1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题马来西亚的出口显示性比较优势改变出口结构的情况下资料来源亚洲经济报作者AUTHORABIDIN,MAHANIZAINAL摘要这项研究提供了一个深入分析转移出口专业化的国际贸易标准分级三个产品类别和分析马来西亚的出口潜力。这项研究使用显示比较优势来分析马来西亚和东南亚其他协会之间竞争东南亚国家联盟（东盟）经济出口的程度。它认为实施东盟自由贸易区（AFTA）和出现在该地区的其他低成本生产者之间的竞争将更趋激烈，它的目的是探讨东盟自由贸易区将如何影响马来西亚制造业。在不断增长的贸易自由化，竞争压力的存在，世界需求结构的变化，这项研究呼吁重新评估影响马来西亚的出口
2、竞争力的因素。马来西亚的经济经历了快速增长的三十年。这种增长伴随着低通货膨胀率，降低失业率，下降贫困，减少收入不平等和人均上升收入等因素。制造业从投资，就业到出口都对马来西亚的经济成就起到了决定性的作用。虽然出口已走在了前列，但是国家对外部门的高依赖度，使得马来西亚需转变其经济。虽然马来西亚经历了制造业出口快速增长的需求，但是这种需求激增尚未统一在所有行业。此外，出口快速增长产业并不意味着这些行业也在世界市场上的高需求增长。在理想的情况下，希望在世界市场上，有一个行业的出口结构出现高浓度呈现高增长的态势。在争夺世界的动态贸易，这样的产业结构调整将意味着一个国家的成功与否。这种方式是评估制造业部
3、门是否已走向高增长潜力的市场和高浓度的行业。这项研究提供了一个转移深入调查马来西亚制造业出口专业化三个国际贸易标准分类的产品类别。这项研究使用显示性比较优势（RCA）的方法，研究马来西亚的制造业的专业化出口趋势所在。此外，研究探讨了马来西亚出口贸易自由化措施对东盟内部和外部的影响。另一个重要问题是亚洲自由贸易区的出口专业化对马来西亚制造业的竞争力影响。为了解决这个问题，这项研究利用出口估计斯皮尔曼秩相关的专业化系数和显示比较优势指数分析马来西亚和东盟国家之间的关系。2马来西亚制造业今后的挑战在制造业出口结构的变化，主要表现在马来西亚政府提供有利的设置，在以出口为主导的产业调整方向的宏观层面。这
4、些环境因素，如高储蓄形成投资率，人力资本形成，投资物理基础设施，价格和汇率的稳定，低贷款利率，外国直接投资流入，相对灵活的劳动力市场，实施机构改革包括贸易自由化，建立自由贸易区，低通货膨胀率，良好的宏观管理，促进出口措施，市场友好的政策和政治稳定。随着马来西亚经济呈现强劲复苏的迹象，“2020年远景规划”的设想增加了八倍国内生产总值和实现工业化的国家地位。2020年，是一个可以实现的目标。这个看似困难，但实现的愿景，将需要的年均增长率超过7。由于马来西亚的经济成就，已围绕着制造业的表现，实现2020年远景规划部门仍然在何种程度上取决于竞争力和促进经济增长。由于国内市场狭小，这些反过来的成果取决
5、于（一）马来西亚制造业的产业结构调整，使其能够在世界贸易行业高需求发展。（二）制造业的能力以创造，维持并增强其出口竞争力。所观察到的出口趋势，出口选择东盟和其他低成本的新兴模式亚洲经济构成新的挑战马来西亚制造。首先，其相对紧张的劳动力市场，马来西亚将需要提高劳动生产率，保持单位劳动力成本，维持和增强其制造业竞争力。其次，在某些情况下，产业结构调整将要对这些资源的分配制造更大的出口潜力。正如我们的分析表明，这样的产业调整方向意味着对知识和技术密集型的转变活动。然而，这一举措将需要大力发展和提升劳动力的能力，通过教育，再培训和技能收购计划。在一些制造业，如服装和其他领域纺织，创造或维持出口竞争力，
6、将须通过非价格措施增加更多的价值，以抵消成本高的缺点。全面实施产业结构调整的压力将变得越来越重要。此外，圆满结束的乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判已导致改善东盟制造业出口的传统市场，如美国，欧盟，日本等。这方面的发展提供既带来机遇和挑战马来西亚制造业。马来西亚能够成功通过其驱动移动到高附加值的出口产业，在知识和技术密集型产业中，发挥核心作用，取决于其研究和开发，技术重点能力和技术转移的步伐。马来西亚的体制和社会经济基础设施为产业结构调整提供有益的条件，不能被低估。人力资本的质量和类型是产业转型的需要，将成为重要的问题来解决。鉴于中小型规模产业和大型产业之间与跨国公司的联系，需促进这些联系，以减少海外采购
7、零部件和其他投入。上述来源在宏观层面上的竞争力也将发挥重要制造业吸引外国直接投资的作用支持产业结构调整。产业转型和出口结构的变化模式也依赖于制造业的能力，通过调整利用其在企业层面的竞争优势全球市场的条件。在这里，3重要的是要强调在微观层面上，国际竞争力取决于企业的能力，利用自身的竞争势。根据给定的宏观环境，分析国际企业具体的决定竞争力因素，本研究采取增值过程，深刻地影响着企业的收购能力维持国际竞争力。在企业层面，工人的积极性和技能等因素水平，在使用的产品和技术的性质，规模生产，公司的内部组织，本地战略联盟和外国企业和其他所有制之间独特的资产等因素。综合上述因素，而与一个给定的宏观环境相互作用，
8、增值生产率提高在企业的劳动生产率和价格成本费用利润率水平发挥了重要作用。马来西亚经济出现了显著时期伴随着一个深刻的结构性经济增长变化，制造部门的主管领导实现了这一明显的转变。马来西亚经济在宏观上的竞争力水平是塑造了政治稳定。在人力投资物理基础设施，健全的宏观经济管理，战略性产业政策，放松管制和私有化国内经济相对主管的官僚主义，一个有远见的领导。这提供了一个有利的环境为当地企业和跨国公司在企业层面实现竞争力。对外，在前所未有的区域和世界经济增长，贸易自由化，全球化产业，不断变化的世界需求构成事实证明，同样有助于马来西亚利用的变化全球需求结构。这项研究认为，马来西亚的出口专业化RCAI的变化反映的
