1、第十二讲 形容词和副词Adjectives and adverbs【考点概况】形容词和副词在每年高考题中都会出现几题。形容词和副词的比较级与最高级、形容词作表语的用法、few，little 等词作定语的用法、用比较级句型来表示倍数关系、形容词和副词的句法作用和位置与排序都是高考试题中语法知识考查的对象，其中形容词和副词的比较级以及相关知识是高考中考查的重点。形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词、其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。如：a language difficult t
2、o master（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone 、asleep、awake 、alive 等）作定语，定语后置。如：a man alive有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well、faint、ill 只作表语。 sick 既可作表语又可作定语，ill 如作定语意为“bad”。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词 one、no、any、some 和 every 构成的复合词如anything、something 等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.（4）else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。（5）enough、
3、nearby 修饰名词，前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough 修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.（7）频度副词如 often、always、usually 等在 be 动词后，行为动词前。（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：The person there is waiting for you.（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The 、 A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（
4、形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色） + origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paintings（10）以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly 结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、 lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly 、ugly 、silly、likely 、brotherly 、timely 等。表愿意（无-ly）和引申义(有-ly)的副词。deep 深 low 位置低deeply
5、 深入地 lowly 地位卑微有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词。dead 完全，绝对 be dead sleep deadly 非常 be deadly tired pretty 相当 be pretty certain that prettily 漂亮地 be prettily dressed2、复合形容词的构成（1）形容词 + 名词 + edkind-hearted 好心的(2)形容词 + 形容词red-hot 炽热的（3）形容词 + 现在分词good-looking 好看的（4）副词 + 现在分词hard-working 勤劳的（5）副词 + 过去分词newly-made 新建的（6）名词
6、 + 形容词world-famous 世界闻名的（7）名词 + 现在分词peace-loving 爱好和平的（8）名词 + 过去分词hand-made 手工的（9）数词 + 名词 + edfour-storeyed 4 层楼的（10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数）ten-year 10 年的3、形容词和副词的比较等级（1）原级的构成和用法。构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/ 副词 + as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数 + a
7、s + 原级形容词/ 副词 + as”的结构。如：This building looks not so (as) high as that one.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.（2）比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。（3）比较级的用法。对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如：This picture is more beautiful than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如： This
8、room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如 even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by far 等修饰。如：He works even harder than before.注意：英语的比较级前如无 even、still 或 yet 等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更” 。如：She is better than she was yesterdayPlease come earlier tomorrow.另注意：by f
9、ar 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：He is taller by far than his brother.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语） ，the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语） ”的结构（意为“越越” ） 。如：The harder he works, the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。如：The weather is getting colder and colder.某些以-ior 结尾的
10、形容词进行比较时，用 to 代替 than。这些词有 inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于） 、junior （资历较浅的） 、senior（资格较老的） 、prior（在之前）等。He is superior to Mr. Huang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)、 one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that 指物 ,one 既可指人又可指物。that 可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而 one 只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more interesting tha
11、n that(或 the one)on the desk.倍数表达法。A is three (four, etc.) times the size (height, length etc.) of B.A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, etc.) as B. A is three (four, etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, etc.) than B.用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用 twice 或 double.(4)最高级的用法。三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用
12、“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：Li Hua is the tallest of the three.最高级可被序数词以及 much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like 等词语所修饰。如：How much did the second most expensive hat cost?表示“最高程度” 的形容词，如 excellent、extreme、perfect 等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰
13、的词往往省略。如：He is the tallest (boy) in his class.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：He is a most clever young policeman. (a most=very)表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加 the。如：Who is the older of the two boys?在“the +
14、比较级，the + 比较级”结构中。在 same 前一般要加 the。有些形容词前加 the 成为名词。如 the poor、the rich 等。（6）由 as / so 组成的形容词或副词短语。 as much as + 不可数名词数量。Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.as many as + 可数名词数量 多达I have as a many as sixteen reference books.as early as 早在As early as the twelfth century the English began to inva
15、de the island.as far as 远到；就 而知（论）We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.As far as I know（就我所知） ，he has been there before.may (might, could)as well 不妨、不如Then you might as well stay with us here.as as can be 到了最的程度，极其They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。as as one canHe began to run, a
