1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题贸易与环境资料来源WWWSPRINGERLINKCOM作者马特森斯蒂文、简伯翰斯马特森斯蒂文、简伯翰斯2004所写的文章是以WTO作为背景，研究WTO的有关贸易与环境的协议，他们认为世贸组织的法律制度并不是一个解决环境与贸易可持续发展的于一体的综合文件。相反，有关的环境与贸易问题都是由许多分散的协议及其附件中所规定的。建立世界贸易组织的马拉喀什协定（WTO协定）“WTO协定”作为主要国际机构建立世贸组织的国际贸易协定，它包括了原1974年关贸总协定的内容，并且新增了过去50多年的修订，以及谈判过程中其他协议，其序言中包括客观的参考可持续发展，保护和维护环境
2、的需要。它规定在有关部分认识到应在贸易和经济的领域关系中，以提高生活水平，保证充分就业和稳步增长实际收入的需求数量下，扩大商品与服务贸易，允许最佳使用世界的资源，按照可持续发展的目标，寻求环境与经济的共同增长。由于各国的需求与关注方式在不同的经济水平上，为了达到国际经济可持续发展的目标，WTO规则的目的在于“大幅度减少贸易的关税和其他贸易壁垒，消除国际性歧视待遇，确保发展中国家经济的可持续发展。关于卫生和植物检疫措施应用协定（SPS协定）WTO规定的卫生与植物卫生措施协定适用于各种国家措施，其目的在于保护WTO成员国领土内的人类、动物和植物的生命或健康，它涵盖了一系列食品安全风险，以减少食品应
3、添加剂而产品病毒、病有机体的风险，防止动植物的蔓延和其他疾病有机体和虫害的蔓延。SPS协定要求各成员国要以确保他们的卫生和植物检疫措施以“科学原则为基础”，应用只限于必要的保护人类，动物或植物的生命或健康。作为进一步要求，“生和植物检疫措施”并不需要各成员国的申请，否则将构成对国际贸易的变相限制。农业协议农业协议主要体现了以移动市场为导向，逐步增加的农产品贸易，它的目的，是在农产品贸易自由化下改革某些成员国内的农业政策，以取代关税与非关税措施，并随着时间的推移而减少这些关税，还要求各成员国减少出口补贴。农业协定还包括了2一个环保参考，包括对农业的进一步改革，以非贸易方式进行谈判，其中包含了环境
4、。这些想法，暗示了农业自由化所带来的生态的问题。从广义上水，一方面，农产品贸易的自由化必将对传统的农耕方式与粮食的安全增加压力，导致农业生物多样性的丧失。同时，农业部门的补贴，会促进农业生产过剩和土壤、水和其他自然资源的过度使用。因此某些农业补贴可能会环境造成一定的损害。该协议旨在大幅度降低国内农业补贴，增加“绿色内箱”补贴而确保环境与粮食安全的稳定。服务贸易总协定服务贸易总协定建立在国际服务贸易自由化的规则上，并且服务贸易对生态环境的发展有着一定的积极影响。服务贸易的自由化会增加对污水、垃圾和卫生的服务可以减少对环境的压力，但同时另一方面，自由化的交通运输，采矿或能源服务，如果在没有足够的监
5、督力之下，可能会增加环境的压力。服务贸易总协定通过过四个交易模式实现跨境交付、境外消费、外商直接投资和提供服务的自然人流动。还包括了国民待遇、最惠国待遇、市场准入、基本原则透明度。申请最惠国待遇和透明度的国家就能豁免多有的服务行业的谈判。国民待遇和市场准入，相反，只适用于特定的服务行业，以及供应，只是一种会员同意开放模式。关于与贸易有关的知识产权协议（TRIPS协定）与贸易有关的知识产权协定是第19条规定保护中的统一的最低标准，其目的是“促进有效和适当的知识产权保护权利”和“减少国际贸易的扭曲和障碍”，与贸易有关的知识产权协定包括促进技术创新、转让和传播。经济、社会与环境的可持续发展我们生活在
6、一个高依存度的世界中，贸易和贸易自由化是与人类行为的经济和社会紧密联系的，经济、社会和环境的变化影响着贸易和贸易政策的变化，决策者的目标应该了解这些联系，并采取一个积极的行动，并最大限度的减少负面影响，通过调整的方式，最大限度的提高双方提出的贸易政策和其他相关的政策，以最大限度的从贸易自由化净收益角度出发。虽然贸易自由化可能会在某些情况下，显示出负面影响，尤其是当国家监管框架没有得到充分的开发或强制执行时，负积的影响可能包括越境转移危险产品，如相关的损害危险废物或危险化学品。负技术的影响可能会出现过时或不适当的技术来通过国际贸易转移。负结构的影响可能包括转移灶资源密集型的行业或高污染行业，而负
7、规模效益，往往伴随着交易商品量的增加，虽然这些可能至少部分抵消及积极的潜在的规模效益。3关于世贸组织的协定、争端、机构论坛和谈判任务，马特森斯蒂文和简伯翰斯认为是最相关的贸易与环境的讨论，并且还审查了他们之间的关系中出现的问题。事实上，尽管多年来连续几轮自由化贸易的影响，WTO个成员国都得到了全面的评估，越来越多的重视一些国家和国际组织，以评估双方的影响而加大贸易自由化与贸易政策。贸易自由化是一个潜在的发展经济的强大的工具，但是世贸组织不仅仅是要求贸易的自由化，贸易自由化不是目的的本身，不适当的自由化可能会导致经济产业与社会、环境的混乱。同时，另一方面，在适当的套件下，在合适的步伐下，陪同正确
8、的政治措施，贸易自由化才能显示经济社会和环境的共同效益。世界个国家应树立长远的发展目标，明确以人为本的发展过程，不能以牺牲子孙后代的生活而发展经济，世贸组织各成员国所采取的政策和规则，要与当前社会的文化与环境属性相吻合，必须承担多边贸易体制的责任来衡量本国经济与环境的可持续发展。4外文文献原文TITLETRADEANDTHEENVIRONMENTMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/WWWSPRINGERLINKCOMAUTHORMATTHEWSTILWELLANDJANBOHANCSTHEWTOLEGALSYSTEMDOESNOTADDRESSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTR
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