9、模式，得到了体现其重组其制造业的能力参加在日益增长的全球性需求市场。在大多程度上马来西亚可以维持或提高其市场份额。然而，在世界上，加工贸易，其容量取决于制造业，以适应不断变化的世界的组成贸易和两种价格的基础上，以及非价格竞争因素。这些因素将起到至关重要的作用，在维持承诺在这些产品类别的出口竞争力在世界市场上的高增长趋势。此外，不论是否马来西亚继续发挥积极作用，在其成功申办世界贸易中也将取决于贸易自由化的影响，内部以及外部对东盟，并在其制造业的竞争力。虽然马来西亚制造业已成功地走向知识移动技术密集型产业，然而，东盟的贸易自由化，提出的挑战，也为马来西亚的机会制造。这项研究在宏观上，竞争力研究是必
10、要的，但不是一个充分条件的较量高增长的世界市场，在贸易自由化中的存在。研究认为，在宏观层面上的竞争力制造能力补充的需要利用在该行业的优势和竞争优势的部门在企业级响应不断变化的全球市场条件和增加比其竞争对手更多的价值。企业具体优势，在增值过程中发挥重要作用有一个公司的能力，以获得国际上产生深远的影响在企业层面上的竞争力。4外文文献原文TITLEREVEALEDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEOFMALAYSIANEXPORTSTHECASEFORCHANGINGEXPORTCOMPOSITIONMATERIALSOURCEASIANECONOMICPAPERAUTHORABIDIN,MA
11、HANIZAINALTHISSTUDYPROVIDESANINDEPTHANALYSISOFSHIFTINGEXPORTSPECIALIZATIONATTHESTANDARDINTERNATIONALTRADECLASSICATIONSITCTHREEDIGITPRODUCTCATEGORYLEVELANDLINKSTHISANALYSISTOMALAYSIANEXPORTPOTENTIALTHERESEARCHUSESTHEREVEALEDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEFRAMEWORKTOANALYZETHEEXTENTOFEXPORTCOMPETITIONBETWEENMALA
12、YSIAANDOTHERASSOCIATIONOFSOUTHEASTASIANNATIONSASEANECONOMIESITARGUESTHATTHEDEGREEOFCOMPETITIONAMONGASEANCOUNTRIESWILLINTENSIFYWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEASEANFREETRADEAREAAFTAANDTHEEMERGENCEOFOTHERLOWCOSTPRODUCERSINTHEREGIONITAIMSTOEXPLOREHOWAFTAWILLINUENCEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGINTHEPRESENCEOFGROWING
13、TRADELIBERALIZATION,COMPETITIVEPRESSURES,ANDTHECHANGINGSTRUCTUREOFWORLDDEMAND,THISSTUDYCALLSFORAREASSESSMENTOFTHEFACTORSTHATINUENCEMALAYSIASEXPORTCOMPETITIVENESSTHEMALAYSIANECONOMYHASEXPERIENCEDRAPIDECONOMICGROWTHDURINGTHEPASTTHREEDECADESTHISGROWTHHASBEENACCOMPANIEDBYLOWINFLATION,REDUCEDUNEMPLOYMENT
14、,FALLINGPOVERTY,REDUCTIONSININCOMEINEQUALITY,ANDRISINGPERCAPITAINCOMETHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORHASPLAYEDADECISIVEROLEINMALAYSIANECONOMICSUCCESS,CONTRIBUTINGSIGNIFICANTLYTOOUTPUT,INVESTMENT,EMPLOYMENT,ANDEXPORTSALTHOUGHTHEEXPORTSECTORHASBEENATTHEFOREFRONTINTRANSFORMINGTHEMALAYSIANECONOMY,ITHASALSOMADETHE
15、COUNTRYHIGHLYDEPENDENTONTHEBUOYANCYOFTHEEXTERNALSECTORWHILETHEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGSECTORHASEXPERIENCEDRAPIDEXPORTDEMAND,THISSURGEINDEMANDHASNOTBEENUNIFORMACROSSALLINDUSTRIESFURTHER,RAPIDEXPORTGROWTHFROMASETOFINDUSTRIESDOESNOTIMPLYTHATTHESEINDUSTRIESAREALSODISPLAYINGHIGHDEMANDGROWTHINWORLDMARKETSIN
16、ANIDEALSITUATION,ONEWOULDLIKETOSEETHEEMERGENCEOFANEXPORTSTRUCTURETHATHASAHEAVYCONCENTRATIONOFTHOSEINDUSTRIESTHATEXHIBITHIGHGROWTHINWORLDMARKETSSUCHANINDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGWOULDINDICATEACOUNTRYSSUCCESSIN5CONTESTINGTHEDYNAMICSEGMENTSOFWORLDTRADEONEWAYTOASCERTAINTHATACOUNTRYISINDEEDCONTESTINGTHEDYNAMI
17、CMARKETSISTOASSESSWHETHERTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORHASBEENMOVINGTOWARDHIGHERGROWTHPOTENTIALMARKETSANDHASAHIGHERCONCENTRATIONOFINDUSTRIESEXPERIENCINGHIGHGROWTHINWORLDDEMANDTHISSTUDYPROVIDESANINDEPTHINVESTIGATIONOFSHIFTINGEXPORTSPECIALIZATIONOFTHEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGSECTORATTHREEDIGITSTANDARDINTERNATION
18、ALTRADECLASSIFICATIONSITCPRODUCTCATEGORYTHESTUDYUSESTHEREVEALEDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGERCAAPPROACHTOEXAMINEEXPORTSPECIALIZATIONTRENDSINTHEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGSECTORTHESTUDYALSOASSESSESTHEREADINESSOFTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOCONTESTTHEHIGHGROWTHWORLDMARKETSBYPARTICIPATINGINDYNAMICSEGMENTSOFTHEWORLDTRADEF
19、URTHER,THESTUDYEXPLORESHOWMALAYSIANEXPORTSWOULDBEINFLUENCEDBYTRADELIBERALIZATIONMEASURESTHATAREINTERNALASWELLASEXTERNALTOASEANANOTHERIMPORTANTISSUEISTHEIMPACTOFASIANFREETRADEAREAAFTAONEXPORTSPECIALIZATIONANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFTHEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOADDRESSTHISQUESTION,THISRESEARCHLOOKSINTOTH
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22、ES,GOODMACROMANAGEMENT,EXPORTPROMOTIONMEASURES,MARKETFRIENDLYPOLICIES,ANDPOLITICALSTABILITYWITHTHEMALAYSIANECONOMYSHOWINGSTRONGSIGNSOFRECOVERY,“VISION2020,”WHICHENVISAGESANEIGHTFOLDINCREASEINGDPANDACHIEVEMENTOFINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRYSTATUSBYTHEYEAR2020,ISANATTAINABLETARGETTHISSEEMINGLYDIFFICULTBUTACHI
23、EVABLEVISIONWOULDREQUIREANAVERAGEANNUALGROWTHRATEOFOVER7PERCENTAUSTRALIANDEPARTMENTOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSANDTRADE,2000ASMALAYSIANECONOMICSUCCESSHASEVOLVEDAROUNDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTOR,THEREALIZATIONOFVISION2020DEPENDSONTHE6EXTENTTOWHICHTHISSECTORREMAINSCOMPETITIVEANDCONTRIBUTESTOECONOMICGRO
24、WTH,EXPORTS,INVESTMENT,ANDEMPLOYMENTGIVENTHESMALLDOMESTICMARKET,THESEOUTCOMESINTURNDEPENDONAANINDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGOFTHEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURING,ENABLINGITTOCONTESTHIGHGROWTHSECTORSOFWORLDTRADEANDBTHEABILITYOFTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOCREATE,SUSTAIN,ANDENHANCEITSEXPORTCOMPETITIVENESSTHEOBSERVEDEXPORTT
