEDMETHODBASEDONPAVITT,1984IS
25、TODISTINGUISHBETWEENRESOURCEBASED,LABOURINTENSIVE,SCALEINTENSIVE,DIFFERENTIATEDANDSCIENCEBASEDMANUFACTURESTHISISDIFFICULTTOUSEBECAUSETHEANALYTICALDISTINCTIONSAREUNCLEARANDTHEREARELARGEOVERLAPSBETWEENCATEGORIESTHEOECD1994SUGGESTSAMOREDETAILEDCLASSIFICATIONBASEDONTECHNOLOGICALACTIVITYWITHINEACHCATEGOR
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27、BASEDMANUFACTURESAGRO/FORESTBASEDPRODUCTSPREPAREDMEATS/FRUITS,BEVERAGES,WOODPRODUCTS,VEGETABLEOILSOTHERRESOURCEBASEDPRODUCTSORECONCENTRATES,PETROLEUM/RUBBERPRODUCTS,CEMENT,CUTGEMS,GLASSLOWTECHNOLOGYMANUFACTURESTEXTILE/FASHIONCLUSTERTEXTILEFABRICS,CLOTHING,HEADGEAR,FOOTWEAR,LEATHERMANUFACTURES,TRAVEL
28、GOODSOTHERLOWTECHNOLOGYPOTTERY,SIMPLEMETALPARTS/STRUCTURES,FURNITURE,JEWELLERY,TOYS,PLASTICPRODUCTSMEDIUMTECHNOLOGYMANUFACTURESAUTOMOTIVEPRODUCTSMEDIUMTECHNOLOGYPROCESSINDUSTRIESPASSENGERVEHICLESANDPARTS,COMMERCIALVEHICLES,MOTORCYCLESANDPARTS8SYNTHETICFIBRES,CHEMICALSANDPAINTS,FERTILISERS,PLASTICS,I
29、RON,PIPES/TUBESMEDIUMTECHNOLOGYENGINEERINGINDUSTRIESENGINES,MOTORS,INDUSTRIALMACHINERY,PUMPS,SWITCHGEAR,SHIPS,WATCHESCONTINIUHIGHTECHNOLOGYMANUFACTURESELECTRONICSANDELECTRICALPRODUCTSOFFICE/DATAPROCESSING/TELECOMMUNICATIONSEQUIP,TVS,TRANSISTORS,TURBINES,POWERGENERATINGEQUIPMENTOTHERHIGHTECHNOLOGYPHA
30、RMACEUTICALS,AEROSPACE,OPTICAL/MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS,CAMERASOTHERTRANSACTIONSELECTRICITY,CINEMAFILM,PRINTEDMATTER,SPECIALTRANSACTIONS,GOLD,ART,COINS,PETTHECLASSIFICATIONISBASEDONAVAILABLEINDICATORSOFTECHNOLOGICALACTIVITYINMANUFACTURINGANDONTHEAUTHORSKNOWLEDGEOINDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGYITCONFORMSTOMOSTANALY
31、STS，CONCEPTIONOFTHETECHNOLOGICALRANKINGOFMANUFACTUREDPRODUCTSITDIFFERSFROMMYEARLIERCLASSIFICATIONLALL,1998INTHATTHEPROCESSEDFOODSLIKESUGAR,CHEESE,VEGETABLEPREPARATIONSARENOWCLASSIFIEDASRESOURCEBASEDMANUFACTURESRATHERTHANASPRIMARYPRODUCTSTHISMAKESTHEMANUFACTUREDCATEGORYLARGERTHANTHEUSUALCLASSIFICATIO
32、NWHICHGENERALLYPLACESALLSITCITEMSUNDERHEADINGS0TO4UNDERPRIMARYPRODUCTSTHEFULLLISTOFPRODUCTSISGIVENINANNEXTABLE1PRIMARYPRODUCTSANDSPECIALTRANSACTIONS,EXCLUDEDCOMPLETELYBELOWDONOTNEEDMUCHANALYSISINTERMSOFTHETECHNOLOGICALBASISOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWITHINMANUFACTUREDEXPORTS,THETECHNOLOGICALCATEGORIESAND
33、SUBCATEGORIESAREASFOLLOWSRESOURCEBASEDRBPRODUCTSTENDTOBESIMPLEANDLABOURINTENSIVEEGSIMPLEFOODORLEATHERPROCESSING,BUTTHEREARESEGMENTSUSINGCAPITAL,SCALEANDSKILLINTENSIVETECHNOLOGIES9EGPETROLEUMREFININGORMODERNPROCESSEDFOODSHOWEVER,THESEGMENTSWITHSKILLANDTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVETECHNOLOGIESDORAISEIMPORTANTCO
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35、STINCOMPETITIVENESSSCALEECONOMIESANDBARRIERSTOENTRYAREGENERALLYLOWTHEFINALMARKETGROWSSLOWLY,WITHINCOMEELASTICITIESBELOWUNITYHOWEVER,THEREAREEXCEPTIONSTOTHESEFEATURESTHEREAREPARTICULARLOWTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTSINHIGHQUALITYSEGMENTSWHEREBRANDNAMES,SKILLS,DESIGNANDTECHNOLOGICALSOPHISTICATIONAREVERYIMPORTANT
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40、TEHT1,ELECTRONICANDELECTRICALPRODUCTSHT2,OTHERHIGHTECHPRODUCTSAPARTFROMELECTRONICS,OTHERHIGHTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTSGENERATINGEQUIPMENT,AIRCRAFT,PRECISIONINSTRUMENTSANDPHARMACEUTICALSREMAINROOTEDINECONOMIESWITHHIGHLEVELSOFSKILLS,TECHNOLOGYANDSUPPLIERNETWORKSNOTETHATTHISCLASSIFICATION,BASEDONTHECOMPLEXITYO
41、FTECHNOLOGYWITHINEACHACTIVITY,IS10NOTMEANTTOSUGGESTTHATSOMECATEGORIESOFEXPORTSREMAINCOMPETITIVEWITHOUTTECHNOLOGICALEFFORTALLINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,REGARDLESSOFTHELEVELOFTECHNOLOGY,NEEDTOCONSTANTLYUPGRADETECHNOLOGIESTORETAININTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSTHISALSOAPPLIESTOMANYPRIMARYPRODUCTSTHESAMEAPPLIESTOTECHNOLOGYUPGRADINGVIAFDIMULTINATIONALSTRANSFERTECHNOLOGYTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINEACHCATEGORY,BUTTHEIRROLEDIFFER
