1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题拉脱维亚的集群发展的潜能和扶持政策的作用资料来源HTTP/WWWDOISERBIANBRS/IMG/DOI/00133264/2011/001332641191035BPDF作者BORONENKOANDZEIBOTEZANE集群支持政策是一个重要的工具,建立这种强大的创新体系,关键前提是创造经济增长,增加就业机会。欧盟创新评价的数据显示在国家创新系统和创新指标之间有一种强烈的联系。这给国家促进集群发展和创新集群的使用方法的支持的重要性给出了证据。由于经济发展水平和国家之间的传统合作与私营部门的差异，欧洲各国地区使用的集群支持工具都不一样。集群支持政策是国家
2、或地区竞争力的指标之一,反映了国家组织、促进主要成员的经济增长和发展合作创新的能力。根据欧洲集群国家天文台对31个国家的调查表明,有一半的被调查者在2000年之后开始使用集群政策。因为这个原因,集群支持政策在许多欧洲国家还处于早期阶段。大约一半的国家集群支持项目是相关产业或创业政策,另一半是科学和技术的发展政策。几乎每一个集群支持项目的主要目标群是企业家,其次是科学研究机构。罗森菲尔德的论文公共政策和集群工业园区提到集群措施在大多数欧洲地区还是相对新颖的。他们的结论是影响新支持工具创新的新举措是基于私人和公共合作伙伴,以及企业合作或网络。作者认为应鼓励地区之间交流使用应用工具的成功与失败,使他
3、们的集群支持更加迅速、高效。由于集群支持计划是最近才出现,所以评估他们的经济影响还太早。至少要花10到15年这些措施的结果才会显现。尽管许多集群的创造没有任何特殊的外部支持,大多数企业家认为国有行业在促进集群创造和发展中扮演着一个重要的角色。研究者在其2006年的研究中提出，大约68的集群企业管理者认为国家机构在集群发展中具有重要的甚至是基础性的作用。研究结果表明,在南欧国家，如葡萄牙、西班牙、意大利、和少许在2004年及之后加入欧盟的国家，部门支持主要是由企业家预计的。欧盟新成员国可能会很难理解集群的概念以及他们在集群的增长与竞争力扮演的角色,调查表明仅有41的欧盟新成员国了解集群的概念。2
4、从1999年到2002年期间，拉脱维亚的集群发展受到了欧盟的支持。根据波兰、匈牙利援助重组经济研究发现,下列行业被公认为是拉脱维亚经济发展潜力集群IT、森林、机械制造、新材料。这些行业都建立了集群,但只有两个开始于2001年的集群取得成功,直至今日仍在运营中。欧盟支持集群发展的措施有几个有意义的成果,例如增强了发展集群重要性的认识,促进了不同部门成员之间的相互合作,开始了长期活动的发展和相互合作的目标。本文从在拉脱维亚集群发展过程以及集群在拉脱维亚经济发展中的作用很明显分析出,集群的作用尚未充分认识和理解。拉脱维亚政府已经表达了他们对欧洲集群的备忘录的支持,强调地区需具备一些必要的技能、良好的
5、科研能力、获得风险资本，强大的集群应比孤立的研究工作和没有集群有更大的可能性成为创新中心。能吸引资本、劳动力和知识是集群形成的主要因素。此备忘录强调欧洲讨论的重点是必须改变促进国家支持的方针，从而促进更广泛的创新生态,包括支持集群创新与发展。几个欧洲国家,特别是英国,捷克共和国,和几个区域的奥地利、法国、德国都开始积极创造集群措施。不幸的是，拉脱维亚在欧盟倡议对发展企业集群，集群品牌，举办不同类型的集群支持的活动，和不同的群集相关的活动只提供直接的财政支持。作者相信,本文针对不同行业发展的经济运用合适的集群方法将会增加拉脱维亚企业的竞争力,因为集群鼓励有效地利用良好的资源。集群模型已被许多国家