25、RENDSANDRELATIVESIMILARITYOFEXPORTPATTERNSINSELECTEDASEANANDOTHERLOWCOSTEMERGINGASIANECONOMIESPOSENEWCHALLENGESFORMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGFIRST,WITHITSRELATIVELYTIGHTLABORMARKET,MALAYSIAWILLREQUIREINCREASEDLABORPRODUCTIVITYTOKEEPUNITLABORCOSTSLOWINORDERTOSUSTAINANDTOENHANCETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFITSMANUF
26、ACTURINGSECTORSECOND,INSOMEINSTANCES,INDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGWILLREQUIREMOVINGAWAYFROMAREASOFDECREASINGREVEALEDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANDTHEALLOCATIONOFTHESERESOURCESTOTHESEGMENTSOFMANUFACTURINGWITHGREATEREXPORTPOTENTIALASOURANALYSISINDICATES,SUCHANINDUSTRIALREORIENTATIONIMPLIESASHIFTTOWARDSKNOWLEDGEAND
27、TECHNOLOGYINTENSIVEACTIVITIESTHISMOVE,HOWEVER,WOULDREQUIREVIGOROUSEFFORTSTODEVELOPANDUPGRADEWORKFORCECAPABILITIESTHROUGHEDUCATION,RETRAINING,ANDSKILLACQUISITIONPROGRAMSINSOMEOTHERAREASOFMANUFACTURINGSUCHASCLOTHINGANDTEXTILE,CREATINGORMAINTAININGEXPORTCOMPETITIVENESSWOULDNECESSITATEADDINGMOREVALUETHR
28、OUGHNONPRICEMEASURESTOOFFSETHIGHCOSTDISADVANTAGESPRESSUREFORINDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGWOULDBECOMEINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTWITHFULLIMPLEMENTATIONOFAFTACOMMITMENTSANDWITHGROWINGTRADELIBERALIZATIONTHATISEXTERNALTOASEANMAHANI,1997FURTHERMORE,THESUCCESSFULCONCLUSIONOFTHEURUGUAYROUNDOFMULTILATERALTRADENEGOTIATIO
29、NSHASLEDTOANIMPROVEMENTINMARKETACCESSOFASEANMANUFACTURINGEXPORTSTOITSTRADITIONALMARKETS,SUCHASTHEUNITEDSTATES,THEEUROPEANUNION,ANDJAPANTHISDEVELOPMENTPROVIDESBOTHOPPORTUNITIESASWELLASCHALLENGESFORMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGTHIRD,THEEXTENTTOWHICHMALAYSIACANSUCCEEDINITSDRIVETOMOVEINTOHIGHVALUEADDEDEXPORTIN
30、DUSTRIES,INWHICHKNOWLEDGEANDTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESPLAYACENTRALROLE,DEPENDSONITSEMPHASIS7ONRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,TECHNOLOGYCAPABILITIES,ANDTHEPACEOFTECHNOLOGYTRANSFERFOURTH,THEABILITYOFMALAYSIANINSTITUTIONALANDSOCIOECONOMICINFRASTRUCTURETOPROVIDEHELPFULCONDITIONSFORINDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGCANN
31、OTBEUNDERESTIMATEDTHEQUALITYANDTHETYPEOFHUMANCAPITALNEEDEDFORSUCHANINDUSTRIALTRANSFORMATIONWOULDBECOMEANIMPORTANTISSUETOTACKLEFIFTH,GIVENTHEWEAKINTERINDUSTRIALFORWARDANDBACKWARDLINKAGESBETWEENSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEINDUSTRIESANDLARGEMULTINATIONALS,THEREISANEEDTOFOSTERTHESELINKAGESTOCURTAILOVERSEASSOURCIN