16、s fast as he could.as as possibleJust get them to finish up as quickly as possible.(7)几组重要的词语辨析。very 和 much 的区别。（A）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very 不用 much。(B)表示状态的过去分词前用 very。a very frightened boy一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed 结尾的分词多用 much、very much / greatly 等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. (C)已转化为形容词的现在
17、分词前用 very。如：very interesting / worrying / exciting。（D）too 前用 much 或 far,不用 very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在 too many / much, too few / little 前用 far。 Theres far too little opportunity for adventure these days.（E）关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：（a）修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用 very,而用 quite completely、well、entire
18、ly。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect 等。（b）修饰以 a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。so that 与 suc
19、h that 的区别。so + 形容词 / 副词 + that so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 注意：下列结构中只能用 so 不可用 such,当名词前有 many、much、little 、few 等表示“ 多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little
20、food、so few apples 等。但当 little 表示“小”时用 such。如：These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列 so 的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather 。其他几组词的辨析。(A)ago、before: ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前” ；before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“ 以前”用 before 而不用 ago。(B)already、yet、still: al
21、ready 表示某事已经发生；yet 表示期待某事发生； still 表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。(C)too、also 、either: too 和 also 用于肯定句，too 多用于口语，also 多用于书面语，either用于否定句。(D)good、well:与 good 不同的是，well 作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表“快” 。fast 多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick 多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。(F)real、true:形容词表“真的”。real 强调真实存在的而不是
22、幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。(G)hard、difficult: 均表“ 困难”，但 hard 通常指体力上困难；difficult 则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于 hard。它们都可作定语和表语。 【名师点拨】（一）形容词的用法作定语：常在句中修饰名词或代词。作表语：放在系动词之后。作宾补：如：Have you got everything ready for the meeting?你为这次会议做好准备了吗？作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语；（二）副词的用法作状语：通常修饰动词
23、、形容词、副词或整个句子；作表语：如：Is he in? 他在家吗？作定语：如：The man upstairs often sings in the night.楼上那个人晚上经常唱歌。作宾补：如：I asked him in.我叫他进来。构成短语：表示位置的副词可与动词构成短语，表示特定的意思。（三）形容词和副词的比较等级用法1. 两者相比（A=B ） ，用“as + 原级 + as“表示2. 两者相比（AB ） ， 用“ 比较级+than“ 表示。4. 三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级“ 表示，这种句型中常有表示比较范围的。（四）比较级的一些常用句型1) 表示“
24、几倍于 “时，用“倍数 +asas“或“倍数+ 比较级+than“两种结构。2) 用“ 比较级 + and + 比较级“表示“越来越“3) 用“the + 比较级 , the + 比较级 “表示“越，越“ 。4) 表示 size , weight , length , width, height 等的倍数，用“ 倍数+the (size , weight)+of “结构。5) 比较级前的修饰语可用表示程度或数量的词或短语，主要有：even, still , much, far, any(用于否定句或 疑问句), a lot , a great deal, by far, a little ,
25、a bit , three times, two metres 等。6) 表示“两者中间 的一个“，比较级前要加 the，即“the + 比较级 + of the two“结构。7) no more than = only 或 as as 只有， 仅仅not more than = at most 至多，不超过8) no less than 有之多 not less than 不少于【高考真题】1. (01-28) It is generally believed that teaching is _ it is a science. A. as art much as B. much an
26、art asC. as an art much as D. as much an art as Key: D2. (01 春-23) I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a (an) _ trick.A. ordinary B. easyC. smart D. simpleKey: D3. (01 春-22) In that case, there is nothing you can do _ than wait.A. more B. other C. better D. any Key: B解析：nothing o
27、ther than 除了，只有4. (00-8) _ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave studentsC. Students brave enoughD. Students enough braveKey: C5. (00-7) I dont think Ill need any money but Ill bring some _.A. at last B. in caseC. once aga
28、in D. in timeKey: B6. (00-11) Its always difficult being in a foreign country, _ if you dont speak the language.A. extremely B. naturallyC. basically D. especiallyKey: D7. (sh01) In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, _.A. our holiday will bett
29、er B. our holiday will be the betterC. the better our holiday will beD. the better will our holiday be Key: C8. (02b) All the people _ at the party were his supporters.A. present B. thankfulC. interested D. important Key: A9. (02n) Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _
30、 IQ.A. a high B. a higherC. the higher D. the highest Key: B10. (02sh) The secret of his success is that he does everything _.A. efficiently B. curiouslyC. anxiously D. sufficiently Key: A解析：efficiently 有效地,高效地； anxiously 忧虑的,不安的； sufficiently 充分的，足够的。11. The shopkeeper gave us _ weight: we got 9 ki
31、los instead of 10 kilos.A. scarce B. shortC. light D. slight Key: B12. Sugar is not an important element in bread, but flour is _.A. unique B. essentialC. natural D. adequate Key: B解析：unique 独一无二的; essential 必要的 基本的; natural 自然的; adequate 足够的。13. (03 春-30) I was riding along the street and all of a
32、sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.You can never be _ careful in the street. A. much B. very C. so D. tooKey: D14. (03 春-33) You dont look very _. Are you ill? No, Im just a bit tired.A. good B. wellC. strong D. healthyKey: B15. (03N-23) Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. A. much too heavyB. too much heavyC. heavy too muchD. too heavy muchKey: A