6、作为一种最有效的方法来提高国际竞争力、创新和企业发展。在拉脱维亚国家发展计划,拉脱维亚产业发展指南和国家创新计划中提到了集群发展的重要性。此外,拉脱维亚国家认可通过激发他们对企业相互之间的合作与协作与教育、科学、研究及其他相关机构来促进集群发展核心竞争力和提高生产率对集群发展的重要性。这项计划被设计来评估拉脱维亚的集群发展潜力，并支持发展潜力最大的拉脱维亚共和国经济部的其中三组。拉脱维亚经济部负责集群在拉脱维亚的支持政策，并确保其与拉脱维亚投资发展署合作实施。2007年6月28日，拉脱维亚部长内阁第406号法令，拉脱维亚经济部的工作是20072013年计划通过促进商业创新来提高竞争力。拉脱维亚
7、的工业当前虽处于有利的环境，但国家集群建设相对滞后，更积极的协调状态和商业政策以促进集群发展是必要的。直到2009年，拉脱维亚政府开始为集群发展提供金融支持，只有拉脱维亚的集群3有IT集群和拉脱维亚的森林产业集群。显然，建立新的集群将有助于创造一种环境。从本地或外地的科研机构向生产部门转让知识，增加新技术产业的需求，并集中在特定行业或领域的经济政策措施，这将有利于创新。20072013年，为促进商业创新和竞争力，经济内部的“创业与创新”项目团体建立了集群特殊支持计划方案。集群方案是从欧盟结构和凝聚基金共同筹资实施，其目的是推动企业及相关的教育，研究，和国家机构的合作，支持执行联合项目，以方便更
8、快速的增长行业和企业的竞争力，并促进出口，创新，新产品的生产。希望在集群方案下得到国家支持，集群发展的最重要的要求如下与政府文件中定义的优先领域的集群通讯相符；把可衡量的项目目标、活动计划、指标和计划的结果透明化；添加集群和预期结果链价值的介绍；国际合作；出口的集群方向；集群统筹能力；在集群的建设中，保证有在执行国际项目时有丰富经验的专家参与。据欧洲集群经合组织的研究，欧洲国家评估集群潜力时需要考虑就业指标。拉脱维亚具有良好的施工工具、设备、服、化工、建筑、教育、娱乐、家具生产、重工业、海运（港口）部门、运输和物流等行业的集群发展潜力。自2010年以来，经合组织对创意产业、知识密集的行业、生命
9、科学等领域进行单独评价，强调它们在经济发展上有相当大的潜力。据经合组织估计，拉脱维亚在广告、博物馆、历史古迹、广播、电视、创意产业、分销和零售方面具有良好的集群发展的潜力。根据企业和劳动力的浓度，经合组织将集群的潜力分为一，二，三星级。拉脱维亚有其他非常重要的行业可以提供较大比例的就业，如金融服务和食品加工行业，还有一些其他非常重要的部门，但它们不是根据经合组织的方法和适用的标准来确定是否为潜在的集群。然而，这些部门对拉脱维亚非常重要，它们毫无疑问地成为集群发展的潜在动力。拉脱维亚的经济决策者没有预测到集群的支持措施，到目前为止，在中小型企业中，创业支持、促进创新、投资政策等有关政策文件的集群
10、支持政策尚未以目标为导向来实施。领土小的国家如拉脱维亚，要在竞争激烈的国际市场取得成功的同时保持完整的生产周期是不可能的。因此，他们需要专注于提供特定的产品和服务。曾多次访问拉4脱维亚的哈佛商学院卡特勒斯教授强调，集群应在波罗的海地区的背景下创建，因为这里需要区域专业化。例如，如果我们看到设计行业的发展前景，我们需要思考将如何使斯堪的那维亚、立陶宛、爱沙尼亚、波兰等国家的合作伙伴在同一个地区竞争的同时进行有效合作。5外文文献原文TITLETHEPOTENTIALOFCLUSTERDEVELOPMENTANDTHEROLEOFCLUSTERSUPPPPRTPOLICIESINLATVIAMATE
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