32、GOFPARTSANDOTHERINPUTSTHEABOVESOURCESOFCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEMACROLEVELWILLALSOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINATTRACTINGFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINTOMANUFACTURINGTOSUPPORTINDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGINDUSTRIALTRANSFORMATIONANDSTRUCTURALCHANGEINEXPORTPATTERNSALSORELYONTHEABILITYOFTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOEXPLOITITSCOMPE
33、TITIVEADVANTAGESATTHEENTERPRISELEVELBYADJUSTINGTOGLOBALMARKETCONDITIONSHERE,ITISIMPORTANTTOEMPHASIZETHATINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEMICROLEVELDEPENDSUPONFIRMSABILITYTOEXPLOITTHEIRCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESUNDERAGIVENSETOFMACROENVIRONMENTSWHILEITISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISARTICLETOANALYZEFIRMSPECIFICDETER
34、MINANTSOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESS,THISSTUDYTAKESTHEPOSITIONTHATTHEVALUEADDINGPROCESSPROFOUNDLYAFFECTSFIRMSABILITYTOACQUIREANDSUSTAININTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEFIRMLEVEL,FACTORSSUCHASWORKERSMOTIVATIONANDSKILLLEVELS,THENATUREOFTHEPRODUCTANDTECHNOLOGYINUSE,THESCALEOFPRODUCTION,THEINTERNALORGA
35、NIZATIONOFTHEFIRM,STRATEGICALLIANCESBETWEENLOCALANDFOREIGNFIRMS,ANDOWNERSHIPOFOTHERUNIQUEASSETS,FOREXAMPLE,QUALITY,RELIABILITY,ANDSERVICE,AREALLINSTRUMENTALINTHEVALUEADDINGPROCESSTHEABOVEFACTORS,WHILEINTERACTINGWITHAGIVENMACROENVIRONMENT,PLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINRAISINGTHEVALUEADDEDPRODUCTIVITYBYINFLUEN
36、CINGLABORPRODUCTIVITYANDPRICECOSTMARGINSATTHEENTERPRISELEVELTHEMALAYSIANECONOMYHASWITNESSEDAREMARKABLEPERIODOFECONOMICGROWTHACCOMPANIEDBYAPROFOUNDSTRUCTURALCHANGE,WITHTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORLEADINGTHECHARGEINBRINGINGABOUTTHISNOTICEABLETRANSFORMATIONTHESHAREOFEXPORTORIENTEDMANUFACTURINGINVALUEADDED,EM
37、PLOYMENT,ANDEXPORTSHASRISENATTHEEXPENSEOFTHEAGRICULTURESECTORTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHEMALAYSIANECONOMYATTHEMACROLEVELIS8SHAPEDBYPOLITICALSTABILITY,INVESTMENTINHUMANANDPHYSICALINFRASTRUCTURE,SOUNDMACROECONOMICMANAGEMENT,STRATEGICINDUSTRYPOLICY,DEREGULATIONANDPRIVATIZATIONOFTHEDOMESTICECONOMY,RELATIVELY
38、COMPETENTBUREAUCRACY,ANDAVISIONARYLEADERSHIPTHISHASPROVIDEDAFAVORABLEENVIRONMENTFORLOCALFIRMSANDMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSTOACHIEVECOMPETITIVENESSATTHEENTERPRISELEVELEXTERNALLY,THEUNPRECEDENTEDREGIONALANDWORLDECONOMICGROWTH,TRADELIBERALIZATION,GLOBALIZATIONOFINDUSTRIES,ANDCHANGINGCOMPOSITIONOFWORLDDE
