1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题经济发展步履蹒跚资料来源财经网作者埃利安来自世界各地的代表们最近聚集在加利福尼亚州太平洋投资管理公司总部参加年度世俗论坛,将热点问题暂时搁置数日,讨论未来三五年内全球经济发展的走势。本次论坛面向全球,认真听取外界人士的深刻见解,论坛重点探讨未来可能发生的事情,而绝非未来应该会发生什么。前两届世俗论坛预计,世界经济在经历了全球金融危机之后不会再次朝着传统周期性方向发展,而是面临着国家和全球经济环境的重新调整组合。随着发达国家经济缓慢复苏,更具活力的新兴国家也逐渐弥合当前的收入和财富差距,世界经济将会重蹈正轨,但发展速度将放缓,不平衡问题更突出。从那时起,各国
2、的发展就呈现出这一发展态势。西方七国集团尽管采取大规模的前所未有的经济刺激政策(尤其是美国),但经济复苏一直还是异常疲软,其结果就是失业率激增,如今已经超过新兴国家,同时发达国家的债务和财政赤字问题日趋恶化,无论是从严格意义上讲还是同新兴国家作参照,债务风险与日俱增,而今已超新兴国家。无论是在美国还是在欧洲国家,这一结果与政策制定者们预想的结果相差甚远,令他们大跌眼镜。事实上,多数危机过后的复苏期都将刺激经济增长作为重中之重,这也是可以理解的。一些国家甚至出台具体政策提高资产价格(例如,美国联邦储备委员会所谓的第二轮定量宽松政策)。然而,伴随着好的资产价格膨胀目的是使人们感到更加富有因而消费更
3、多这些方法却带来了更坏的通货膨胀,原因是商品价格飙升增加了企业和消费者的税务负担。在欧洲,每张资产负债表都公众于世,目的是在次要领域防止债务危机,这一做法导致的后果是欧盟不得不向希腊、爱尔兰和葡萄牙提供紧急资金援助以及欧洲央行的资产负债表坏账数目的增多。展望未来,一些迹象表明全球经济增长加速,经济弹性增强,这预示着可以有序地抛弃非常规政策,同时还有迹象表明,新兴国家经济突破已成定局,尤其是中国将有能力操控其复杂的中等收入发展转型。2但不幸的是,其他迹象都表明全球经济复苏步履蹒跚,呈现不平衡态势。在发达国家,预计的经济增长速度不足以避免债台高筑和财政赤字问题。对一些国家而言,比如希腊,这意味着在
4、经济结构调整和亏损社会化方面面临着更多艰难抉择。对其他国家如美国,在政府试图强加给储户实际为负的利息回报的同时,未来的牺牲将不可避免,最有可能通过高通胀、紧缩政策及金融压制的方式出现。最重要的是,在当前过分以资产为基础的全球经济状况下,太多政府和家庭的资产负债表仍处于失衡状态。因此,今后35年内要实现许多长期经济目标压力很大。具体而言,一系列的社会契约例如,医疗保健、养老金权益及失业津贴将面临更大压力。在国际层面上,美国在公共品供给方面(包括作为全球储备货币的美元)的地位日渐下滑。在某种程度上,若这种态势一直持续,未来几年发展将遵循最近动态。具体来说发达国家将面临经济增长缓慢(增长率姑且设为2
5、)、持续高失业率及日趋严重的结构性失业问题。通货膨胀和金融抑制更加严重,收入和财富差距将继续扩大。债务和赤字问题将依然存在,欧洲至少会有一个主权国面临债务重组问题,这是确定无疑的。新兴国家将实现经济更快增长(增长率在6的范围内),收入和财富水平将继续向发达国家靠拢,但是也面临经常性通货膨胀带来的压力以及资本涌入带来的挑战,因而在政策方面提出了更高的要求。主权国信贷可靠性将继续呈现分歧,即发达国家进一步恶化、新兴国家持续改善。在高整体通胀率和低核心通胀率之间,以及新兴市场的高利率和发达国家的低利率之间的通胀融合水平,将高于目前预期。全球经济整体发展步履蹒跚,继续从单极世界逐步过渡到多极世界。这种
6、基准情景(BASELINESCENARIO)取决于双向风险,这些风险很可能随时间而增加。积极的方面是,美国可能会出现人造卫星时刻(即前苏联发射第一颗人造卫星后美国上下团结的局面)民族团结、共使命和共患难的情绪引发以调整中期资产负债表为核心的结构性改革,推动就业进程以及增强竞争力。欧洲可以对欧元区进行重新规划以确保欧元区债务可持续性和高经济增长。新兴国家可以释放消费者的活力,推动全球需求。最近几个月,类似重大议题出现的机会将会增加。但在当前阶段,他们顶多能够抵消掉全球经济展望中的下行风险。首先,负债都被简单地在全球经济范围内转移,3这种做法不可能无限期地持续下去。同时,收入和财富过分不平等,这也
7、正在削弱社会结构;在发达国家,失业正阻碍生产力和技能的发挥;政策有效性和灵活性也日趋恶化;在适应具备系统重要性的新兴经济体的发展上,世界经济正面临越来越多的挑战。持续多年的重整过程既混乱又复杂,尤其是当它们同时在国家和全球层面发生的时候。而且,增长、通胀和信贷发放的不同速也在发挥作用,正如今天我们所见。参数变成了变量;资产负债表继续以缓慢、不均衡的方式修复;政策制定者正在利益、成本和风险均衡方面经历着不愉快的转变。虽然我们都希望未来的发展前景令人舒心,但是世界经济在未来几年内仍将异常不稳定。由于全球治理和政策协调薄弱,看似系统内部协调的世界经济最终也会变得分崩离析。全球经济必须得到保驾护航,免
8、得那些欲从改变中获益的人成为牺牲品。4外文文献原文TITLEHOBBLEANDMUDDLEMATERIALSOURCECAIJINGCOMAUTHORMOHAMEDAELERIANNEWPORTBEACHCOLLEAGUESFROMAROUNDTHEWORLDRECENTLYGATHEREDATPIMCOSHEADQUARTERSINCALIFORNIAFOROURANNUALSECULARFORUM,WHENWELEAVEBEHINDHIGHFREQUENCYISSUESFORAFEWDAYSAND,INSTEAD,DEBATEWHATTHENEXT35YEARSHOLDFORTHEGLOB
9、ALECONOMYTHEPERSPECTIVEISGLOBAL,INFORMEDBYTHEINSIGHTSOFOUTSIDESPEAKERS,ANDTHEFOCUSISONWHATISLIKELYTOHAPPEN,ASOPPOSEDTOWHATSHOULDHAPPENTHELASTTWOSECULARFORUMSPROJECTEDTHAT,AFTERTHEGLOBALFINANCIALCRISIS,THEWORLDECONOMYWOULDNOTRESETINITSTRADITIONAL,CYCLICALMANNERINSTEAD,ITFACEDMULTIYEARREALIGNMENTSOFBO
10、THANATIONALANDGLOBALNATURETHEWORLDECONOMYWOULDHEAL,BUTINASLOWANDUNEVENFASHION,ASADVANCEDECONOMIESMUDDLEDTHROUGHWHILETHEMOREDYNAMICEMERGINGWORLDGRADUALLYCLOSEDTODAYSINCOMEANDWEALTHGAPSDEVELOPMENTSSINCETHENHAVEBEENCONSISTENTWITHTHISCHARACTERIZATIONTHEG7RECOVERYHASBEENUNUSUALLYSLUGGISH,NOTWITHSTANDINGL
11、ARGEANDUNPRECEDENTEDPOLICYSTIMULUSPARTICULARLYINTHEUSASARESULT,UNEMPLOYMENTHASSURGED,NOWEXCEEDINGTHATOFEMERGINGECONOMIESMEANWHILE,DEFICITANDDEBTINDICATORSHAVEWORSENED,BOTHINABSOLUTETERMSANDRELATIVETOEMERGINGECONOMIES,ANDTHEAVERAGERISKPREMIUMONADVANCEDECONOMIESDEBTNOWEXCEEDSTHATFOREMERGINGECONOMIESTH
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13、ITHGOODASSETPRICEINFLATION,AIMEDATMAKINGPEOPLEFEELRICHERANDSPENDMORE,THESEAPPROACHESHAVEDELIVEREDBADINFLATION,OWINGTOSURGINGCOMMODITYPRICES,WHICHIMPOSEATAXONBOTHINPUTSANDCONSUMERSINEUROPE,EVERYBALANCESHEETAVAILABLEHASBEENTAPPEDTO5FORESTALLADEBTCRISISINTHEPERIPHERY,RESULTINGINLARGEBAILOUTPACKAGESFORG
14、REECE,IRELAND,ANDPORTUGAL,ANDTHECONTAMINATIONOFTHEECBSBALANCESHEETLOOKINGAHEAD,SOMESIGNSPOINTTOTHEGLOBALECONOMYSACCELERATEDHEALINGANDGROWINGRESILIENCE,WHICHBODESWELLFORANORDERLYRETREATFROMUNCONVENTIONALPOLICIESTHEREAREALSOSIGNSSUGGESTINGTHATEMERGINGECONOMIESBREAKOUTISWELLANCHORED,ANDTHATCHINA,INPART
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16、NGANDSOCIALIZATIONOFLOSSESFOROTHERS,LIKETHEUS,FUTURESACRIFICESAREALREADYREQUIRED,MOSTLIKELYTHROUGHACOMBINATIONOFHIGHERINFLATION,AUSTERITY,ANDFINANCIALREPRESSION,ASGOVERNMENTSSEEKTOIMPOSEONSAVERSNEGATIVEREALRATESOFRETURNNEEDLESSTOSAY,DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITIONS,COMMODITYCONSTRAINTS,ANDGEOPOLITICALUNCERTAI
17、NTIESCOMPLICATEALLOFTHISMOSTIMPORTANTLY,TOOMANYGOVERNMENTANDHOUSEHOLDBALANCESHEETSREMAINOUTOFEQUILIBRIUMINANEXCESSIVELYASSETBASEDGLOBALECONOMYASARESULT,MANYLONGSTANDINGPROMISESWILLCOMEUNDERPRESSUREOVERTHENEXT35YEARSSPECIFICALLY,AVARIETYOFSOCIALCONTRACTSFOREXAMPLE,HEALTHCAREANDPENSIONENTITLEMENTS,ASW
18、ELLASUNEMPLOYMENTBENEFITSWILLCOMEUNDERGREATERSTRAINATTHEINTERNATIONALLEVEL,THESTANDINGOFUSSUPPLIEDPUBLICGOODSINCLUDINGTHEDOLLARASTHEGLOBALRESERVECURRENCYFACESGRADUALEROSIONTOTHEEXTENTTHATTHISSCENARIOHOLDS,THENEXTFEWYEARSWILLFOLLOWTHESAMEMULTISPEEDDYNAMICSTHATWEHAVESEENRECENTLYSPECIFICALLYADVANCEDECO
19、NOMIESWILLFACESLUGGISHCALLIT2GROWTHANDPERSISTENTLYHIGH,INCREASINGLYSTRUCTURALANDTHEREFOREPROTRACTEDUNEMPLOYMENTALREADYLARGEDISPARITIESININCOMEANDWEALTHWILLCONTINUETODEEPEN,AMPLIFIEDBYHIGHERINFLATIONANDFINANCIALREPRESSIONANDDEBTANDDEFICITCONCERNSWILLREMAIN,WITHTHEVIRTUALCERTAINTYOFATLEASTONESOVEREIGN
20、DEBTRESTRUCTURINGINEUROPE6EMERGINGECONOMIESWILLACHIEVEHIGHERGROWTHINTHE6RANGE,ANDTHEIRINCOMEANDWEALTHLEVELSWILLCONTINUETOCONVERGEWITHTHOSEOFADVANCEDECONOMIESBUTTHISWILLCREATEITSOWNCHALLENGES,INCLUDINGRECURRENTINFLATIONARYPRESSURESANDSURGESINCAPITALINFLOWS,LEADINGTOGREATERPOLICYEXPERIMENTATIONSOVEREI
21、GNCREDITWORTHINESSWILLCONTINUETODIVERGE,WITHAFURTHERDETERIORATIONINADVANCEDCOUNTRIESANDCONTINUEDIMPROVEMENTINEMERGINGMARKETSINFLATIONCONVERGENCEBETWEENHIGHHEADLINEANDLOWCORERATES,ASWELLASBETWEENHIGHEMERGINGMARKETANDLOWADVANCEDCOUNTRYRATESWILLOCCURATLEVELSHIGHERTHANCURRENTLYANTICIPATEDTHEGLOBALECONOM
22、YOVERALLWILLHOBBLEALONG,CONTINUINGITSGRADUALTRANSITIONFROMAUNIPOLARTOAMULTIPOLARWORLDTHISBASELINESCENARIOISSUBJECTTOTWOSIDEDRISKSTHATCOULDWELLINCREASEOVERTIMEONTHEUPSIDE,THEUSCOULDHAVEASPUTNIKMOMENTASENSEOFNATIONALUNITY,COMMONPURPOSE,ANDSHAREDSACRIFICELEADSTOSTRUCTURALREFORMSTHATFOCUSONREALIGNINGBAL
23、ANCESHEETSOVERTHEMEDIUMTERM,ENHANCINGJOBCREATION,ANDIMPROVINGCOMPETITIVENESSEUROPECOULDREENGINEERTHEEUROZONETOENABLEDEBTSUSTAINABILITYANDHIGHECONOMICGROWTHANDEMERGINGECONOMIESCOULDUNLEASHTHEIRCONSUMERS,BOOSTINGGLOBALDEMANDTHECHANCESFORSUCHGRANDBARGAINSHAVEINCREASEDINRECENTMONTHS,BUT,ATTHISSTAGE,THEY
24、CANATBESTONLYOFFSETTHEGLOBALOUTLOOKSDOWNSIDERISKSABOVEALL,LIABILITIESHAVESIMPLYBEENSHIFTEDAROUNDTHEGLOBALECONOMY,WHICHCANNOTCONTINUEINDEFINITELYMEANWHILE,EXCESSIVEINCOMEANDWEALTHINEQUALITIESAREWEAKENINGTHEFABRICOFSOCIETIESPERSISTENTJOBLESSNESSINADVANCEDCOUNTRIESISUNDERMININGPRODUCTIVITYANDSKILLSPOLI
25、CYEFFECTIVENESSANDFLEXIBILITYAREDETERIORATINGANDTHEWORLDECONOMYISFACINGINCREASINGCHALLENGESINACCOMMODATINGTHEDEVELOPMENTBREAKOUTPHASEINSYSTEMICALLYIMPORTANTEMERGINGECONOMIESMULTIYEARREALIGNMENTSAREMESSYANDCOMPLEX,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEYOCCURSIMULTANEOUSLYATTHENATIONALANDGLOBALLEVELS,ANDWHENMULTISPEEDGROW
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