1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题金融市场不完善和外汇对出口的影响资料来源REVIEWOFINTERNATIONALECONOMICS,2009,171103120作者尼古拉斯柏曼和安东尼伯世摘要本文研究了金融市场的不完善阻碍国家出口反应在国家的货币贬值。利用27个发达国家和发展中国家在19902005年期间的季度数据,我们的分析表明,或积极或消极都会影响一个国家,比如(1)公司外币贷款;(2)他们被信用约束;(3)他们是专业的企业需要更多的外部资本;(4)折旧或贬值的规模非常大;这最后的结果证实存在非线性关系的汇率贬值和一个国家的出口金融缺陷时的反应得到遵守。这项工作对最近的中等收入国家
2、的货币危机提供了一个新的解释。关键词国际贸易、汇率波动、金融发展、金融市场的不完善引言根据传统理论汇率贬值增加了外贸出口通畅意味着一个真正的货币贬值。此效应观察到至少有四个条件必须得到核实1的折旧不是传送到国内价格、2出口价格是设定在出口国的货币,3足够的外国需求弹性我国条件,以及4出口商的供应也足够的弹性。这篇论文不研究存在的那些条件,因为之前有研究表明他们可能无法观察。然而,近期的一些论文非系统的角色都强调JCURVE的存在或竞争力效果。DUTTAGUPTA和SPILIMBERGO2004研究了在19971998年期间亚洲货币危机和说明出口没有增加。更普遍的是,最近的危机事件阿根廷和乌拉圭
3、,2002年,巴西,1999年反映了这一缺乏反应出口汇率冲击。我们的报纸试图解释这些典型事实存在的相互作用通过研究金融缺陷、汇率动作和外贸出口。我们发现,即使四份条件进行了验证,将有一个不太自信的折旧,甚至一个负面的,影响出口,如果金融市场是经济中存在着缺陷。此外,我们还表明国家的专业化和折旧的震级要考虑,来解释为什么这项传统的竞争力效果并不多见。2文献通常关注汇率波动的影响对国际贸易,但很少论文集中汇率波动的影响,并以后者通常被认为是琐碎的或传统。马和程2003测试金融危机的影响,在国际贸易中,通过引入危机在GRAVITYLIKE假方程。他们的研究结果提供相当清楚结果货币危机似乎不会在短期内
4、影响,或者稍微的负面影响,长远的影响取决于阶段考虑。CAMPA2000测试的汇率波动的影响南美国家的出口。根据规格影响似乎是积极的无显著。然而作者并未考虑到控制变量捕捉需求和价格,这样的结果应该很在乎来解释。谈到汇率波动之间的关系和贸易,经济学家同意说它是更昂贵的制衣厂比在自己的国内市场,这就是为什么它看起来重要的考虑经济因素。几位其他的瓦格纳伯纳德等1998和伯纳德等杰森2001异口同声使用企业层次数据存在一个固定的出口成本。MELITZ2003在他的模型为出口企业异构合并这额外的固定成本,表明只有更多产的公司可以出口。在一个相似的框架,CHANEY(2005)表明,如果公司尽管生产足够但是
5、资金紧张,尽管在首都收到外生赠与,但在经济上也不可以进入海外市场。如果他们不能用自己的资源给出固定成本的存在,出口公司可能要借,这使得他们更依靠从金融市场。我们做出假设金融缺陷会通过不同的信道进行传输,会影响一个国家的汇率波动。TORNELL和WESTERMANN2003发现三个主要金融市场的不完善影响中等收入国家外币借贷相关议题的货币错配、信用约束条件,并保证系统产生激励将外币借款。这些金融缺陷是高度体现在新兴经济体和发展中国家。2004年,泰国银行发表的一项调查结果显示泰国2568非金融公司利用外资的金融来源。这个专家小组,外汇贷款代表68年,9的总外债。我们不认为任何理论基础来解释这种行
6、为,也说明了一个事实公司在新兴市场国家不要汇率对冲吸收震动。EICHENGREEN和HAUSMAN2000表明缺乏套期保值,可能产生的结果就是“原罪”如果一个国家的负债是外币计价的,这个国家被定义为无法篱笆。信用约束更广泛地流传开来。一些重要研究反映了新兴市场,大多数发展中国家,特别是小公司的这一问题。因此,金融市场的不完善可能关系到一个发展中国家生产部门的一个重要份额。我们专注于TORNELL和WESTERMAN2003提供的两种残次品。汇率贬值的数量将增加公司的债务将外币计价。因此,有些公司不愿意偿还他们的贷款将会退出该出口市场,而其他将遵守的成本提高借贷的外汇,一年就会决定不进入,或将不
7、得不减少其水平的出口。此外,折旧将导致抵押在水平下降而后者在本国货币计价,从而降低了公司的借贷能力在如果信用约束作用的经济。如果两个信用约束和外币借贷观察、利润减少的增加,之后将会限制公司借款偿还债务能力这将防止一些公司投资或甚至停留在出口3市场。在此我们看到,外币借贷和信用约束机制像已被广泛开发的文学一样是高度互补。TORNELL和WESTERMAN2003提出的超出了金融市场的问题和缺陷,其他的因素也可能对货币贬值出口引起更多的负面影响;我们把这些因素放大化。对相关文献之间的联系,真正的金融部门,最近集中作用的各地区金融发展对生长或贸易,特别是对于大产业,更多的经济依赖,即行业需要延长信贷
8、渠道,供应商的技术原因。RAJAN和ZINGALES1998表明金融发展降低了的固定成本获取资金从金融中介机构,从而提高增长,特别是在大产业,经济上更依赖。BECK2002,2003和BECKER,GREENBERG2004找到一个以相似的结果用于国际贸易。面对这不对称产业间金融依赖,专业化的程度可能影响一个在折旧的对不完善金融市场敏感的国家。因此,如果一个国家出口产品的重要层次需要外部融资,它将会是更容易患金融缺陷汇率贬值的时候。此外,我们遵循先前的理论工作和BERMAN和BERTHOU2005认为汇率变化的大小都是很重要的。这个先前的工作包括外币借贷在垄断竞争模式的西藏关于国际贸易1980
9、,结果表明该反应的总出口汇率贬值非线性当企业外汇贷款以支付他们的固定成本和进入海外市场。这将会导致一个传统贬值效果增加竞争力相关的大量出口公司,而有些公司将退出,因为他们无法偿还他们的贷款在外币。结果表明,如果折旧太大,外贸出口将减少后的广泛缘减少贸易,特别是出口公司的数量。更准确的说,如果折旧太大,竞争效果会太低,不足以抵消的负面影响折旧的数目上出口公司。我们最好的知识,研究认为没有金融市场之间的互动不足,汇率波动和国际贸易通过实证方式,并且没有其他的作品使用国家的专业化和折旧放大级作为渠道。我们的工作是试图填补这个缺口。4外文文献原文TITLEFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFEC
10、TIONSANDTHEIMPACTOFEXCHANGERATEMOVEMENTSONEXPORTSMATERIALSOURCEREVIEWOFINTERNATIONALECONOMICS,2009,171103120AUTHORNICOLASBERMANANDANTOINEBERTHOUYABSTRACTTHISPAPERSTUDIESTHEROLEOFFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSINTHEWAYCOUNTRIESEXPORTSREACTTOACURRENCYDEPRECIATIONUSINGQUARTERLYDATAFOR27DEVELOPEDANDDEVELOP
11、INGCOUNTRIESOVERTHEPERIOD19902005,WESHOWTHATTHEIMPACTOFADEPRECIATIONWILLBELESSPOSITIVEOREVENNEGATIVEFORACOUNTRYASIFIRMSBORROWINFOREIGNCURRENCYIITHEYARECREDITCONSTRAINEDIIITHEYARESPECIALIZEDININDUSTRIESTHATREQUIREMOREEXTERNALCAPITALIVTHEDEPRECIATIONSORDEVALUATIONSMAGNITUDEISLARGETHISLASTRESULTCONFIRM
12、STHEEXISTENCEOFANONLINEARRELATIONSHIPBETWEENANEXCHANGERATEDEPRECIATIONANDACOUNTRYSEXPORTSREACTIONWHENFINANCIALIMPERFECTIONSAREOBSERVEDTHISWORKOFFERSANEWEXPLANATIONFORTHECONSEQUENCESOFRECENTCURRENCYCRISESINMIDDLEINCOMECOUNTRIESKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALTRADE,EXCHANGERATEMOVEMENTS,FINANCIALDEVELOPMENT,FINA
13、NCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSINTRODUCTIONACCORDINGTOTHETRADITIONALTHEORY,ANEXCHANGERATEDEPRECIATIONUSUALLYIMPLIESAREALCURRENCYDEPRECIATIONWHICHINCREASESTHEVOLUMEOFEXPORTSATLEASTFOURCONDITIONSHAVETOBEVERIFIEDFORTHISEFFECTTOBEOBSERVED1THEDEPRECIATIONISNOTTRANSMITTEDTODOMESTICPRICES,2EXPORTPRICESARESETINTHE
14、EXPORTERSCURRENCY,3THEFOREIGNDEMANDISSUFFICIENTLYELASTICMARSHALLLERNERCONDITION,AND4EXPORTERSSUPPLYISSUFFICIENTLYELASTICTOOTHISPAPERDOESNOTSTUDYTHEEXISTENCEOFTHOSECONDITIONS,SINCEPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATTHEYARELIKELYTOBEOBSERVEDNEVERTHELESS,SEVERALRECENTPAPERSHAVEUNDERLINEDTHENONSYSTEMATICCHARAC
15、TEROFTHEEXISTENCEOFJCURVEORCOMPETITIVENESSEFFECTDUTTAGUPTAANDSPILIMBERGO2004STUDYTHEASIAN19971998CURRENCYCRISESANDSHOWTHAT5EXPORTSDIDNOTINCREASEDURINGTHISPERIODMOREGENERALLY,RECENTCRISESEVENTSARGENTINAANDURUGUAY,2002,BRAZIL1999UNDERLINETHISLACKOFREACTIONOFEXPORTSTOEXCHANGERATESHOCKSOURPAPERATTEMPTST
16、OEXPLAINTHESESTYLIZEDFACTSBYSTUDYINGTHEEXISTINGINTERACTIONSBETWEENFINANCIALIMPERFECTIONS,EXCHANGERATEMOVEMENTSANDTHEVOLUMEOFEXPORTSWESHOWTHAT,EVENIFTHEFOURPREVIOUSCONDITIONSAREVERIFIED,ADEPRECIATIONWILLHAVEALESSPOSITIVEOREVENANEGATIVEIMPACTONEXPORTS,IFFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSAREPRESENTINTHEECONO
17、MYMOREOVER,WEALSOSHOWTHATCOUNTRIESSPECIALIZATIONANDTHEDEPRECIATIONSMAGNITUDEHAVETOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTTOEXPLAINWHYTHETRADITIONALCOMPETITIVENESSEFFECTISNOTALWAYSOBSERVEDTHELITERATUREUSUALLYFOCUSESONTHEIMPACTOFEXCHANGERATEVOLATILITYONINTERNATIONALTRADE,BUTVERYFEWPAPERSCONCENTRATEONTHEIMPACTOFEXCHANGERAT
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20、EDWITHVERYMUCHCAREECONOMISTSAGREETOSAYTHATITISMORECOSTLYTOSELLABROADTHANONITSOWNDOMESTICMARKETTHISISWHYITSEEMSIMPORTANTTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTFINANCIALFACTORS,WHILESPEAKINGABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXCHANGERATEMOVEMENTSANDTRADESEVERALAUTHORS,AMONGOTHERSBERNARDETWAGNER1998ANDBERNARDETJENSEN2001,HAVEATTEST
21、EDFORTHEPRESENCEOFAFIXEDEXPORTINGCOST,USINGFIRMLEVELDATAMELITZ2003INCORPORATESTHISADDITIONALFIXEDCOSTFOREXPORTINHISMODELWITHHETEROGENOUSFIRMSTOSHOWTHATONLYMOREPRODUCTIVEFIRMSWILLBEABLETOEXPORTWITHINASIMILARFRAMEWORK,CHANEY2005SHOWSTHATIFFIRMSRECEIVEANEXOGENOUSDOTATIONINCAPITAL,SOMEFIRMS,ALTHOUGHPROD
22、UCTIVEENOUGHBUTFINANCIALLYCONSTRAINED,WILLNOTBEABLETOENTERTHEEXPORTMARKETGIVENTHEEXISTENCEOFTHEFIXEDCOST,EXPORTINGFIRMSARELIKELYTOBORROWIFTHEYCANNOTUSETHEIROWN6RESOURCES,WHICHMAKETHEMMOREDEPENDENTFROMTHEFINANCIALMARKETWEMAKETHEHYPOTHESISTHATFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSCANAFFECTTHEWAYINWHICHACOUNTRYR
23、EACTSTOEXCHANGERATEMOVEMENTSTHROUGHDIFFERENTCHANNELSTORNELLANDWESTERMANN2003FINDTHREEMAINFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSAFFECTINGMIDDLEINCOMECOUNTRIESTHEFOREIGNCURRENCYBORROWINGASSOCIATEDWITHTHEISSUEOFTHECURRENCYMISMATCH,CREDITCONSTRAINTS,ANDSYSTEMICGUARANTIESGENERATINGINCENTIVESTOBORROWINTHEFOREIGNCUR
24、RENCYTHESEFINANCIALIMPERFECTIONSAREHIGHLYOBSERVEDINEMERGINGANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESIN2004,THEBANKOFTHAILANDPUBLISHEDTHERESULTSOFASURVEYCONCERNINGTHEUSEOFFOREIGNSOURCESOFFINANCEBY2,568THAINONFINANCIALFIRMSFORTHISPANEL,THEFOREIGNCURRENCYLOANSREPRESENTED689OFTHETOTALEXTERNALDEBT4WEDONOTCONSIDERANYTHEORET
25、ICALFUNDATIONTOEXPLAINTHISKINDOFBEHAVIOR5,NORTOEXPLAINTHEFACTTHATFIRMSINEMERGINGMARKETCOUNTRIESDONOTHEDGETOABSORBEXCHANGERATESHOCKSEICHENGREENANDHAUSMAN2000SUGGESTTHATTHEABSENCEOFHEDGING,ISLIKELYTOBEACONSEQUENCEOFTHE“ORIGINALSIN“IFACOUNTRYSLIABILITIESAREDENOMINATEDINFOREIGNCURRENCY,THISCOUNTRYISBYDE
26、FINITIONUNABLETOHEDGECREDITCONSTRAINTSAREEVENMOREWIDESPREADANIMPORTANTNUMBEROFSTUDIESUNDERLINETHISPROBLEMFORMOSTDEVELOPINGANDEMERGINGMARKETCOUNTRIES,ESPECIALLYFORSMALLFIRMSHENCE,FINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSARELIKELYTOCONCERNANIMPORTANTSHAREOFADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYPRODUCTIVESECTORWECONCENTRATEONTHEFIRSTT
27、WOKINDSOFIMPERFECTIONSLISTEDBYTORNELLANDWESTERMAN2003ANEXCHANGERATEDEPRECIATIONWILLINCREASETHEAMOUNTOFFIRMSDEBTTHATISDENOMINATEDINTHEFOREIGNCURRENCYASACONSEQUENCE,SOMEFIRMSNOTWILLINGTOREPAYTHEIRLOANWILLEXITTHEEXPORTMARKET,WHEREASOTHERWILLOBSERVETHEINCREASEINTHECOSTOFBORROWINGINTHEFOREIGNCURRENCYANDW
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29、ORROWINGAREOBSERVED,THEPROFITREDUCTIONFOLLOWINGTHEINCREASEINTHEDEBTREPAYMENTSWILLLIMITFIRMSBORROWINGCAPACITYTHISWILLPREVENTSOMEFIRMSTOINVESTOREVENSTAYONTHEEXPORTMARKETWECANSEEHERETHATTHEFOREIGNCURRENCYBORROWINGANDCREDITCONSTRAINTSMECHANISMSAREHIGHLYCOMPLEMENTARY,ASITHASBEEN7EXTENSIVELYDEVELOPEDINTHE
30、LITERATUREBEYONDTHEISSUEOFFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONSLISTEDBYTORNELLANDWESTERMAN2003,OTHERFACTORSMAYALSOINDUCEAMORENEGATIVEREACTIONOFEXPORTSTOACURRENCYDEPRECIATIONWELISTTHESEFACTORSASMAGNIFICATIONELEMENTSTHELITERATUREONTHELINKSBETWEENFINANCEANDTHEREALSECTOR,HASRECENTLYFOCUSEDONTHEROLEOFTHELOCALFINA
31、NCIALDEVELOPMENTONGROWTHORTRADE,ESPECIALLYFORINDUSTRIESTHATAREMOREFINANCIALDEPENDENT,IEINDUSTRIESTHATNEEDANEXTENDEDACCESSTOCREDITSUPPLIERSFORTECHNOLOGICALREASONSRAJANANDZINGALES1998SHOWTHATFINANCIALDEVELOPMENTREDUCESTHEFIXEDCOSTOFACQUIRINGCAPITALFROMFINANCIALINTERMEDIARIES,ANDHENCEIMPROVESGROWTH,ESP
32、ECIALLYININDUSTRIESTHATAREMOREFINANCIALLYDEPENDENTBECK2002,2003ANDBECKERANDGREENBERG2004FINDASIMILARRESULTFORINTERNATIONALTRADEGIVENTHISASYMMETRYINFINANCIALDEPENDENCEAMONGINDUSTRIES,SPECIALIZATIONMAYINFLUENCETHEEXTENTTOWHICHACOUNTRYWILLBESENSITIVETOFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONS,ATATIMEOFDEPRECIATIONA
33、SACONSEQUENCE,IFACOUNTRYEXPORTSGOODSTHATREQUIRESANIMPORTANTLEVELOFEXTERNALFINANCE,ITWILLBEMORELIKELYTOSUFFERFROMFINANCIALIMPERFECTIONSWHENTHEEXCHANGERATEDEPRECIATESMOREOVER,WEFOLLOWTHEPREVIOUSTHEORETICALWORKBYBERMANANDBERTHOU2005ANDARGUETHATTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEEXCHANGERATEVARIATIONISEQUALLYIMPORTANTTHI
34、SPREVIOUSWORKINCLUDESFOREIGNCURRENCYBORROWINGINAMONOPOLISTICCOMPETITIONMODELOFINTERNATIONALTRADEALAKRUGMAN1980,ANDSHOWSTHATTHEREACTIONOFTOTALEXPORTSTOANEXCHANGERATEDEPRECIATIONISNONLINEARWHENFIRMSBORROWINFOREIGNCURRENCYINORDERTOPAYTHEIRFIXEDCOSTANDENTERTHEEXPORTMARKETTHISDEPRECIATIONWILLLEADTOATRADI
35、TIONALCOMPETITIVENESSEFFECTASSOCIATEDWITHANINCREASEINTHEVOLUMEOFEXPORTSBYFIRM,WHILESOMEFIRMSWILLEXITSINCETHEYARENOTABLETOREPAYTHEIRLOANINTHEFOREIGNCURRENCYRESULTSINDICATETHATIFTHEDEPRECIATIONISTOOLARGE,THEVOLUMEOFEXPORTSWILLBEREDUCEDFOLLOWINGADECREASEINTHEEXTENSIVEMARGINOFTRADE,IETHENUMBEROFEXPORTIN
36、GFIRMSMOREPRECISELY,IFTHEDEPRECIATIONISTOOLARGE,THECOMPETITIVENESSEFFECTWILLBETOOLOWTOCOUNTERBALANCETHENEGATIVEEFFECTOFDEPRECIATIONONTHENUMBEROFEXPORTINGFIRMSTOOURBESTKNOWLEDGE,NOSTUDYCONSIDERSTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENFINANCIALMARKETIMPERFECTIONS,EXCHANGERATEMOVEMENTSANDINTERNATIONALTRADEINANEMPIRICALWAY,ANDNO8OTHERWORKUSESCOUNTRIESSPECIALIZATIONANDTHEDEPRECIATIONMAGNITUDEASMAGNIFICATIONCHANNELSOURWORKATTEMPTSTOFILLTHISGAP