39、MANDPROVEDEQUALLYHELPFULFORMALAYSIATOCAPITALIZEONTHECHANGINGSTRUCTUREOFGLOBALDEMANDTHISRESEARCHARGUESTHATMALAYSIASEXPORTSPECIALIZATIONPATTERNS,REFLECTEDBYCHANGESINRCAI,HAVEBEENAMANIFESTATIONOFITSABILITYTORESTRUCTUREITSMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOPARTICIPATEINMARKETSWITHRISINGWORLDDEMANDTHEEXTENTTOWHICHMALA
40、YSIACANSUSTAINORENHANCEITSSHAREINWORLDSMANUFACTURINGTRADE,HOWEVER,DEPENDSONTHECAPACITYOFITSMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOADJUSTTOCHANGINGCOMPOSITIONOFWORLDTRADEANDCOMPETEONTHEBASISOFBOTHPRICEASWELLASNONPRICEFACTORSTHESEFACTORSWILLPLAYACRUCIALROLEINSUSTAININGEXPORTCOMPETITIVENESSINTHOSEPRODUCTCATEGORIESTHATPR
41、OMISEHIGHGROWTHTRENDSINWORLDMARKETSFURTHER,WHETHERORNOTMALAYSIASUCCEEDSINITSBIDTOCONTINUEPLAYINGANACTIVEROLEINWORLDTRADEWILLALSODEPENDONTHEIMPACTOFTRADELIBERALIZATION,INTERNALASWELLASEXTERNALTOASEAN,ANDONTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFITSMANUFACTURINGSECTORWHILEMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGHASBEENSUCCESSFULINMOVINGTO
42、WARDKNOWLEDGEANDTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVEINDUSTRIES,THEEMERGINGSIMILARITIESINMANUFACTURINGEXPORTSPECIALIZATIONPATTERNSWITHOTHERASEANCOUNTRIESADDFURTHERCOMPETITIVEPRESSUREONMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGWITHTHEREMOVALOFTARIFFSANDNONTARIFFBARRIERSBY2003INTHEASEANREGION,UNDERACOMMONEFFECTIVEPREFERENTIALTARIFFSCHEMEC
43、EPT,THEPRESSURETOACHIEVEANDENHANCEEXPORTCOMPETITIVENESSWILLGAINFURTHERMOMENTUMITISENVISAGEDTHATTHELEVELOFINTRAASEANTRADEWOULDACCELERATEUNDERCEPTTHELIBERALIZATIONOFTHEASEANTRADE,HOWEVER,PRESENTSBOTHCHALLENGESASWELLASOPPORTUNITIESFORMALAYSIANMANUFACTURINGTHISRESEARCHCONTENDSTHATCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEMAC
44、ROLEVELISANECESSARYBUTNOTASUFFICIENTCONDITIONTOCONTESTTHEHIGHGROWTHWORLDMARKETSINTHEPRESENCEOFTRADELIBERALIZATIONTHESTUDYARGUESTHATCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEMACROLEVELNEEDSTOBECOMPLEMENTEDBYTHEABILITYOFTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORTOEXPLOITTHECOMPETITIVE9ADVANTAGESATTHEINDUSTRYANDATTHEENTERPRISELEVELBYRESPONDINGTOTHECHANGINGGLOBALMARKETCONDITIONSANDADDINGMOREVALUETHANITSCOMPETITORSTHESTUDYTAKESTHEPOSITIONTHAT,AMONGOTHERFACTORS,FIRMSPECIFICADVANTAGESPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEVALUEADDINGPROCESSTHATHASAPROFOUNDIMPACTONFIRMSABILITYTOACQUIREINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSATTHEENTERPRISELEVEL
